地下室施工方案word格式

目 录 第一章 工况············································································································· 4 第一节 工程概况··········································································································4 一、基本情况·············································································································4 二、自然、地域特征及施工条件··············································································4 三、地下室概况·········································································································4 第二节 工程特点及技术要点析···············································································5 第三节 拟采用的规范、图集及资料···········································································6 第二章 施工署·············································································································7 第一节 人员组织··········································································································7 第二节 材料组织··········································································································7 第三节 机具准备··········································································································8 第四节 施工计划安排··································································································9 第五节 施工工艺及流程······························································································9 第三章 施工施···········································································································10 第一节、测量放线·······································································································10 一、整体测量控制···································································································10 二、分部分项工程测量控制···················································································· 11 第二节 垫层、砖胎模施工························································································· 11 一、垫层施工··········································································································· 11 二、砖胎模施工·······································································································12 第三节 钢筋工程········································································································13 一、施工准备···········································································································13 二、钢筋进场质量要求····························································································14 三、钢筋加工场地及运输方式················································································14 四、钢筋连接···········································································································14 五、钢筋绑扎···········································································································17 第四节 模板工程········································································································20 一、底板模板安装···································································································21 二、坑洞吊模支设···································································································21 三、梁模支设及加固································································································22 四、柱、墙模板支设································································································22 五、楼梯模板、留洞模板的支设············································································24 六、满堂架施工·······································································································25 第五节 砼工程············································································································28 一、混凝土的制备···································································································28 二、混凝土的运输及供应························································································28 三、混凝土浇筑顺序································································································28 四、浇筑前的检查和准备工作················································································28 五、混凝土的浇筑···································································································29 六、混凝土的养护···································································································31 七、混凝土养护温度监测························································································33 第六节 安装预留预埋程·························································································36 第七节 土方回填工程································································································37 一、土方回填施工工艺····························································································37 二、土方平衡措施···································································································37 三、回填土的几项要求····························································································38 第八节 人防预埋件与门框装·················································································38 第四章 重难点施工制································································································39 第一节 后浇带施工····································································································39 一、后浇带加强层防水处理····················································································39 二、后浇带施工·······································································································41 第二节 底板大体积砼工·························································································43 一、从设计方面采取措施························································································43 二、从理论计算控制裂缝························································································43 三、从原材料方面采取措施····················································································45 四、从施工方面采取措施························································································45 五、从养护上采取措施····························································································46 第三节 地下室外墙施工····························································································46 一、外墙砼浇筑要点································································································47 二、施工缝处理·······································································································47 三、外墙砼养护·······································································································48 四、外墙防水处理···································································································48 第四节 地下室结构裂缝防治施·············································································50 一、裂缝产生原因分析····························································································50 二、结构裂缝的控制措施························································································50 第五节 地下室渗漏防治施·····················································································52 一、地下室卷材搭接处渗漏的防治········································································52 二、地下室外墙渗漏的防治····················································································53 三、地下室管道渗漏防治························································································53 第五章 质量理···········································································································56 第一节 质量通病防治施·························································································56 一、材料质量通病的防治························································································57 二、模板工程质量通病的防治················································································59 三、钢筋工程质量通病的防治················································································61 四、混凝土工程质量通病的防治············································································62 第二节 分部分项工程质量制·················································································64 一、钢筋工程质量控制····························································································64 二、模板安装质量控制····························································································65 三、混凝土的质量控制····························································································66 第三节 质量保证具体施·························································································67 一、严格执行“一案三工序” 质量检查程序······················································67 二、质量保证措施···································································································67 第六章 安全文明工···································································································70 第一节 安全管理········································································································70 一、安全保证···········································································································70 二、安全生产···········································································································70 第二节 文明施工········································································································71 第七章 地下室施工管理求························································································73 第一节 施工防护措施································································································73 第二节 施工机具安全防护理·················································································73 第三节 消防保卫管理································································································73 第四节 施工用电管理································································································74 第五节 塔吊安全管理································································································74 第一章 工程概况 第一节 工程概况 一、基本情况 贵州铝厂华颐·春天商住楼工程拟建建筑物包括A、B两栋高层商住楼，A栋+9.000以下四层，为1层车库、1层夹层和2层商场，商场第2层为转换层，3至23层为住宅楼。B 栋+3.000以下2层，为1层车库及1层架空层，架空层为转换层，1至23层为住宅楼。地上建筑总高度75米，主要为住宅，两栋合计建筑面积为65000m2。 二、自然、地域特征及施工条件 1．自然特征：本工程地下室施工正好处于夏季，而，冬季最低温度可达零下5～8℃，不利于大体积砼的浇筑。 2．地域特征：本工程场地较平整，但施工场地极为狭小，基坑四周紧邻道路， 周边管线较多，尤其东侧是须重点保护的多层旧民宅，给工程施工中的综合治理、施工不挠民等提出较高要求。 3．施工条件：建筑物所在地段施工条件良好，水、电供应充足，均引至现场。 由于受**大道一侧不能开门的影响，同时其他三条周边道路极其狭窄，而且日间交通 较为繁忙，材料运输及进出场方面较为困难。 三、地下室概况 本工程地下室基本概况如下表所示： 表1-1-1 地下室工程概况 工程名称 杭州**大厦工程 建设单位 杭州**房地产开发有限公司 设计单位 *****设计研究院 监理单位 ****工程建设监理有限公司 施工单位 ***局 结构类型 框剪结构 结构层数 地下2 层； 建筑面积 73532 平方米 建筑高度 最高单体：107 米 抗震等级 抗震设防烈度按六度；抗震等级地下二层及地上裙房的框架和剪力墙 为三级，地下一层及地上写字楼、办公楼的框架和剪力墙均为二级 典型柱截面 1200×1200、1100×1100、1000×1000、900×900、800×800、700 ×1200、700×1100、700×900、700×700、600×820、600×700、 600×600、900×1000、900×1200 典型地梁截面 800*1650 800*1500 1100*1650 800*2000 1300*2000 C35、S8（底板、覆土顶板、外墙、水池壁） C45（C、D 楼的柱） C40（A、B 楼的墙、柱及C、D 楼的墙） 混 凝 土 强度等级 C35（其余部分）、C15（底板垫层） 第二节 工程特点及技术要点分析 一、本工程场地极为狭小，周边条件复杂，需要对现场的临时办公、生活设施、 大型机械设备的安装场地、主要材料的加工场地及堆场进行科学合理的的布置以满足 现场施工的要求；安全文明施工分区分块、责任到人，创造一个井然有序的施工场所， 忙而不杂、快而不乱；对外的协调关系积极主动，力争将施工过程中给周边带来的不 利影响减小到最低，创造一个和谐的外部环境。 二、本工程地下室底板厚度较厚，有750、1650、2000 三种厚度，属于大体积砼， 它的浇筑好坏将直接影响本工程的质量。在大体积砼施工过程中对砼的材料采用“双掺”技术，“双掺”技术的使用，也将大大降低水泥的用量，减少水泥由于水化作用产生的水化热；采用温控技术对砼内外温差进行监控，根据监测结果合理进行砼的养 护，以控制砼内外温差，避免温度裂缝的产生。 三、本工程5 幢单体呈圆弧形分布，各单体既相互联系又各自独立，这对工程的 放线定位提了很高的要求，在本工程的测量放线过程中，我们将配备高素质的测量工程师和精密的测量仪器，确保本工程测量放线工作的顺利进行。 四、本工程后浇带的设置较为复杂，通过后浇带将结构分为将底板分成7 块区， 同时后浇带的保护工作也是一个难点，我们将从技术管理、现场施工和防水材料的选用上着手，优质地完成后浇带施工。 第三节 拟采用的规范、图集及资料 1． **省建筑设计研究院设计的工程施工图纸； 2．《现行建筑施工规范大全》修订缩印本（中国建筑工业出版社）； 3．《现行建筑结构规范大全》修订缩印本（中国建筑工业出版社）； 4．《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》（GB50204-2002）； 5．《地基与基础工程施工及验收规范》（GB50202-2002）； 6．《建筑施工工程师手册》（中国建筑工业出版社）； 7．《施工结构计算方法与设计手册》 8． 杭州市质监站相关验收及质监规定 7 第二章 施工部署 施工总体部署体现我项目部对施工现场的管理意识，本工程力争做到准备充分、 分配合理、材料到位、机具正常运行，为工程施工质量目标和施工进度的实现提供有力的保障。 第一节 人员组织 人员组织包括劳动力组织和管理人员组织，按施工进度计划安排，地下结构施工 高峰将在2004 年11 月下旬至2005 年4 月，施工高峰期现场管理人员将达到二十多人，现场劳动力将达到450 人左右。 工程施工人员组织见下表。 表2-1-1 劳动力计划表 序号 工种 人数 备注 1 石工 40 2 普工 30 3 钢筋工 180 4 木工 80 5 砼工 40 6 瓦工 30 7 其它 30 第二节 材料组织 地下结构主要材料需用计划见下表： 表2-2-1 主要材料需用计划表 种类 材料规格 数量 进场日期 钢筋 Φ10-Φ25 3500 t 2004.12 砼 C35（S8）、C40 26000 m3 按进度 模板 木层板、竹夹板、 30000 m2 2004.12～2005.5 木方 5×10cm 800 m3 2004.12～2005.5 钢管 Ф48×3.5 2000 t 2004.12～2005.5 砖 标准砖 800 m3 2004.12～2005.1 根据现场条件和施工进度要求，基础底板需用的材料较多，因此要协调组织好各 方面的关系。把基础底板顺利按时地完成。故基础底板所需材料如下。 表2-2-2 基础底板施工材料统计表 序号 材料名称 单 位 数 量 备 注 1 钢 筋 t 2000 2 模 板 m2 2000 3 钢 管 t 150 4 木 方 m3 100 5 混凝土 m3 15000 6 遇水膨胀止水条 m 500 第三节 机具准备 机具准备主要指塔吊、钢筋车间机械、木工车间机械、搅拌机、振动棒、潜水泵 等，在工程施工中现场机电工长应加强设备的养护工作，加强现场水电的巡视，及时 消除设备隐患，确保机械设备处于良好的工作状态。 现场主要机具表如下： 表2-3-1 主要机具计划表 序号 机具名称 型号 数量 1 塔吊 QTZ60（60t• m） 1 2 塔吊 FO/23C(140 t• m) 1 3 钢筋弯曲机 WJ40-1 2 4 钢筋切断机 QJ40—1 2 5 电焊机 BX1-630 4 6 振动棒 50、35 20 7 手电锯 20 8 潜水泵 10 第四节 施工计划安排 地下结构施工的指导方针是：抢地下，赶主体。为争取地下结构尽早完成，早日 转入主体施工，本工程地下部分将采取按后浇带分区进行施工，先进行地下室A 区施工，同时由西向东推进。采取浅基坑与深基坑地下室部分并行施工，进行地下室施工的同时，浅基坑部分基础承台、地基梁也展开施工，以节省时间。具体详见附后《地下结构施工进度计划》。 第五节 施工工艺及流程 测量放线→承台及反梁（砖胎膜）施工→底板（梁）钢筋施工→模板支设→底板 砼浇注→测量放线→满堂脚手架施工→模板支设→人防门框安装→钢筋绑扎→B1F混凝土浇筑→测量放线→满堂脚手架施工→模板支设→人防门框安装→钢筋绑扎→+0.00 混凝土浇筑。 第三章 施工实施 第一节、测量放线 一、整体测量控制 本工程五幢单体呈圆弧形分布，各单体之间既相互联系又各自独立，因此在总控 制测量网的考虑上分成5 个整体控制网，各控制网独自控制每个单体，同时通过相对之间的关系进行整体控制。 本工程为框架剪力墙结构，地下2 层，地上最高24 层，建筑高度为107 米，工 程施工精度要求高。为确保工程的平面位置及垂直度控制，在规范精度要求范围内，将配备先进的测量仪器和富有经验的施工人员以及合理的测试手段，建立合理的检测网络进行基坑的监测、地下结构施工总平面控制测量工作。 施工测量主要设备见下表： 表3-1-1 主要测量设备 名称 型号 数量 精度 用途 经纬仪 J2 2 < 2″ 角度测量 经纬仪 J2-1 1 < 2″ 角度测量 水准仪 S3 3 < 3mm/km 施工水准测量 精密水准仪 Nioo5A 1 < 1mm/km 沉降水准测量 铅直仪 ZL 3 ±1/200000 内控垂直测量 50m 钢卷尺 2 经计量局检验合格 垂直、水平距离测量 线 锤 2 垂直度测量 注：仪器均为计量局检验准用期内，50m 钢卷尺为计量局检验的专用标准钢卷尺。测量工作是一项重要、谨慎的工作，操作人员必须严格按照操作程序、操作规程进行操作，经常进行仪器、观测点和测量设施的检查校正，配合好各工序的穿插和检查验收工作。我们将严格按照操作程序和操作方法，严谨细致地开展施测的各项工作。将控制网的误差限制在毫米级，保证测距相对中误差控制在1/20000-1/40000 之间， 测角中误差限制在±5 秒以内，在测站上的高差误差限制在±3 毫米以内。在延长直线时采用正倒镜取中法，测水平角时采用测回法观测。在整个施工控制测量过程中，将误差严格控制在标准允许的范围以内，始终遵循“先整体后局部，先控制后细部，边工作边校核”的原则。 考虑总体施工和主体施工的相对关系以及与测量网线的对应，在场地内将建立总 体控制网。控制网的设置将考虑场内回填和施工的影响，网点设置为网格式，以便进行各点的复核与复设。施工过程中定期对总控制网进行复核，发现有变位时及时恢复。恢复时利用坐标点和未破坏控制网点作为基准确定。详见附后《地下室控制点布置图》 二、分部分项工程测量控制 本工程轴线网较复杂，轴线由直线、弧线组成，要求测量人员在底板放线时在每 个施工段都要形成闭合的轴线控制网。在弧线轴线的施放过程中，需仔细计算弧线的曲率半径和方向。 鉴于本工程各部位标高、结构方式各异，地下结构部分测量分为两部分： 1．地下室施测采用外控制法。利用经纬仪将平面控制网投测于地下室施工作业 面上，从而定出柱、墙位置。 根据经交接复核的轴线控制点，使用经纬仪进行围护、土方施工。底板施工完毕 后进行外围轴线、标高控制点的复核，确认无误后，利用水准仪、经纬仪将标高控制点、轴线施放到基础底板表面上，并设立地下室高程控制点和轴线控制网。 2．深坑部分施测采用内控制法。根据其位置关系依次放出各平面轴线，建立浅 基坑部位轴线控制网。 细部结构定位线的施放，要求木工工长和各专业工长计算各结构构件与轴线控制 网的定位关系，并作出相应的放线深化图，各施工队伍根据深化图定位，放线完毕后各专业工长和质检人员须详细复查放线尺寸。 第二节 垫层、砖胎模施工 一、垫层施工 本工程垫层为200 厚C15 混凝土，其具体做法是根据挖土的进度及时进行垫层 施工，原则是随挖随做，挖土至设计标高后，按设计要求修好边坡，施工砖胎模，测定标高，及时封闭垫层。垫层砼采用商品混凝土，用地泵输送至基底，如塔吊已安装调试完毕，则用塔吊吊运。为控制点层的标高，每2 米设一标高基准点。 砼表面要求平整光洁，如果水泥浆渗漏后不能达到表面光洁要求时，采用表面增 加水泥砂浆的办法来达到表面平整光洁。垫层表面平整度应达到2m 长靠尺小于 8mm。 基础垫层施工时，应采取排水措施，使基坑保持无积水状态。施工前应验槽，将 地面附土清除，基坑边坡必须稳定，槽底和两侧如有洞、沟等，应加以填实。 二、砖胎模施工 承台及地梁（底板以下部分）高约900mm，模板采用砖胎模，墙厚240，MU7.5 机制标准砖，M5 水泥砂浆，砖侧模内粉1：3 水泥砂浆。原则上地梁砖胎膜砌筑240厚，承台斜坡砖胎膜砌筑120 厚，如土质情况满足要求，都可以采用120 墙。施工流程如下： 承台垫层施工→放线→砖胎模砌筑→凿桩、桩位复测→绑扎钢筋→外模板支设→ 混凝土浇筑。 承台及地梁（底板以下部分）施工原则：随挖随做。土方开挖提供施工工作面后， 及时浇注垫层、砖胎模砌筑、浇筑后浇带加强层混凝土。 部分电梯井等深基坑处，如土质情况较差，在坑边打设一圈轻型井点进行降水， 待可进行土方开挖后，再进行砖胎模施工，同样是斜坡砖胎膜砌筑120 厚砖胎膜。 图3-2-1 承台砖胎模示意图 图3-2-2 地梁砖胎模示意图 第三节 钢筋工程 钢筋工程包括钢筋加工、钢筋绑扎、柱筋、梁筋连接等工作，这里主要就钢筋连 接作出阐述。 一、施工准备 1．技术准备 ⑴．配筋人员应充分领会设计要求，严格执行国家标准和施工规范进行底板钢筋 的放样配筋。在钢筋绑扎之前，技术人员、配筋员要对分包管理人员和工人进行技术 规范交底和关键部位交底。 ⑵．测量放线人员根据图纸，放出轴线、墙、柱位置、电梯井及水箱位置，用红 油漆作明显标志，并报项目部进行检查复验。 ⑶．钢筋进场同时提交钢筋材质证明并严格按规范和规定标准及时进行复试，合 格后方可使用。 ⑷．做好钢筋接头连接和试验工作。 2．材料准备： 钢筋由现场和场外结合进行加工，工地配专职材料员到现场负责清料，按部位按 种类捆扎。因现场场地狭小，场外加工钢筋应随用随进，进场后随即由塔吊运到基坑 内，以减少二次搬运量。 3．为减少接头数量和使接头位置具有规律性，钢筋用Ｌ＝9ｍ长普通钢筋。 二、钢筋进场质量要求 1．本工程中钢筋混凝土结构所用的国产钢筋必须符合国家有关标准的规定和设 计要求。 2．所有钢筋为信誉良好的合格制造厂家产品，钢筋应有出厂质量证明书或试验 报告，钢筋表面或每捆（盘）钢筋应有明确标志。进场时应按直径分批检验，进场检 验内容应包括查封标志、外观观察，并按现行国家标准及温州当地的规定进行检验。 Ⅰ级钢、Ⅱ级钢按每批60t，不足60t 时亦按一验收批计算。每批应由同一牌号，同 一炉号，同一规格，同一交货时间，同一进场时间组成。机械性能试验如要复试，需 双倍取样。 3．钢筋在加工过程中，如若发现脆断、焊接性能不良或力学性能显著不正常现 象，应根据现行国家标准对该批钢筋进行化学成分检验，合格后方可使用。 三、钢筋加工场地及运输方式 在底板施工过程中，也同时进行基坑开挖和防水工程施工，现场较为狭窄，因此 钢筋要合理堆放，以节约空间，确保施工道路的畅通。本工程钢筋车间集中于场区的 第一道支撑之上。每个钢筋车间设有专门的原材料和半成品堆放场地，钢筋加工车间 及半成品堆放场地严禁堆放非钢筋材料。钢筋半成品在堆放时应分堆堆放，并做出标 记和记录，便于钢筋下坑前的识别和吊运。 四、钢筋连接 底板钢筋连接主要采用镦粗直螺纹连接，地下室竖向钢筋采用电渣压力焊，部分 区域交接处局部采用冷挤压连接。 整个底板共用钢筋量约为2000 吨左右，主筋直径为25、22、20。A 楼、B 楼、C 楼1.65ｍ厚筏基及D 楼2.0ｍ厚筏基上一层、下2 层钢筋网片，裙房及高跨0.75ｍ 厚筏基上下各1 层钢筋。在整个底板钢筋施工中，要注意钢筋的接头位置、下料长度 等问题。由于本工程底板钢筋施工全部采用机械连接(镦粗直螺纹)的施工方法，故必 须配备足够的连接设备。直螺纹设备配置1～2 套。另外在加工场地，钢筋应套丝并 在套丝的钢筋上采用塑料帽进行保护，为以后进行直螺纹施工做准备。 1．镦粗直螺纹连接 镦粗直螺纹连接用于地下结构直径为25、22、20 的大直径钢筋连接。 作为建设部“九五”期间新技术重点推广项目，钢筋镦粗直螺纹连接技术比较成 熟，这一新技术与传统的搭接和焊接相比，具有接头性能可靠、质量稳定、不受气候 及操作者技术水平的影响、节约时间和能源、安全等特点，普遍推广应用于地震及非 地震区的钢筋混凝土结构。 1-已连接的钢筋3-未连接的钢筋2-直螺纹套筒 ⑴．技术特点 􀁺 连接强度高，等强度等级的接头可100%发挥钢筋强度； 􀁺 连接速度快，套筒短，螺纹扣数少，不需扭力扳手； 􀁺 应用范围广，可用于弯曲钢筋等不能转动钢筋的场合； 􀁺 生产效率高，现场镦粗，切削一个丝头仅需50 秒； 􀁺 适用性强，现场施工时，风、雨、停电状态、水下、超高环境均适用； 􀁺 镦粗过程中易出现镦偏或卡死，一旦镦偏必须切掉重镦； 􀁺 钢筋在镦粗过程中容易产生内应力，降低了钢筋镦粗部分的延性，易产 生脆断现象，螺纹加工需要两道工序两套设备完成，增加了用工量及场地占用。 ⑵．施工工艺 钢筋端头镦粗→切削直螺纹→用连接套筒对接钢筋 ⑶．施工要点 a．丝头： 􀁺 钢筋下料时，切口端面应与钢筋轴线垂直，不得有马蹄或挠曲，端部不 直应调直后下料； 􀁺 镦粗头的基圆直径应大于丝头螺丝外径，长度应大于1/2 套筒长度，过渡 段坡度应≤1：3； 􀁺 镦粗头不得有与钢筋轴线相垂直的横向表面裂纹； 􀁺 不合格的镦粗头应切去后重新镦粗，不得对镦粗头进行二次镦粗； 16 􀁺 加工钢筋丝头时，应采用水溶性切削润滑液，当气温低于0℃不得在不加 润滑液的情况下套丝； 􀁺 钢筋丝头应与连接套筒的螺纹相匹配，公差带应符合GB/T197 的要求。 b．套筒 􀁺 套筒内螺纹的公差带应符合GB/T197； 􀁺 套筒表面应进行防锈处理； 􀁺 套筒材料、尺寸、螺纹规格，公差带及精度等级应符合产品设计图纸要 求。 ⑷．外观质量要求 丝头 􀁺 牙形饱满，牙顶宽超过0.6mm 秃牙部分累计长度不超过一个螺纹周长； 􀁺 外形尺寸，包括螺纹直径及丝头长度应满足产品设计要求。 b．套筒 􀁺 表面无裂纹和其它缺陷； 􀁺 外形尺寸包括套筒内螺纹直径及套筒长度应满足产品设计要求； 􀁺 套筒二端应加塑料保护塞。 c．接头 􀁺 接头拼接时用管钳扳手拧紧，应使两个丝头在套筒中央位置相互顶紧； 􀁺 拼接完成后，套筒每端不得有一扣以上的完整丝扣外露，加长型接头的 外露丝扣数不受限制，但应另有明显标记，以检查进入套筒的丝头是否满足要求。 ⑸．现场检验 接头性能检验分型式检验和现场检验。 型式检验应由国家、省部级主管部门认可的检测机构进行，并应出具试验报告和 评定结论。 接头现场检验按验收批进行。同一施工条件下采用同一批材料的同等级、同型式、 同规格接头，以500 个为一验收批进行验收与检验，不足500 个也作为一个验收批。 对接头的每一个验收批，必须在工程结构中随机截取3 个试件做单向拉伸强度试 验，当3 个试件单向拉伸试验结果均符合强度要求时，该验收批评为合格。如有一个 试件的强度不合格，应再取6 个试件进行复检。复检中如仍有一个试件试验结果不合 格，则该验收批评为不合格。对于不合格的验收批应及时分析原因，从产品的第一道工序开始检查，并对不合格的验收批采用补强措施。 2．电渣压力焊 电渣压力焊主要由焊接电源、焊接机头、控制箱三部分组成，施工原理为：利用 焊接电源通过被连接钢筋的端部产生电弧，熔化周围焊剂形成渣池，之后转入电渣过程，大量的电阻热使钢筋全截面均匀加热熔化，然后顶压，挤出全部熔渣和熔化金属，冷却13 分钟后打开焊药盒收回焊剂，形成接头。 ⑴．施工要点 施焊前将施焊钢筋端部120mm 范围内除锈，用电极上的夹具夹紧上下钢筋使上下 钢筋同心两棱对齐，在焊剂盒内装满焊剂，接通电源，使钢筋端部及焊剂熔化，形成导电渣池，维持数秒后，用操作杆缓缓顶压上部钢筋，随即关闭电源，待降温后大致 1-3 分钟，打开焊剂盒回收焊剂，卸下夹具用小锤轻轻敲打焊接处，使焊壳脱落。 ⑵．外观质量要求 焊包周围铁浆应饱满均匀，无裂纹，气孔、夹渣及明显咬肉等缺陷，上下钢筋轴 线偏移不得超过0.1d，同时不得大于2mm，接头处钢筋轴线倾斜不大于4 度。 ⑶．技术措施 a．根据焊接钢筋直径，合理选择焊机，对照电渣压力焊参数选择好电压、电流 和通电时间。 b．清除钢筋端头锈渣，对倾斜的钢筋端头切除。 c．随时检查钢筋夹具防止偏心。 d．不得使用受潮焊药。 e．加强施工过程监督，做好试件检验，发现问题及时报技术部门。 五、钢筋绑扎 钢筋绑扎是钢筋施工的最后一道生产工序，是决定钢筋施工质量的重要环节，要 求施工工长作好施工前交底，施工中控制、施工后检查，严格控制施工质量。底板钢筋的绑扎要求满扎，不允许跳扎。底板钢筋的绑扎主要涉及的施工难点为底板面筋支架的安装和底板钢筋在基坑内的运输。 1．钢筋绑扎程序 测量定位放线（标明上层柱、墙和不同断面位置）→摆放垫块→铺电梯井、集水 井坑短向钢筋→铺电梯井、集水井坑长向钢筋→铺电梯井、集水井坑构造钢筋→铺底板底层一层横向筋→铺底板底层一层纵向筋→铺底板底层二层横向筋→铺底板底层二层纵向筋→搭设型钢支架→铺底板上层一层横向筋→铺底板上层一层纵向筋，调整钢筋位置→绑扎拉结筋、加强筋、墙体插筋、柱子插筋→清理→自检→验收。 2．钢筋绑扎 底板厚2.0m，1.65 m 和0.75m，下皮保护层100mm，上皮保护层25mm。2.0m 厚底板由于普通工程桩钢筋锚入底板35d，抗拔桩钢筋锚入底板45d，并且底板较厚，因此采用50 角钢竖向按纵横间距2m 布置并焊斜撑对上层网片进行支撑。0.75m 厚底板上皮钢筋利用Φ25 钢筋作成马镫铁进行支撑，钢筋支撑纵横2m 间距布置，另外采取斜拉撑等措施加固钢筋马镫铁，防止钢筋网片滑移倾覆。 基础底板钢筋绑扎前，应先绘制钢筋放样图，并进行详细的技术交底，在垫层上 试排，然后用粉笔在垫层上画出标记，依次进行排放，要求均匀无弯曲、搭接准确规范。集水坑等部位钢筋需认真定位，防止留设尺寸差错。 柱、墙插筋施工，尤其是防水要求高的部位，要严格核对图纸，确保钢筋的型号 规格准确无误，在施工自面筋时，放线定出竖向结构插筋位置，并固定定位钢筋，上部与底板面筋点焊且应绑扎2-3 道外箍或水平筋，以防钢筋移位。 为确保柱、墙竖向钢筋位置准确，浇筑底板和楼板砼前，采用限位钢管、脚手架 和钢筋支撑等措施将墙、柱筋校准位置后固定牢固，以防止竖向钢筋偏位。 图3-3-2 底板钢筋防偏位措施 19 图3-3-3 楼板竖向钢筋防偏位示意图 柱钢筋绑扎注意钢筋搭接长度，检查钢筋位置，按要求做好箍筋加密；墙钢筋绑 扎要求横平竖直，分布均匀、撑铁撑牢。柱墙钢筋绑扎后，认真固定好保护块，防止 结构出现露筋等现象。 主筋钢筋在平台模上整体成型后落入梁模中，梁筋搭接接头应满足受压区不超过 50%，受拉区不超过25%的规定，接头位置应避开受力集中处，同时注意箍筋加密区 的位置。 楼板钢筋绑扎先排好间距，然后统一排放。板筋绑扎应注意四周的两排钢筋必须 全部绑扎，不得跳格。绑扎完毕，垫放垫块或小马凳 。 浇混凝土时，必须安排专人看护钢筋，发现问题，及时反映解决，确保钢筋质量。 4．底板面筋支架 底板钢筋骨架的形式，必须有支撑确保面筋的半空滞留。根据本工程底板厚度和 钢筋配置方式，750mm 厚底板采用钢筋支架，1650、2000 厚底板采用角钢支架体系， 间距2000。 ⑴．由于底板较厚，钢筋自重较大，为支撑底板面层钢筋，施工时拟采用型钢焊 接支撑架，角钢间距根据底板配筋确定。 20 图3-3-4 支撑角钢布置效果图 ⑵．配有双层钢筋的楼板采用“ ”形支承筋支撑面筋，纵横间距按不大于 1.0m 设置，并用扎丝固定在板筋上。 ⑶．大梁钢筋由于梁面筋重量较大，为承受面筋重量，施工时加设面筋型钢支撑 架，如下图所示：