2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷100

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1、2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题With price（ ）so much, its hard for the company to plan a budget.问题1选项A.vibratingB.wavingC.swingingD.fluctuating【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项vibrate“震动，颤动”；B选项wave“挥舞，飘扬”；C选项swing“摇摆”；D选项fluctuate“波动，起伏”。根据句意：由于价格波动很大，公司很难制定出预算。表示价格的起伏波动应该用fluctuate，所以选项D正确。2. 单选题The woo

2、den cases must be secured by overall metal strapping so that they can be strong enough to stand rough handling during（ ）.问题1选项A.transitB.motionC.shiftD.traffic【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项transit“搬运”；B选项motion“运动”；C选项shift“转移”；D选项traffic“交通”。句意：木箱必须用整体金属带固定，这样才能保证木箱在运输过程中足够坚固，经得起粗暴的搬运。本句表示木箱的搬运过程，因此A选项正确。3.

3、 单选题Our civilization cannot be thought of as（ ）in a short period of time.问题1选项A.to have been createdB.to be createdC.having been createdD.being created【答案】C【解析】考查被动语态。as在这里是介词，后面应接名词性质的词，排除A、B，create的动作是过去发生的，应该用过去时态，排除D。句意：不应把我们的文明看作是短期内创造出来的。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation

4、 to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and mo

5、ral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style withou

6、t any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and

7、 health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any

8、given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give one

9、self over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statist

10、ical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because（ ）.2.To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because（ ）.4.To knowingly allow on

11、eself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to（ ）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（ ）.问题1选项A.personal heath choices help cure most illnessesB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential to personal freedom in American so

12、cietyD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.to “live an inactive life”B.to “live a decent life”C.to “live a life with complete freedom”D.to “live a life of vice”问题3选项A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.few people are willing

13、 to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends问题4选项A.improving the quality of ones lifeB.limiting ones personal health choiceC.deliberately ending ones lifeD.breaking the rules of social behavior问题5选项A.personal decisionsB.societ

14、ys lawsC.statistical evidenceD.friends opinions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“personal choice”可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择

15、，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），也就是说不正确的个人健康选择可能会导致疾病的发生。所以D选项“错误的决定可能会导致健康状况不佳”正确。A选项“个人健康选择有助于治疗大多数疾病”，文章说的是预防大多数疾病，而不是治疗，所以A错误。B选项“有助于提高我们的医学知识水平”，文章说的是只需根据现有的医学知识做出个人健康选择，而这样不会提高医学知识水平，所以B错误。C选项“对美国社会的个人自由至关重要”表述正确，但与题目的问题不相关，所以C错误。2.词义推测题。由题干关键词“sedentary life-style”可以定位到文章第一段第五句If we so desire, we can smoke

16、, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise.（如果我们愿意，我们可以抽烟、酗酒、拒绝系安全带、想吃什么就吃什么，过一种完全久坐不运动的生活方式。），可以得知这种生活方式是久坐不运动的。所以A选项“过着不活动的生活”符合题意。B选项“过着体面的生活”，C选项“过着完全自由的生活”和D选项“过着罪恶的生活”均不能形容久坐不运动的生活方式，所B，C，D错误。3.客观细

17、节题。由A选项可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），说明现有的医学知识是足够的，所以A选项“现有的医学知识仍然不足”错误。C选项“很少有人愿意用生命的质量来换取生命的数量”在原文中没有提及，所以C选项不符合题意。由D选项可以

18、定位到第一段最后一句As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.（例如，青少年可能知道吸烟和健康的相关事实，但可能会迫于朋友的压力，相信这是社会公认的事情。），举例说明了朋友的影响是其中一个原因，但不够全面，所以D选项“人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响”不符合题意。由B选项可以定位到第二段第一句A

19、 multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors（许多因素，包括遗传因素和环境因素，影响健康相关行为的发展），说明个人健康选择是受多方面的因素影响的，所以B选项“有许多因素影响着我们的决定”正确。4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“knowingly allow oneself”可以定位到第二段倒数第二句They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior t

20、hat has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide.（明知某一行为在统计上有缩短寿命的可能，而故意沉溺于这种行为，无异于企图自杀。），意思是明知某种行为不健康还要去做，相当于自杀，所以C选项“故意结束自己的生命”正确。A选项“提高一个人的生活质量”，追求不健康的习惯不能提高生活质量，所以A错误。B选项“限制个人健康选择”，故意沉溺于不健康的行为正是个人选择的体现，而不是限制个人选择，所以B错误。D选项“违反社会行为规则”文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“

21、Fries and Crapo”可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中最后一句personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（个人健康选择应该反映出那些在统计上有可能增加活力和长寿的行为。），说明个人健康选择应该基于统计学上的数据。所以C选项“统计学证据”正确。A选项“个人决定”，个人的选择是有健康的也有不健康的，所以不能依据个人的决定来，A错误。B选项“社会的法律”在

22、文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“朋友的意见”，文章介绍了因为朋友的意见做出错误健康选择的例子，所以不能依据朋友的意见，D错误。5. 翻译题Modern science, particularly physics, is being forced, under pressure of its own advances, to acknowledge that the truths it offers are true not in an absolute but in a poetic sense, that its laws are contingent, that its facts ar

23、e a kind of metaphor. Of course, art and science are fundamentally different in their methods, and in their ends. The doing of science involves a level of rigor unattainable to art. A scientific hypothesis can be proven or, perhaps more importantly, disproven but a poem, a picture, or a piece of mus

24、ic, cannot. Yet in their origins art and science are remarkably similar.【答案】现代科学，尤其是物理学，在自身进步的压力下，被迫承认它所提供的真理不是绝对的，而是诗意的，它的规律是偶然的，它的事实是一种隐喻。当然，艺术和科学在方法上、在目的上是根本不同的。科学所涉及的严格程度是艺术所无法企及的。一个科学假设可以被证明或者，也许更重要的是，被否定但一首诗、一幅画或一首音乐却不能。然而，艺术和科学在其起源上是非常相似的。6. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解

25、释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3. 就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expression

26、of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gives a precise and serious explanation of all phenomena.2. From Sveibys point of view, since knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from external resource

27、s to employees, is an important capability of an enterprise.3. Like a driver stuck in an accident and fuming on the evening rush hour road, people who surf the Internet can get fidgety if the page opens slowly or they cant get to it quickly enough.4. It is this information system that influences the

28、 scope and quality of peoples health care, it makes social services more just, it increases the comfort of individuals and takes more measures for safety and free movement.7. 翻译题剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。形式多样的剪纸手法可以说是很绝妙的，但剪纸艺术之独特、栩栩如生的美的表现还要靠每一个艺术家的艺术造诣。【答案】【参考译文】Paper-cuttin

29、g is one of the most popular traditional folk art forms in China. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years and was particularly popular during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The diverse forms of paper-cutting techniques can be described as wonderful, but the unique, lifelike beauty

30、 of the art of paper-cutting depends on the artistic attainment of each artist.8. 单选题The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it（ ）, but he gave us an idea about his plan.问题1选项A.at handB.in turnC.in conclusionD.at length【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项at hand“在手边，即将到来”；B选项in turn“轮流，依次”；C选项in conclusion“

31、总之，最后”；D选项at length“详细地”。句意：导师目前没有时间进行详细说明，但他就自己的计划给了我们一个大概的看法。根据后半部分的“gave us an idea”可知，选项D符合语境。9. 单选题The poor girl couldnt（ ）from her tears any more when her mother showed up.问题1选项A.remainB.refrainC.maintainD.strain【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项remain“保持，停留”，B选项refrain“克制，节制，避免”，C选项maintain“维持，保持”，D选项strain

32、“担忧，压力”。句意：当她母亲出现时，这个可怜的女孩再也忍不住流泪了。因此，B选项符合句意。10. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。11. 单选题The introd

33、uction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow（ ）, particularly in Western Europe.问题1选项A.obscureB.obsoleteC.optionalD.overlapping【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的”；B选项obsolete“淘汰的，废弃的，过时的”；C选项optional“可选择的”；D选项overlapping“重叠的”。根据句意可知，火药的引入应该是使弓箭逐渐被淘汰，所以选项B符合句意。12. 单选题The（ ）difference in Chin

34、ese dialect has become a problem in mutual communication among people.问题1选项A.enormousB.immenseC.imminentD.eminent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项enormous“巨大的”，指超出了正常的限度和比例；B选项immense“广大的”，侧重空间的广阔；C选项imminent“即将来临的”；D选项eminent“杰出的”。句意：汉语方言的巨大差异已经成为人与人之间交流的一个问题。本句表示差异的巨大。因此A选项正确。13. 单选题It was a bold idea to bui

35、ld a power station in the deep valley, but it（ ）as well as we had hoped.问题1选项A.came offB.went offC.brought outD.made out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项come off“成功，实现”；B选项go off“离开，变质”；C选项bring out“出版，生产”；D选项make out“辨认出，理解”。根据句意：在深谷里建发电站是个大胆的想法，但结果与我们原来所希望的一样。也就说，这个想法得到实现，所以选项A符合语境。14. 单选题There was a（ ）drop in

36、support for the Union in the 1974 election.问题1选项A.delicateB.distinctC.distantD.downward【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项delicate“微妙的”；B选项distinct“明显的”；C选项distant“冷漠的”；D选项downward“向下的”。句意：在1974年的选举中，支持联邦的人数明显下降。本句表示支持率明显下降，因此B选项正确。15. 单选题Immigration officials have to be very careful in deciding whether to（ ）all

37、 or only some of those illegal immigrants.问题1选项A.dissolveB.deportC.distractD.detect【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项dissolve“解散，使溶解”，B选项deport，“驱逐出境，放逐”，C选项“转移，分散”，D选项detect“察觉，发现”。句意：移民官员在决定是将全部非法移民驱逐出境还是仅将部分非法移民驱逐出境时必须非常谨慎。因此, B选项符合句意。16. 单选题From this material we can（ ）hundreds of what you may call direct produ

38、cts.问题1选项A.deriveB.discernC.diminishD.displace【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项derive“源自，获得”；B选项discern“觉察出，识别”；C选项diminish“减少，缩小”；D选项displace“取代”。根据句意：我们能够从这个材料中 数百个你称之为直接产品的东西。根据介词短语from this material 可知，这里应该是表示来源并且能够与介词 from搭配，所以只有选项A符合要求。17. 单选题The Benefits of New Urbanism(1) New urbanism is the most importan

39、t planning movement in this century, and is about creating a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in. New urbanism is the revival of o

40、ur lost art of place-making, and is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoodsthe way communities have been built for centuries around the world. New urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well as the creation of

41、 compact new towns and villages. The benefits of new urbanism are as follows:Benefits to Residents(2) Higher quality of life; better places in which to live, work, and play; more stable property values; less traffic congestion and less driving; healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress;

42、close proximity to main street retail and services; close proximity to bike trail, parks, and nature; pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town, resulting in meaningful relationships with more people, and friendlier town; more freedom

43、 and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them; great savings to residents and school boards in reduced busing costs from children being able to walk or bicycle to neighborhood schools

44、; more diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local owners who are involved in community; big savings by driving less, and owning less cars; less ugly, congested sprawl to deal with daily; better sense of place and community identity with more unique architecture; more open space to e

45、njoy that will remain open space; more efficient use of tax money with less spent on utilities and roads used for the sprawl.Benefits to Businesses(3) Increased sales due to more foot traffic and people spending less on cars and gas; more profits due to spending less on advertising and large signs;

46、better lifestyle by living near work units saves the stressful and costly commute; economies of scale in marketing due to close proximity and cooperation with other local business incubation; lower rents due to smaller spaces and smaller parking lots; healthier lifestyle due to more walking and bein

47、g near healthier restaurants; more community involvement from being part of community and knowing residents.(4) Benefits to Developers. More income potential from higher density mixed-use projects due to more leasable square footage, more sales per square foot, and higher property values and selling

48、 prices; faster approvals in communities that have adopted smart growth principles resulting in cost/time sayings: cost savings in parking facilities in mixed-use properties due to sharing of spaces throughout the day and night, resulting in less duplication in providing parking; less need for parki

49、ng facilities due to mix of residences and commercial uses within walking distance of each other; less impact on roads/traffic, which can result in lower impact fees; lower cost of utilities due to compact nature of new urbanist design; faster sellout due to greater acceptance by consumers from a wi

50、der product range resulting in wider market share.Benefits to Municipalities(5) Stable, appreciating tax base; less spent per capita on infrastructure and utilities than typical suburban development due to compact high-density nature of projects; increased tax base due to more buildings packed into

51、a tighter area; less traffic congestion due to walkability of design; less crime and less money spent on police due to the presence of more people day and night; better overall community image and sense of place; less incentive to sprawl when urban core area is desirable; easy to install transit whe

52、re its not, and improve it where it is; greater civic involvement of population leading to better governance.(6) The most effective way to implement new urbanism it to plan for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This directs all future development into this form.(7) Increasingly, re

53、gional planning techniques are being used to control and shape growth into compact, high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities. Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning known as Transit O

54、riented Development (TOD). At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers.(8) Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment. It also prevents c

55、ongestion problems and the environmental degradation normally associated with growth.(9) There are some obstacles in implementation of new urbanism. The most important obstacle to overcome is the restrictive and incorrect zoning codes currently in force in most municipalities. Current codes do not a

56、llow new urbanism to be built, but do allow sprawl.(10) An equally important obstacle is the continuous road building and expansion taking place in every community across America. This encourages more driving and more sprawl which has a domino effect on increasing traffic congestion across the regio

57、n. Halting road projects and building new train system can help reverse this problematic trend.1. A pedestrian street is a street（ ）.2. According to the passage new urbanism emphasizes（ ）.3.Which of the following can BEST summarize the benefits of new urbanism to residents?4.Which of the following s

58、tatements is TRUE?5.To preserve the environment, new urbanism lays stress on（ ）.问题1选项A.suitable for bicyclingB.suitable for walkingC.designed for pedalsD.designed for scooters问题2选项A.the expansion of urban areasB.the artistic decoration of newly-built buildingsC.the improvement of the built environme

59、ntD.the environmental preservation问题3选项A.Compactness in civic structure, conveniences and economies in life.B.Better relationships with more people and a friendlier town.C.Easy shopping and more services that reduce busing costs.D.Walkability, healthier lifestyle and more freedom.问题4选项A.New urbanism

60、 likes to design more roads in order to facilitate the traffic.B.New urbanism favors the transportation with new railway systems.C.New urbanist planners oppose to pedestrian friendly design.D.New urbanist planners do not support the infill development.问题5选项A.the reduction of factoriesB.the sprawl of

61、 the cityC.the lessening of traffic jamsD.the compact growth of the urban area【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明pedestrian st

62、reet是对行人友好的社区。因此B选项“适合行走”正确。A选项“适合骑自行车”，C选项“为脚踏车设计”和D选项“为小型摩托车设计”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in.（它是一场改革建筑环境设计的

63、国际运动，是通过创造更好的居住场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。），说明新城市主义强调对居住环境的改善。因此C选项“改善建筑环境”正确。A选项“城市地区的扩张”，B选项“新建筑的艺术装饰”和D选项“环境保护”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。3.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的压力）说明新城市主义对居民健康生活方式的好处；pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人）说明了新城市主义注重人的步行友好性；more freedom and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor i