2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷26

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1、2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题Feedback plays an important role in almost all electronic circuits. Its study is introduced here to provide a view of the amplifier as a gain element.【答案】反馈几乎在所有电子电路中都有重要的作用。本文介绍了放大器作为增益元件的研究情况。2. 填空题Directions: Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks

2、 of the following passage. Change the form if necessary. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET.but demonstrate capable with happen average environmentally difference isolate measure There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born （1）. Human b

3、rains differ considerably, some being more capable than others.（2） no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what （3） to the individualthe sort of environment in which he is broug

4、ht up. If an individual is handicapped（4）, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is （5）.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be （6） by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and

5、Mark X. Being identical. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an （7） community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home well-to-do parents who ha

6、d been to college. This environmental （8）continued until the twins were in their late teens. When they were given tests to（9） their intelligence, Johns IQ was 125, twenty-five points higher than the（10） and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.【答案】1.【答案】with2.【答案】but3.【答案】happens4.【答

7、案】environmentally5.【答案】capable6.【答案】demonstrated7.【答案】isolated8.【答案】difference9.【答案】measure10.【答案】average【解析】but但是；然而conj. demonstrate证明；证实v.capable有能力的adj. with和在一起；具有prep.happen发生；出现v. average平均水平n.environmentally环境地adv. difference差异；不同之处n.isolate孤立；分离；隔离v. measure测量v.1. 【答案】with【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处he

8、 is born修饰brain。此题考查固定搭配，be born with表示“天生具有”。在句中指他天生具有的大脑。符合句意。因此填with。【句意】第一种是他与生俱来的大脑。2. 【答案】but【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处上文句意为“人类的大脑差别很大，有些人比其他人更有能力。”空格处下文句意为“不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。”上文提到有些人的大脑比其他人的好，而下文指不管大脑有多好，除非学习不然智力会低。由此可知该处存在转折关系。且空格后是一个完整的句子。因此该处缺一个表示转折的连词，因此填but。【句意】但是，不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机

9、会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。3. 【答案】happens【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处在what引导的表语从句中做谓语，因此空格处应填一个动词。空格处句意为：所以第二个因素是个体他成长的环境。固定搭配happen to sb表示“发生到某人身上”；从句中what做主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。所以填happens。【句意】所以第二个因素是个体发生了什么他成长的环境。4. 【答案】environmentally【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处应填副词修饰前面的形容词“handicapped”。由句意“如果一个人患有残疾，他的大脑很可能无法发育。”可知，该处填入environmentall

10、y，表示由环境影响造成的残疾。environmentally符合句意，且对应上文。因此填environmentally。【句意】如果一个人因环境影响患有残疾，他的大脑很可能无法发育。5.【答案】capable【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处缺少一个形容词。且固定搭配be capable of表示“能够”。由句意“他永远不会达到他到达的智力水平。”可知此处填capable表示“能够”符合语境。因此填capable。【句意】他永远达不到他所能达到的智力水平。6. 【答案】demonstrated【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处位于情态动词后，且有be动词在前，应填入动词的被动形式。由句意“环境在决

11、定一个人智力方面的重要性可以从同卵双胞胎Peter和Mark X的案例历史中得到。”可知空格处填入demonstrate的被动形式demonstrated表示“证明；证实”符合语境。因此填demonstrated。【句意】环境在决定一个人智力方面的重要性可以从同卵双胞胎Peter和Mark X的案例历史中得到证明。7. 【答案】isolated【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处位于定冠词an后，应填一个形容词且以元音音素开头。所以该处应填入isolate的形容词形式，isolated“偏远的；孤立的”。由句意“彼得的父母智力低下，生活在一个社区，受教育的机会很少。”可知，空格处填入isolate

12、d“偏远的；孤立的”符合语境。因此填isolated。【句意】彼得是由智力低下的父母在一个教育机会很少的孤立社区抚养长大的。8.【答案】difference【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处缺少名词。上文讲到“彼得的父母智力低下，生活在一个与世隔绝的社区，受教育的机会很少。马克的父母都上过大学，家境富裕。他还是个孩子的时候，就有人念书给他听，把他送进好学校，给他一切机会去激发他的智力。”空格处意味“环境的”上文表明二人生活环境的差异。因此空格处填入difference“差异；不同之处”符合语境。因此填difference。【句意】这种环境差异一直持续到双胞胎十八九岁的时候，那时他们接受了测试，以

13、衡量他们的智力。9.【答案】measure【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处缺少动词。由句意“当他们接受测试智力时”可知，空格处填入measure“测量”符合语境。因此填measure。【句意】当测试他们的智力时10.【答案】average【解题思路】分析题目可知，空格处缺少名词。由句意“约翰的智商是125，比高25分，比他的同卵兄弟整整高40分。”可知，空格填入average“平均水平”符合语境。因此填average。【句意】约翰的智商是125，比平均水平高25分，比他的同卵兄弟整整高40分。3. 翻译题美国人民非常钦佩中国几千年来在人类文化、宗教、哲学、艺术、科学和技术等领域做出的贡献。我们

14、铭记着第二次世界大战期间两国的牢固伙伴关系。现在我们看到中国处在这样一个历史时刻：你们目前气势磅礴的改革和更加美好的未来是可以和辉煌的往昔相提并论的。仅仅三十年前，中国基本上与世隔绝，现在中国参加了从航空领域到农业领域的一千多个国际组织，影响遍及国家的各个领域。你们已经较大地开放了贸易和投资领域。今天有四万年轻的中国学生在美国学习，另外还有几十万人在亚洲、非洲、欧洲和拉丁美洲学习。你们在经济和社会的改变过程中表现十分突出，你们从封闭的、指令性的经济体制过渡到蓬勃发展的、依靠市场力量的经济体制。近20年来，这种经济取得前所未有的增长。人们有更多的自由在国内外旅行；人们可以选举自己的村长；可以拥有

15、自己的房子；可以选择自己的职业和上更好的学校。这样，你们使上亿人民脱贫，人均收入在过去十年里翻了一番多，今天中国人民所过的生活是他们过去二十年来根本想象不到的。当然这些变化也打乱了一成不变的生活工作方式，也给环境造成极大的负担。过去，每一个城市公民都保证在国有企业有份工作，现在必须竞争。过去，工人只需要满足中央计划安排的要求。现在进入全球经济时代，这意味着你们必须和全世界的质量和创造性相竞争。在短期内，那些有能力的勤劳的人，至少有一部分也将会失业。正如你们所看到的，过去的20年的发展模式和能源使用模式，使中国在环境、经济、保健方面付出了巨大的代价：空气污染、树木减少、酸雨、水资源短缺。面对这些

16、挑战，必须制定新的培训和社会保障制度体系。引进新的环保政策和技术，一方面使经济增长，另一方面改善环境。【答案】The American people greatly admire Chinas contributions over thousands of years in the fields of human culture, religion, philosophy, art, science and technology. We remember the strong partnership between our two countries during the Second Wor

17、ld War. Now we see China at a moment in history when the momentum of your current reforms and the promise of a brighter future can be compared to the glory of your past. Virtually isolated just three decades ago, China is now a member of more than a thousand international organizations, from aviatio

18、n to agriculture, affecting every sector of the country. You have opened up your trade and investment sectors considerably. Today, 40,000 young Chinese students study in the United States, and hundreds of thousands more in Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America.You have distinguished yourselves in t

19、he process of economic and social change, from a closed, prescriptive economy to one that thrives on market forces. For nearly two decades, this economy has achieved unprecedented growth. People have more freedom to travel within and outside the country; People can elect their own village leaders; Y

20、ou can own your own home; You can choose your own career and go to better schools. As a result, you have lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, and per capita income has more than doubled in the last 10 years. The Chinese people today are living lives they could never have imagined in

21、 the last 20 years.Of course, these changes have disrupted the unchanging way of life and work and caused a great burden to the environment. In the past, every city citizen was guaranteed a job in a state-owned enterprise; now they must compete. In the past, workers only had to meet the requirements

22、 of central planning arrangements. Its a global economy, and that means you have to compete with quality and creativity all over the world.In the short term, at least some of those who are able and industrious will also be out of work. As you can see, the pattern of development and the pattern of en

23、ergy use over the last 20 years has taken a huge toll on Chinas environment, economy, and health: air pollution, fewer trees, acid rain, water shortages. Facing these challenges, new systems of training and social protection must be developed. The introduction of new environmental policies and techn

24、ologies, on the one hand, will enable economic growth, and on the other hand, improve the environment.4. 单选题Throughout the nations more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international

25、analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, “no single intellectually coherent visio

26、n dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.” The reason, he said, “is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed.”The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va, is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third I

27、nternational Mathematics and Science Study.Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school districts curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers activities. This contrasts sharp

28、ly with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that “is a mile wide and an inch deep,” Schmidt notes.For instance, eighth graders i

29、n the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United

30、States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems “share our pattern of splintered visions” but which are not economic leaders.The new report “couldnt come at a better time,” says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. “Th

31、e new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision,” including the call “to do less, but in greater depth.”Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the

32、 United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards “face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble

33、.”1. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _.2. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that _.3. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep” (Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice _.4. The new Natio

34、nal Science Education Standards are good news in that they will _.5. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because _.问题1选项A.focused on tapping students potentialB.characterized by its diversityC.losing its vitality graduallyD.going downhill in recent years问题2选

35、项A.it lacks a coordinated national programB.it sets a very low academic standard for studentsC.it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachersD.it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects问题3选项A.lays stress on quality at the expense of quantityB.offers an environm

36、ent for comprehensive educationC.encourages learning both in depth and in scopeD.scratches the surface of a wide range of topics问题4选项A.provide depth to school science educationB.solve most of the problems in school teachingC.be able to meet the demands of the communityD.quickly dominate U.S. educati

37、onal practice问题5选项A.there is always controversy in educational circles of these standardsB.not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing soC.school districts are responsible for making their own decisionsD.many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1

38、.【选项释义】According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _. 根据文章，美国的科学和数学教学是_。A. focused on tapping students potential A. 侧重于挖掘学生的潜力B. characterized by its diversity B. 具有多样性的特点C. losing its vitality gradually C. 正逐渐失去其活力D. going downhill in recent years D. 正在走下坡路【答案】B【考查点】事实细

39、节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“尽管多样性有其优势，但一项新的国际分析表明，这种多样性反而导致了美国孩子相对于其他发达国家同龄人的成绩平平。”说明美国的教学具有多样性的特点。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“侧重于挖掘学生的潜力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“正逐渐失去其活力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“正在走下坡路”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】The fundamental flaw of American school education is that _. 美国学校教育的根本缺陷是_。A. it lacks a coor

40、dinated national program A. 它缺乏一个协调一致的国家计划B. it sets a very low academic standard for students B. 它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准C. it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers C. 它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性D. it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects D. 它过于重视学校课程的强化学习【答案】A【考查点】推理判断

41、题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“因为这个体系存在深刻和根本的缺陷。”由第四段可知“报告发现，不仅美国各个社区教授科学和数学的方法各不相同，而且学区的课程、教科书或教师的活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。这与大多数其他国家协调一致的国家计划形成鲜明对比。”分析全文，因为美国与其他国家不同，没有协调一致的国家计划，导致美国教育存在缺陷。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“它过于重视学校课程的强化学习”，文中提到“学区的课程、教科书或教师的

42、活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。”可知美国的教育没有重点，没有重视强化学习，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep” (Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice _. 作者说美国的教育环境是“一英里宽，一英寸深”（第5段），意思是美国的教育实践_。A. lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity A. 强调

43、质量而忽视数量B. offers an environment for comprehensive education B. 提供全面教育的环境C. encourages learning both in depth and in scope C. 鼓励学习的深度和广度D. scratches the surface of a wide range of topics D. 涉及面很广【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 5与题干信息可定位到第五段该句话的上文“平均而言，美国学生比其他国家的学生学习更多的科学和数学科目。”也就是说美国学生学习很多科目，可

44、以推断美国教育涉及面很广。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“强调质量而忽视数量”，通过分析全文可知，美国教育强调数量忽视了质量，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；B选项“提供全面教育的环境”，文中没有提到全面教育，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“鼓励学习的深度和广度”，该选项是美国呼吁教育改革的改革方向，而不是该句所要表达的意思，该选项属于张冠李戴。4.【选项释义】The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will _. 新的国家科学教育标准是好消息，因为它们将_。A. provide depth

45、 to school science education A. 为学校科学教育提供深度B. solve most of the problems in school teaching B. 解决学校教学中的大多数问题C. be able to meet the demands of the community C. 能够满足社会的需求D. quickly dominate U.S. educational practice D. 很快主导美国的教育实践【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“包括做得更少，但要更深入的呼吁”，由此可知教育改革会让教育更深入，也

46、就是提供深度。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“解决学校教学中的大多数问题”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断；C选项“能够满足社会的需求”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有D选项“很快主导美国的教育实践”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because _. 将新的科学和数学标准付诸实践将是困难的，因为_。A. there is always controversy in educational circles A. 在教育界

47、一直有争议B. not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so B. 没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性C. school districts are responsible for making their own decisions C. 学区有责任自己做决定D. many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards D. 许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第二段“他

48、和施密特都认为，实施新的科学标准和相应的数学标准将是一项挑战，因为在美国，教育的责任分散，要求任何改革都需要一次针对一个社区制定和实施。”由此可知，教育改革要针对社区制定且教育责任分散，也就是说社区有责任自己做决定。【干扰项排除】A选项“在教育界一直有争议”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5. 翻译题A baseball (棒球) that lands in an open (开阔地) soon comes to rest bec

49、ause of its interaction with the ground.【答案】由于与地面的相互作用，落在空地上的棒球很快就会停下来。6. 单选题It would be _ to get a second opinion before taking any further action.问题1选项A.sensationalB.sensitiveC.senselessD.sensible【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. sensational 轰动的；引起哗然的 B. sensitive 体贴的；体恤的C. senseless 无意义的；无目的的 D. sensible 明智的；理智的

50、【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】句意：在采取进一步行动之前征求第二种意见是。根据句意，在行动前征求第二种意见是明智的，因为这样有利于做出更好的决定。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合句意。【句意】在采取进一步行动之前征求第二种意见是明智的。7. 翻译题香港坐落在中国南端的一个弹丸小岛上，在日趋全球化的经济中，香港正起着一个非常重要的角色。【答案】Hong Kong is located in a bullet island in the south end of China. Hong Kong is playing a very important role in a

51、n increasingly global economy.8. 单选题If you want to get into that tunnel, you first have to _ away all the rocks.问题1选项A.haulB.transferC.repelD.dispose【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. haul （用力）拖；拉；拽 B. transfer （使）转移；搬迁C. repel 击退；驱逐 D. dispose 排列；布置；安排【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】句意：如果你想进入隧道，你必须先所有的岩石。根据句意，进入隧道前要把阻挡的岩石移走。因

52、此选A选项正确，表示用力拖走岩石。【干扰项排除】B选项transfer“（使）转移；搬迁”，多指到新地方，到新的工作、学校、环境；该选项不符合语境；C、D选项均不符合句意。【句意】如果你想进入隧道，你首先得把所有的石头都拖走。9. 单选题Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated

53、environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.“With virtual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images

54、 of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although

55、Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instru

56、ments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of

57、 the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the short

58、est, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the pati

59、ents brain taken before surgery.During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately th

60、an human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”1. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _.2. Richard Satava has visions of _.3. How is virtual reality surgery performed?4. During virtual reality operatio

61、ns, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _.5. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they _.问题1选项A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC.wi

62、ll greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield问题2选项A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the batt

63、lefieldC.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD.setting up mobile surgical units overseas问题3选项A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.问题4选项A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer scr