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Test Bank全套真题,Test,Bank全套真题,Bank,全套 Test BankChapter One (Data Representation)Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following Boolean operations produces the output 1 for the fewest number of input patterns?A. ANDB. ORC. XORANSWER: A2. Which of the following best describes the NOR operation?A. An XOR followed by a NOTB. An OR followed by a NOTC. A NOT followed by a NOTC. An AND followed by a NOTANSWER: B3. Which of the following bit patterns cannot be expressed in hexadecimal notation?A. 11111111B. 1001C. 110011D. 100000000001ANSWER: C4. Which of the following is the binary representation of 4 5/8?A. 100.11B. 10.011C. 110.101D. 100.101ANSWER: D5. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value 5 in twos complement notation?A. 00011010B. 11111011C. 00000101D. 11111011ANSWER: C6. Which of the following bit patterns represents the value -5 in twos complement notation?A. 00011010 B. 11111011C. 00000101 D. 11111011ANSWER: D7. In which of the following addition problems (using twos complement notation) does an overflow error occur?A. 0011 B. 0100 C. 1100 + 1010 + 0100 + 1100ANSWER: B8. Which of the following representations in twos complement notation represents the largest value?A. 00000010B. 11111111C. 00000001D. 11111110ANSWER: A9. Which of the following bit patterns (represented in hexadecimal notation) represents a negative number in twos complement notation?A. 7FB. 55C. A6D. 08ANSWER: C10. What value is represented by the bit pattern 01011100 when interpreted using floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa?A. -1 1/2 B. 1 1/2C. -3/8 D. 3/8ANSWER: B11. Which of the following values cannot be stored accurately using a floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa?A. 2 1/2B. 3/16C. 7D. 6 1/4ANSWER: D121. Which of the following bit-patterns represents the smallest value using the floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa?A. 01001000B. 01011000C. 00101000D. 01111000ANSWER: C13. Which of the following data storage systems provides the most efficient random access to individual data items?A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDsANSWER: A14. Which of the following storage systems is best suited for storing and retrieving long strings of data that are processed in their sequential order?A. Main memoryB. Magnetic diskC. Optical CDs and DVDsANSWER: C15. Which of the following mass storage system does not require physical motion?A. Magnetic tapeB. Magnetic diskC. DVDsD. Flash drivesANSWER: D16. Assuming that each of the following bit patterns originally had even parity, which one contains an error?A. 10110100B. 11000011C. 00011000 D. 10001001ANSWER: D17. How many errors per pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which any two code patterns differ by a Hamming distance of 8?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6ANSWER: A18. Which of the following is a possible LZW compression of the message “xyz xyz xyz”?A. 1234B. 1234545C. 232D. 12ANSWER: B19. How many different symbols can be encoded using Unicode?A. 256B. 4,096C. 65,536D. 1,046,476ANSWER: C20. Which of the following systems is least efficient when encoding numeric values?A. Twos complement notationB. Excess notationC. ASCIID. Floating-point notationANSWER: C21. Which of the following is a means of encoding music?A. ASCIIB. MIDIC. JPEGD. GIFANSWER: BFill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions1. A computers main memory consists of numerous memory cells, each of which contains _ bits. Each memory cell is identified by a numeric value called the cells _.ANSWER: eight, address2. Represent the bit pattern 1011010010011111 in hexadecimal notation._ANSWER: B49F3. A7DF is the hexadecimal representation for what bit pattern? _ANSWER: 1010 0111 1101 11114. How many different bit patterns can be formed if each must consist of exactly 6 bits?_ANSWER: 645. Translate each of the following binary representations into its equivalent base ten representation.A. 1100_B. 10.011_C. 0.01 _D. 10001_ANSWER: A. 12 B. 2 3/8 C. 1/4 D. 176. Rewrite each of the following values (represented in base ten notation) in binary notation.A. 7_B. 23_C. 2 1/4 _ D. 5/8_ANSWER: A. 111 B. 10111 C. 10.01 D. 0.1017. If the patterns 101.11 and 1.011 represent values in binary notation, what is the binary representation of their sum?_ANSWER: 111.0018. Using a twos complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value 3._ANSWER: 0000119. Using a twos complement notation system in which each value is represented by a pattern of six bits, represent the value -3._ANSWER: 11110110. What is the largest positive integer that can be represented in a twos complement system in which each value is represented by eight bits?_ANSWER: 127 (represented by 01111111)11. In a twos complement system, what value is represented by the pattern 11111111111111001?_ANSWER: -712. When using twos complement notation, what bit pattern represents the negation of 01101010?_ANSWER: 1001011013. What value is represented by each of the following patterns in excess notation?A. 10000 _ B. 0110 _ C. 1011 _ANSWER: A. 0, B. -2, C. 314. Using an 8-bit floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa, write the bit pattern that represents the value 1 3/4. (Use normalized form.)_ANSWER: 0101111015. What is the largest value that can be represented in a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa?_ANSWER: 7 1/2 (represented as 01111111)16. Which of the following addition problems cannot be solved accurately when using a floating-point system in which each value is encoded by a byte whose most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa?A. 2 1/2 + 1 3/8B. 3 1/2 + 4 1/2C. 7 + 3/4_ANSWER: A, B, and C17. The following is an error-correcting code in which any two patterns differ by a Hamming distance of at least three. Symbol Representation A 000000 B 001111 C 010011 D 011100 E 100110 F 101001 G 110101 H 111010Decode each of the following patterns010011 _101010 _011000 _101101 _ANSWER: C, H, D, F18. How many errors in a single code pattern could be corrected when using an error-correcting code in which each code pattern is a Hamming distance of at least seven from any other code pattern? _ANSWER: 319. The following is a message that was originally encoded so that each pattern had odd parity. Circle the patterns in which an error has definitely occurred.10110101 11110000 10010010 00000000 11111111 00001000 00111101_ANSWER: Second, fourth, fifth, and sixth20. Data compression techniques apply various principles to reduce the size of data. One, called _, avoids repeating long strings of the same data item. Another, called _, encodes the difference between consecutive blocks of data rather than encoding each block in its entirety. Still another, called _, uses short bit patterns to encode frequently occurring items and longer patterns to encode less frequent items.ANSWER: Run-length encoding, relative encoding, and frequency-dependent encoding.Vocabulary (Matching) QuestionsThe following is a list of terms from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be used to produce questions (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, “In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase.” TermDescriptive PhrasebitBinary digitBoolean operationAND, OR, XOR, NOTaddressA numeric value used to identify a memory cellhexadecimal notationAn efficient way of representing bit patternssectorA segment of a track in a mass storage systemzoned-bit recordingA means of increasing the storage capacity of a magnetic disk systembufferA storage area used to hold data on a temporary basis, often as a step in transferring the data from one device to anotherISOAn international organization for establishing standardsANSIA major standardization organization within the United StatesASCIIA system developed by the American Standards Institute for encoding text.flip-flopA digital circuit capable of holding a single digittwos complement notationA means of encoding whole numbersfloating-point notationA means of encoding numeric values that may involve fractionstruncationAn error that may occur when using floating-point notationpixelA small part of an imageGIFA means of compressing an image file by restricting the number of colors availableJPEGA means of compressing images by blurring the boundaries between different colors while maintaining all brightness informationUnicodeA means of encoding text in which each symbol is represented by 16 bitsLZWAn example of adaptive dictionary encodingMIDIA means of encoding music in terms of notes and instruments rather than actual audioKey fieldA part of a logical record in a file used to identify the record.VLSIA means of constructing complex circuitry in a very small space.General Format Questions1. Describe how a computer can produce an incorrect answer when performing numerical computations even though it has not malfunctioned.ANSWER: Most students will probably refer to overflow and truncation errors.2. Describe ho the concept of Hamming distance is used to produce an error-correcting code.ANSWER: By designing a code in which each pattern has a Hamming distance of n from any other pattern, patterns with fewer than n/2 errors can be corrected by replacing them with the code pattern that is closest.3. a. What is the output of the circuit below? b. In general, how does the three-bit input pattern across the top of the diagram relate to the circuits output?ANSWER: a. 0 b. The output is 0 if the input parity is odd; the output is 1 if the input parity is even.4. If the input and output bit patterns in the circuit below are interpreted as binary representations of numeric values, what operation does the circuit perform? ANSWER: The circuit subtracts one (except for the case of the input being 000).5. Explain why such terms as kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte have acquired double meanings.ANSWER: The prefixes kilo, mega, and giga are used traditionally to refer to units measured in powers of ten. However, due to the early misuse of the prefix kilo in reference to units of the size 1024, these prefixes are now often used to refer to units that are powers of twoespecially when referring to the capacity of main memories.6. Convert the following addition problem into twos complement notation (using four bits per value), perform the addition, convert the answer back into base ten notation, and explain the results. 6 + 3ANSWER: In twos complement notation the problem is to add 0110 and 0011. The sum is 1001 which translates to -7. This answer is incorrect due to overflow.7. Under what condition is each of the following data compression techniques most effective?a. Run-length encodingb. Relative encodingANSWER: a. Compresses most when data consists of long strings of the same entry.b. Compresses most when each block of data differs little from the previous block.8. What is frequency-dependent encoding?ANSWER: Frequency-dependent encoding is an encoding system that uses short bit patterns to represent data items that occur most often and longer patterns to represent less frequently occurring items. The result is that entire blocks of data can be represented in less space than would be required if each data item were represented by the same size bit pattern.9. Construct the entire twos complement scale in which each value is represented by three bits.ANSWER: 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000-1 111-2 110-3 101-4 10010. To what does the term “normalized form” refer in the context of floating-point notation?ANSWER: Normalized form refers to a standard for positioning the bit pattern within the mantissa field. Many values can be represented in floating-point notation by different bit patterns, only one of which is in normalized form. Hence, restricting representations to normalized form assures that each value is represented by a unique pattern.11. Explain why the final version of the dictionary need not be transmitted with a message encoded using LZW compression.ANSWER: The dictionary can be constructed during decompression in the same way it was constructed during compression.12. Among the Boolean operations AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and NOT, which is least like the others? Explain your answer.ANSWER: There is not really a right or wrong answer. The students explanation is the most important part. Most students will probably answer NOT because it has only one input whereas the others have two.13. If a term paper consisted 42 pages, each containing 40 lines of 100 symbols each (counting each space as a symbol), was to be encoded using Unicode, how many bytes of storage space would be required?ANSWER: 336,000 bytes (168,000 symbols times 2 bytes per symbol)14. Explain why adding only a few characters to a text file may increase the files size by several hundred bytes and at other times may not increase the files size at all.ANSWER: File space is allocated in terms of physical records, each of which is several hundred bytes in size. Thus, the size of a file grows by physical record units rather than by byte size units. 15. In a twos complement system, what value can be added to any other value without causing an overflow? How many values in the system have this property? Explain your answer.ANSWER: Adding the value 0 to any other value will not produce an overflow. However, if m is the largest positive integer that can be represented in the system, then any value in the range 1 to m will produce an overflow when added to m, and any value in the range -1 to -( m + 1) will produce an overflow when added to -( m + 1). Test BankChapter Two (Data Manipulation)The following table is from Appendix C of the text. It is included here so that it can be incorporated in tests for student reference. Questions in this test bank refer to this table as the “language description table.” Op- code Operand Description 1RXYLOAD the register R with the bit pattern found in the memory cell whose address is XY.Example: 14A3 would cause the contents of the memory cell located at address A3 to be placed in register 4. 2RXYLOAD the register R with the bit pattern XY.Example: 20A3 would cause the value A3 to be placed in register 0. 3RXYSTORE the bit pattern found in register R in the memory cell whose address is XY.Example: 35B1 would cause the contents of register 5 to be placed in the memory cell whose address is B1. 40RSMOVE the bit pattern found in register R to register S.Example: 40A4 would cause the contents of register A to be copied into register 4. 5RSTADD the bit patterns in registers S and T as though they were twos complement representations and leave the result in register R.Example: 5726 would cause the binary values in registers 2 and 6 to be added and the sum placed in register 7. 6RSTADD the bit patterns in registers S and T as though they represented values in floating-point notation and leave the floating-point result in register R.Example: 634E would cause the values in registers 4 and E to be added as floating-point values and the result to be placed in register 3. 7RSTOR the bit patterns in registers S and T and place the result in register R.Example: 7CB4 would cause the result of ORing the contents of registers B and 4 to be placed in register C. 8RSTAND the bit patterns in register S and T and place the result in register R.Example: 8045 would cause the result of ANDing the contents of registers 4 and 5 to be placed in register 0. 9RSTEXCLUSIVE OR the bit patterns in registers S and T and place the result in register R.Example: 95F3 would cause the result of EXCLUSIVE ORing the contents of registers F and 3 to be placed in register 5. AR0XROTATE the bit pattern in register R one bit to the right X times. Each time place the bit that started at the low-order end at the high-order end.Example: A403 would cause the contents of register 4 to be rotated 3 bits to the right in a circular fashion. BRXYJUMP to the instruction located in the memory cell at address XY if the bit pattern in register R is equal to the bit pattern in register number 0. Otherwise, continue with the normal sequence of execution. (The jump is implemented by copying XY into the program counter during the execute phase.)Example: B43C would first compare the contents of register 4 with the contents of register 0. If the two were equal, the pattern 3C would be placed in the program counter so that the next instruction executed would be the one located at that memory address. Otherwise, nothing would be done and program execution would continue in its normal sequence. C000HALT execution.Example: C000 would cause program execution to stop.Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following is not contained in a CPU?A. Instruction registerB. Program counterC. General-purpose registerD. Memory cellANSWER: D2. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) changes the contents of a memory cell?A. 10ABB. 20ABC. 30ABD. 40ABANSWER: C3. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) places 00000000 in register A?A. 1A00B. 2A00C. 3A00D. 200AANSWER: B4. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) places 00000000 in register 5?A. 25FFB. 9555C. 15FFD. 8555ANSWER: B5. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) will not change the contents of register 5?A. 1508B. 2508C. A503D. A508ANSWER: D6. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) is equivalent to requesting that register A be rotated to the left by three bits?A. AA05B. AA03C. AA08D. AA01ANSWER: A7. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) changes the contents of register 7?A. 4077B. 4075C. 4057D. 37BBANSWER: C8. Which of the following is not a form of parallel processing?A. SISDB. MIMDC. SIMDANSWER: A9. In which of the following locations is information most readily available for manipulation by the CPU?A. General-purpose registersB. Main memoryC. Mass storageANSWER: A10. The bus in a computer is an example of which form of communication?A. SerialB. ParallelC. Neither A nor BANSWER: B11. Which of the following instructions does not fall in the category of arithmetic/logic instructions?A. ROTATEB. ADDC. ORD. JUMPANSWER: D12. Which of the following instructions falls in the category of data transfer instructions?A. LOADB. ANDC. ROTATED. JUMPANSWER: A13. Which of the following is not a component of a machine instruction?A. Op-codeB. PortC. OperandANSWER: B14. Which of the following is not an activity performed entirely within a CPU?A. Fetch instructionsB. Perform Boolean operationsC. Perform arithmetic operationsD. Move data between registersANSWER: A15. What mask in register F would cause the instruction 8AAF (refer to the language description table) to put a 0 in the most significant bit of register A without disturbing the other bits?A. 11111110B. 00000001C. 10000000D. 011111111ANSWER: D16. What mask in register F would cause the instruction 7AAF (refer to the language description table) to put a 1 in the most significant bit of register A without disturbing the other bits?A. 11111110B. 00000001C. 10000000D. 011111111ANSWER: C17. Which of the following instructions will not produce the same result as the other two? (Refer to the language description table.)A. A502B. A506C. A50AANSWER: B18. Which of the following instructions will not produce the same result as the other two? (Refer to the language description table.)A. 9555B. 2500C. 1500ANSWER: C19. If register A contained the pattern 00000000, which of the following instructions could alter the contents of register 0? (Refer to the language description table.)A. 700AB. 800AC. 900AANSWER: B20. Which of the following instructions (as described in the language description table) is essentially an unconditional jump? A. B033B. B133C. B233D. B333ANSWER: AFill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions1. If register 0 contains the pattern 01101001 before executing the instruction A003 (see the language description table), what bit pattern will be in register 0 after the instruction is executed?_ANSWER: 001011012. If registers 5 and 6 contain the bit patterns 5A and 58 respectively, what bit pattern will be in register 4 after executing the instruction 5456? (See language description table.)_ANSWER: B23. If registers 5 and 6 contain the bit patterns 5A and 58 respectively, what bit pattern will be in register 4 after executing the instruction 6456? (See language description table and assume a floating-point format in which the most significant bit is the sign bit, the next three bits represent the exponent field in excess notation, and the last four bits represent the mantissa.)_ANSWER: 694. Write the answer to each of the following logic problems. 10101010 10101010 10101010AND 11110000OR 11110000XOR 11110000ANSWER: 10100000, 11111010, and 010110105. Suppose registers E and F contained AA and CC, respectively. What bit pattern would be in register D after executing each of the following instructions (see language description table)?A. 7DEF_B. 8DEF_C. 9DEF_ANSWER: A. EE B. 88 C. 666. If registers 0, 1, and 2 contain the patterns A5, A5, and B7, respectively, which of the following instructions will result in a jump to location AA? (Refer to the language description table.)A. B0AAB. B1AAC. B2AA_ANSWER: A and B7. If registers 0 and 1 contain the patterns B5 and F0, respectively, what will be in register 1 after executing each of the following instructions? (Refer to the language description table.)A. A102_B. 4001_C. 4010_ANSWER: A. 3C B. B5 C. F08. Suppose the instruction B1A5 (as described in the language description table) is stored in main memory at addresses E0 and E1. Moreover, suppose registers 0 and 1 both contain the pattern FF. What value will be in the CPUs program counter immediately after executing the instruction?_ANSWER: A59. Suppose the instruction B1A5 (as described in the language description table) is stored in main memory at addresses E0 and E1. Moreover, suppose registers 0 and 1 contain the patterns FF and 75, respectively. What value will be in the CPUs program counter immediately after executing the instruction?_ANSWER: E210. Encode each of the following commands in terms of the machine language described in the language description table.A. _ LOAD register 7 with the value A5.B. _ LOAD register 7 with the contents of the memory cell at address A5.C. _ ADD the contents of registers 5 and 6 as thought they were values in twos complement notation and leave the result in register 4.D. _OR the contents of registers 5 and 6, leaving the result in register 4.ANSWER: A. 27A5 B. 17A5 C. 5456 (or 5465) D. 7456 (or 7465)11. Encode each of the following commands in terms of the machine language described in the language description table.A. _ ROTATE the contents of register 7 to the right 5 bit positions.B. _ JUMP to the instruction at address B2 if the content of register 2 equals that of register 0.C. _ ADD the contents of registers 5 and 6 as thought they were values in floating-point notation and leave the result in register 4.D. _AND the contents of registers 5 and 6, leaving the result in register 4.ANSWER: A. A705 B. B2B2 C. 6456 (or 6465) D. 8456 (or 8465)12. Decode each of the following instructions that were encoded using the language description table.A. 4034_B. 8023_C. B288_D. 2345_ANSWER: A. MOVE the contents of register 3 to register 4. B. AND the contents of registers 2 and 3, leaving the result in register 0. C. JUMP to the instruction at address 88 if the contents of register 2 equals that of register 0. D. LOAD register 3 with the pattern 45.13. Decode each of the following instructions that were encoded using the language description table.A. A004_B. 1234_C. 5678_D. C000_ANSWER: A. ROTATE the contents of register 0 to the right by four bit positions. B. LOAD register 2 with the bit pattern from the memory cell at address 34. C. ADD the contents of registers 7 and 8 as though they represented values encoded in twos complement notation and leave the result in register 6. D. HALT.14. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address content 00 21 01 0B 02 14 03 04 04 C0 05 00 A. What bit pattern will be in register 4 when the machine halts? _B. What bit pattern will be in register 1 when the machine halts?_ANSWER: A. C0 B. 0B15. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address contentaddress content 00 10 07 00 01 02 08 C0 02 24 09 00 03 04 0A C0 04 B4 0B 00 05 0A 0C C0 06 C0 0D 00 A. What bit pattern will be in register 0 when the machine halts? _B. What bit pattern will be in register 4 when the machine halts?_C. What bit pattern will be in the program counter when the machine halts?_ANSWER: A. 24 B. 04 C. 0816. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address contentaddress content 00 25 07 00 01 03 08 C0 02 20 09 00 03 F9 0A C0 04 53 0B 00 05 05 0C C0 06 33 0D 00 A. What bit pattern will be in register 5 when the machine halts?_B. What bit pattern will be in register 0 when the machine halts?_C. What bit pattern will be in register 3 when the machine halts?_D. What bit pattern will be at memory location 00 when the machine halts?_ANSWER: A. 03 B. F9 C. FC D. FC17. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address contentaddress content 00 25 07 00 01 03 08 34 02 A5 09 04 03 02 0A B0 04 35 0B 03 05 03 0C C0 06 24 0D 00 A. What bit pattern will be in register 5 when the machine halts? _B. What bit pattern will be in the program counter when the machine halts? _C. What bit pattern will be at memory location 04 when the machine halts? _ANSWER: A. C0 B. 05 C. 0018. Below is a short routine written in the machine language described in the language description table and stored in a machines memory beginning at address 50. What must be in the memory cell at address 40 to avoid an unending loop?Address Instruction 50 2001 52 1340 54 8330 56 B352 58 ._ANSWER: Any bit pattern whose least significant bit is 019. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address contentaddress content 00 B0 07 C0 01 03 08 00 02 25 09 23 03 B0 0A B0 04 0C 0B 03 05 C0 0C B0 06 00 0D 07 A. How many instructions will be executed before the machine halts?_B. What bit pattern will be in the program counter when the machine halts? _ANSWER: A. 4 B. 0920. The following table shows a portion of a machines memory containing a program written in the language described in the language description table. Answer the questions below assuming that the machine is started with its program counter containing 00.address contentaddress content 00 20 07 12 01 02 08 B2 02 21 09 0C 03 01 0A B0 04 22 0B 06 05 01 0C C0 06 52 0D 00 A. What bit pattern will be in register 2 when the machine halts? _B. How many times will the instruction at address 06 be executed before the machine halts?_ANSWER: A. 02 B. 2Vocabulary (Matching) QuestionsThe following is a list of terms from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be used to produce questions (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, “In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase.”TermDescriptive Phraseop-codeThe part of a machine instruction that identifies the basic operation to be performedmachine languageA means of encoding instructionsmachine cycleThe process of fetching and executing instructions that is repeated over and over by the CPUregisterA location within a CPU for temporary data storagemaskingA means of isolating particular bits within a bit patternbusThe communication path between a CPU and main memorymemory-mapped I/OThe technique of communicating with peripheral devices as though they were memory cellspipelingA means of processing more than one instruction at a timestored-program conceptA technique of recording programs in main memory from where they can be accessed and executed program counterUsed by the CPU to keep its place in the program being executedmain memory from where they can be retrieved and executedcontrollerThe interface between “a computer” and a peripheral devicemodemModulator-demodulatorportThe “connection” through which a CPU communicates with a peripheral deviceUSBA communication system by which a variety of peripheral devices can be connected to a computerclockUsed to synchronize the operations within a computerstatus wordA means by which a peripheral device reports its condition bpsA means of measuring the rate of data transferCISCA computer whose machine language contains many complex instructionshandshakingRefers to the two-way communication that takes place between a computer an a peripheral devicebandwidthRefers to a communication paths maximum capacity for transferring dataDMAThe ability of a peripheral device to communicate directly with a computers main memoryGeneral Format Questions1. Describe the machine cycle.ANSWER: Fetch an instruction and increment the program counter, decode the instruction, and execute the instruction.2. Explain the concept of throughput and techniques by which throughput is increased.ANSWER: Throughput measures the amount of “work” performed by a computer rather than the speed with which the computer executes instructions. Throughput is increased by introducing parallel processing techniques such as pipeling or parallel processing via multiprocessor design