《医学专业英语》配套PPT电子课件
医学专业英语配套PPT电子课件,医学专业英语,医学专业,英语,配套,PPT,电子,课件
Human Body Chapter 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn:Classification of organ system Structure and function of each organ system Associated medical terms Ten systems:Skeletal system Muscular systemCirculatory system Respiratory systemDigestive system Urinary systemEndocrine system Nervous systemReproductive system Skin Ten systems:Ten systems:Skeletal systemMade of:bones,joints and cartilageFunction:to provide support and protectionfor the soft tissues andthe organs of the body and to provide points ofattachment for themuscles that moves the bodyJoints:make the bones join together 1.no movement 2.permit movement in the skull in shoulder,hip jointsCartilage-a more flexible material than bone.Function-It serves as a protective,cushioning layer where bones come together.It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear.Muscular systemMade of-striated muscle,heart muscles,smooth musclesFunction:allows the body move,and its contractions produce heat,which helps maintain a constant body temperature Circulatory systemMade of:heart blood vessels blood Circulatory Systems Function All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow,and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body.The circulatory system distributes needed ones.The BloodThe blood-is also Part of the bodysDefense system.It has antibodiesand white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.The Heart The heart-a muscle that is divided into two nearlyidentical halves:one halfreceives blood from thelungs and sends it to the rest of the body,the otherhalf sends blood that hastraveled through the bodyback to the lungs.When the heart muscle contracts,the blood is forced out intoarteries and enters smallcapillaries.Blood returns to the heart through veins.Lymphatic system Lymph-returns to the heart by way of another system of channels-the lymph vessels.Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood.The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.Respiratory systemFunction:1.takes in oxygen 2.expels carbon dioxide and water vapor.air the nose and month larynx trachea two lungs small air space Digestive systemDigestive system-consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus.Digestive systemFunction -food and fluids are take in,moved through the body,and broken down into small molecules that are absorbed into the circulatory system.Food -mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anusUrinary systemFunction:-maintains normal levels of water andof certain small molecules such assodium andpotassium in the body.Endocrine system Hormones:are produced by a variety of endocrine glands,which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.Pituitary:is located under the brain in the middle of the head.Endocrine system Thyroid:controls the rate of the bodys metabolism.Adrenal gland:produces cortisone and adrenaline.Pancreas:produces digestive enzymes,insulin and glucagon,which control the bodys use of sugar and starches.Nervous system Made of-the brain the spinal cord the nerves which control body activitiesReproductive SystemMale reproductive system-produce,transport and maintain viable sperm produce the male sex hormone,testosterone,which regulates the development of a beard,pubic hair,a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male Reproductive systemFemales productive system:produce transport ova eliminate ova from the body nourish and provide a place for growth of an embryo nourish a newborn child.produce the female sex hormones,estrogen and progesteroneMale Female a complete layer protects the inner structures of the body the largest of the bodys organs.SkinFunction:keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation.The nerves in the skin provide tactile information.The skin also helps keep the bodys temperature close to 37 SkinChapter 1,Passage One Human Diseases In this passage you will learn:1)Disease and pathology 2)The classification of disease 3)Germs invasion of the human body 4)The bodys defense against invasion 5)The bodys immunity to diseaseWhat is a disease?-It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts.-它可能被定义为人体它可能被定义为人体 正常的功能或部分功正常的功能或部分功 能遭到损害时的一种能遭到损害时的一种 状态。状态。The classification of disease -Hundreds of different disease exist.And diseases can be classified differently.1.An epidemic diseases and an endemic disease 2.An acute disease,a subacute disease and a chronic disease 3.An infectious disease and a noninfectious diseaseThe classification of disease1.An epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community,such as H1N1.When it strikes the same region year after year,it is called an endemic disease.2.An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course.A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course.Between the acute and chronic is the subacute.The classification of disease 3.Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents-an infectious disease and an noninfectious disease.The classification of disease 3.An infections disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze.The classification of disease Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body.organ or tissue disturbances of thedegeneration stomach and intestine,erratic cell growth the endocrinefaulty blood flow system and theand formation urinary and reproductive systemThe classification of diseaseHow germs invade the body Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways insects as vectors breathed in through sexual contact of human through body contaminated food,water or utensilsHow the body fights disease1.The bodys first line of defense -is the skin and mucous membranes.2.The bodys second line of defense -is in the blood and lymph.How we become immune to disease There is a system that fends off the first traces of an infectious substance,and through a“memory”,gives the body a long-lasting immunity against future attacks by the same kind of invader.Antigens-something which could harm the body if they ever entered it.bacteria Antigens pollen transplanted organ To fight antigens,the body makes special chemicals known as antibodies.Antigens(抗原)(抗原)-Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins.They are special chemicals made by body to fight antigens.Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits and a light chain.Antibodies 1.It puts antigens out of action.2.Antibodies“butter”the surface of some antigens and make them easier to be eaten by phagocytes.3.An antibody needs an intermediate to destroy the bacterium.How does antibody work?Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins IgM IgA the largest IgG the next the most plentiful most plentiful and versatile and specially adapted to work in areasThe kinds of immunoglobulins 1.When infection first strikes,the immunity system does not seem to be working.2.On about the second day,the antibody level starts to rise.3.By the fifth day the antibody level has risen a thousandfold How does the immunity system work?ThankThank you!you!Medical EnglishMedical EnglishPresented by Yang Shanshan Bengbu Medical College MusclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsIn this passage,you will learn:Types of muscles Basic structure and function of muscles Destruction of Muscles Nerves and Blood SupplyCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings-Muscle is the tough,elastic tissue that makes body parts move.肌肉是坚硬而又具有弹性的组织,肌肉是坚硬而又具有弹性的组织,能使身体部位活动。能使身体部位活动。throwingthrowingeatingeatingrunning and jumpingrunning and jumpingWhat is muscle?Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe function of musclesMake various movements;Help in performing activities necessary for growth and for maintaining a strong and healthy body.Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsType of muscles The human body has more than 600 major muscles.In general,muscles are classified into three groups:Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac musclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsSkeletalSkeletal muscles musclesFunctions:Help hold the bones of the skeleton together and give the body shape;Make the body move;Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsSkeletal musclesSkeletal muscles-Skeletal muscles work in pairs:flexorbends a joint and brings a limb closer to the body;e.g.biceps extensordoes the opposite.e.g.triceps(the flexor)屈肌屈肌(the extensor)伸肌伸肌Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings-The biceps,triceps or other kinds of skeletal muscles are also called voluntary muscles because they are under the control of our willpower.voluntary musclemuscle tendon(肌腱)肌腱)muscle belly(肌腹)肌腹)Skeletal musclesSkeletal musclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsC.the origin(起端)(起端)the attachment of the muscles,the non-moving or fixed end.D.the fleshy belly(肌腹)(肌腹)attached to one bone;produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon.Skeletal musclesSkeletal musclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsE.tendon(肌腱肌腱):doesnt change in length,make the joints not too thick and bulky,very strong and resistant to the rubbing or friction between the tendon and the moving bones of the joint.F.the insertion(止端止端):the attached end;moves during contraction.Skeletal musclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummingsskeletal muscle voluntary striated musclethe characteristic cross striations of the muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope来源于显微镜下肌肉来源于显微镜下肌肉组织所呈现的横纹条组织所呈现的横纹条状特色状特色Skeletal musclesCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsSmooth muscles:distributionBlood vessels,the alimentary canalshapeTube-like structurefeatureNonstriated,involuntarySmooth muscle-When viewed from a microscope,there is no striation and it is not controlled by our willpower,it is called involuntary,nonstriated muscle.Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCardiac muscle:involuntarystriated muscleCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsDestruction of musclesThey do not have the ability to divide,and an individual has as many muscle fibers at birth as he will during his lifetime.由于没有分化能力,由于没有分化能力,人出生有多少肌纤维,人出生有多少肌纤维,终生如此。终生如此。Hypertrophy-the increase in the size of muscles is due to the exercises.Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsAtrophy-If the nerve supply to a muscle is cut,a gradual change takes place in the muscle fiber.The fibers become smaller,the total size of the muscle decreases,and the muscle is said to be atrophied.Nerves and blood supplyCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings肌痉挛肌痉挛When blood supply is insufficient:In older people blood vessels may narrowed by disease,and muscle cramp are often the result of an insufficient blood supply.A complete cutoff of the blood supply to a muscle will cause the death of the muscle fibers within a short period of time.Nerves and blood supply肌纤维坏死肌纤维坏死Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2004 Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummingsu So we must remember:When a tourniquet (止血带止血带)is applied to limb to control arterial bleeding,it should not remain tightened for periods of more than twenty to thirty minutes because irreparable damage to the muscle fiber may occur through such a cutoff of the blood supply.Medical EnglishMedical EnglishPresented by Yang Shanshan Bengbu Medical College Thank you!Chapter 4Passage TwoDisorders of bones and jointsIn this passage we will learn?Definition of osteomyelitis fracture,osteoporosis and arthritisClassofocation of fracturesOther terms related to disorders of bones and jointsDisorders of bones and jointsligamentstendersmusclesDisorders of the skeleton often involve surrounding tissues-Disorders of bones and joints-Most abnormalities of the bones and joints appear on simple x-rays.-Radioactive bone scans,CT,and MRI scan are used as well.-Also indicative of disorders are changes in blood levels of calcium and alkaline phosphatase,an enzyme needed for calcification of bone.x射线图片Disorders of bones and jointsOsteomylitis-is an inflammation of bone caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter through a wound or are carried by the blood.Infection 感染Tuberculosis-may spread to bone.Tuberculosis of the spine is potts disease.Infeceted vertebrae are weakened and may collapse,causing pain,deformity,and pressure on the spinal cord.Infection 感染感染Fractures 骨折Defition-a fracture is a break in a bone.The effects of a fracture -depend on the location and severity of the break,the amount of associated injury,possible complications,such as infections,and success of healing,which may take months.Classification of fractures 骨折的类型Closed fracture -a simple fracture with no open wound.Colles fracture:-Fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand Comminuted fracture -fracture in which the bone is splitered or crushed.Compression fracture:-fracture due to force from both end,as to a vertebra.Classification of fractures 骨折的类型骨折的类型Greenstick fracture -one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bend.Impacted fracture:-one fragment is driven into the other.Classification of fractures 骨折的类型骨折的类型Oblique fracture-break occurs at an angle across the bone;usually one fragment slips by the otherOpen fracture -fracture is associated with an open wound,or a broken bone protrudes through the skin.Classification of fractures 骨折的类型骨折的类型Potts fracture-fracture of the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint Transverse fracture -a break at right angles to the long axis of a boneClassification of fractures 骨折的类型骨折的类型 Spiral fracture -is in a spiral or S shape;usually caused by twisting injuries.Classification of fractures 骨折的类型骨折的类型Osteoporosis is a loss of bone mass that results in weakening of the bones.Osteomalacia there is a softening of bone tissue due to lack of formation of a calcium salts.Pagets disease(osteitis deformans)is a disorder of aging in which bones become larger but weaker.Metabolic Bone Diseases 骨代谢疾病骨代谢疾病Osteogenic sarcoma(osteosarcom)1.most commonly occurs in the growing region of a bone,especially around the knee.2.a highly malignant tumor that often requires amputation.3.most commonly metastasizes to the lungs.Neoplasms 肿瘤肿瘤Chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤 1.usually appears in midlife.2.arises in cartilage.3.frequently metastasizes to the lungs and may require amputation.Neoplasms 肿瘤肿瘤 Arthritis means inflammation of a joint.1.The most common form is osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease(DJD).2.This is a gradual degeneration of articular(joint)cartilage due to wear-and-tear.Arthritis 关节炎关节炎 Rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关湿性关节炎炎 Rheumatoid arthritis 1.is a systematic inflammatory disease of the joints monly appears in young adult women.3.Its exact causes are unknown,but it may involve immunologic reactions.Gout 痛痛风1.Gout is caused by an increased level of uric acid in the blood,salts of which are deposited in the joints.2.mostly occurs in middle-aged men and almost always involves pain at the base of the great toe.3.The cause may be a primary metabolic disturbance or a secondary effect of another disease,as of the kidneys.
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