2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第83期

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive (认知的) aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. War

2、ner Schaie, have studied 5,000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare (过活) better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually sti

3、mulating things like travel.Education helps, too, researchers say, perhaps because it instille (灌输) the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellec

4、tual vigor.Flexibility counts, too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before,” Schaie says. In neuropsychological (神经心理学的) terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of mental functio

5、n. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says.If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials (辅导课) on inductive reasoning or spatial (空间的) skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 1

6、4 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years later when they were re-tested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone (磨练) visual-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matchin

7、g wits at home with players on TV game shows.Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom loosely defined as the maturation of intellectual abilities that comes with life experiences continues throu

8、ghout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.16. In this passage, the author mainly discusses .17. The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (Paragraph 1) refers to .18. According to researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?19. From this passage we may safely infer that might hel

9、p prevent mental declines.20. According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that .问题1选项A.the role of mental stimulation in preventing mental agingB.gradual loss of mental skills with normal agingC.the relationship between mental function and spatial skillsD.effe

10、ctive ways to keep intellectual vigor问题2选项A.brain powerB.cognitive developmentC.mental stimulationD.intellectual function问题3选项A.EducationB.Chronic illnessC.Standards of livingD.All of the above问题4选项A.physical exercisesB.social interconnectionsC.rigid daily routinesD.a healthy diet问题5选项A.wisdom may b

11、e thought of as a special form of abilities and knowledge completely developed with life experienceB.wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging has startedC.wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such as inductive reasoning and spatial skillsD.wisdom makes up an important

12、 part of brain power【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】16.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步，定位首尾核心句，第一段第一句话Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.“研究人员对于使用否则失去的理念是否适用于认知衰老存

13、在分歧，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，行文结构，文章是总分结构，先提出保持思维活跃能够减缓智力的衰退，接下来是讲研究人员寻找到的保持智力活跃的方法，最后讲到年龄带来的不只是衰老还有智慧，所以答案选D选项“保持智力活力的有效方法”。A选项“心理刺激在预防心理衰老中的作用”，心理刺激只是在第二段稍微提了一下，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。B选项“随着年龄的增长，心智能力逐渐丧失”，这是最后一段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。C选项“心理功能和空间技能之间的关系”，这只是文章第五段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。17.【试题答案】A【

14、试题解析】词汇推断题。第一步句中信息，定位到文章第一段第一句话Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.“研究人员对于使用否则失去的理念是否适用于认知衰老持反对态度，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，上下文语义衔接，根据关键词but可知两个句子之间是

15、存在着一个转折关系，前句说随着年龄的增长某些事不用就会被丢到，这种观点研究人员持反对态度，后句是说保持思维活跃可以减缓衰退。从这里可知it指代之物是与mentally相应的，所以答案选A选项“智力”。B选项“认知发展”，我们能够使用或者失去的不可能是某种事物的发展，所以答案不能选B，这里属于曲意理解。C选项“精神刺激”，理由同B选项。D选项“智力功能”，文章句子定位到第一段但是D选项是出现在第二段，这里属于出处错误。18.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步精准定位，定位到第二段第二句People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may a

16、lso fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel.“他们发现，那些幸运地避免了慢性疾病的人在智力方面也可能表现得更好，这可能是因为慢性疾病会限制生活方式，使精神状况更差，也可能是因为金钱可以买到刺激智力的东西，比如旅行

17、”，第三段第一句Education helps, too“教育也有助于”，第二步综合理解，能够经常旅游的人说明生活水平是很不错的，由此可知教育、慢性疾病、生活水平都能够影响认知衰老，所以答案选D选项“以上都是”。A选项“教育”，B选项“慢性疾病”，C选项“生活水平”，选任何一项都会犯以偏概全的错误。19.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到文章第六段最后一句话simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows.“仅仅是在家和那些在电视里玩游戏的人比拼智慧”，第二步，综合理解，玩游戏这里可以算是一种运

18、动，所以答案选A选项“体育运动”。B选项“社会联系”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选项“严格的日常工作”，定位到文章第四段第一二句 Flexibility counts, too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before,”灵活性计数。保持精神活力的人通常不会坚持“他们今天必须像以前一样做事”，由这里可知死板的日常工作非但不会阻止智力衰退反而会导致智力衰退。D选项“健康的饮食”，文章没有提及，属于无

19、中生有。20.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。定位到第五段第二句When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities.“当威利斯给大约200名技能在过去14年中有所下降的人提供5小时的归纳推理或空间技能辅导时，40%的人恢复了失去的能力。”，从这里可知推理归纳和空间技能属于智力技能，

20、不属于智慧的范畴，所以C选项“智慧的重要性高于智力技能，如归纳推理和空间技能”错误，这里属于张冠李戴。A选项“智慧可以被认为是一种特殊形式的能力和伴随着生活经验而来的知识的完全发展”选项是最后一段第二句话Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”的同义替代。B选项“即使智力老化的过程已经开始，智慧仍然可能增长”定位到最后一段第二句话Even thoug

21、h you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”，所以B选项正确。D选项“智慧是脑力的重要组成部分”，定位到最后一段第三句The growth of wisdom loosely defined as the maturation of intellectual abilities that comes with life experiences continues“智慧的增长

22、宽泛地定义为伴随生活经历而来的智力能力的成熟仍在继续”从这里可知智慧是智力能力的成熟，智力和大脑有关，所以D选项正确。2. 单选题Johns outstanding performance in the competition proved that he was a _ winner.问题1选项A.worthwhileB.worthyC.worthD.worthless【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. worthwhile 重要的，值得的 B. worthy 值得的，值得尊敬、注意的C. worth 值的 D. worthless 无价值的，不值钱的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】由ou

23、tstanding performance（出色表现）和prove（证明）可知，a _ winner中的空格应该表示“值得的”。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项表示值得花时间、金钱、努力等，不符合句意；C项只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语；D选项不符合句意。【句意】约翰在比赛中的出色表现证明他是当之无愧的胜利者。3. 单选题The decision _, the next problem was how to make a good plan.问题1选项A.has been madeB.were madeC.having been madeD.making【答案】C【解析】【选项释义

24、】A. has been made 被做 B. were made 被做C. having been made 被做 D. making 做【考查点】独立主格结构。【解题思路】句子主谓宾结构完整，所以空格处只能做非谓语，而decision和the next problem不是同一个逻辑主语，所以前半部分只能做独立主格结构；decision和make之间是被动的关系，而且是决定做出后，下个问题是怎么制定计划，所以只能用having been made，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项为谓语动词，不符合语法结构；D选项不符合时态，排除。【句意】决定做好之后，下一个问题是如何制定一个好的计划。4.

25、 单选题Do you remember last summer, when furious travelers were pounding on Congress to do something about airline customer service? Airlines promised to improve, and they adopted new standards just before Christmas. But as another summer nears, plenty of experienced travelers dont see much improvement

26、 in customer service overall.This month, the Department of Transportations (DOT) inspector generals office will issue its first critical article on whether airlines are honoring their promises. One survey suggests problems: The number of complaints to the DOT about the top 10 airlines in the first q

27、uarter soared 89% from a year ago.Hit last summer by passenger complaints and the threat of consumer-protection laws by Congress, 14 carriers voluntarily agreed to adopt a set of basic customer-service standards called Customers First. From immediate refunds to truthful reservation agents to toilets

28、 that flush during onboard delays, the “12 commitments” to passengers were introduced as a major effort to improve service. Since then, airlines have been redesigning websites, retraining employees and upgrading technology.Recently, DOT inspector general Kenneth Mead, at McCains request, sent 20 exa

29、miners to airports to document whether each airline is doing what it promised. Mead cautions travelers shouldnt expect too much. Most of the promises are aimed at better communication with customers, not problems free flights.“We think passengers, both business and leisure, perceive travel as more o

30、f a quarrel these days,” spokeswoman Shelly Sasson says. “Some of this is perception, but a lot is reality.” “And when improvements are made, it takes a long time for them to be noticed”, she says.Now, the efforts may be working. During the first quarter, Delta had the second-lowest rate of complain

31、ts among the top 10carriers. Still, its rate, along with other carriers, is up from last year. McCain and other lawmakers say new consumer protection laws arent out of the question if the industrys voluntary program doesnt work.56. The passage tells us that _.57. Which of the following is NOT mentio

32、ned in the passage?58. Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the sentence “Some of this is perception, but a lot is reality.” (Para. 5)?59. The author has written the last paragraph mainly to mean _.60. In paragraph 1, the phrase “pounding on” means “_”.问题1选项A.passenger complain

33、ts increase though airlines have taken steps to improve air serviceB.passenger complaints decrease for airlines have taken steps to improve air serviceC.air service has been improved greatly though it is hard to be noticed by passengersD.air service needs improving badly as the results of passenger

34、complaints问题2选项A.Government has sent officials to check any improvement the air service airlines have made.B.Some people suggest passengers show more understanding to airlines about their efforts to better air service.C.To improve air service doesnt mean that there will no longer be any deficiencies

35、 in air traveling.D.It is thought that passengers should be patient when they are waiting for any improvement made by airlines.问题3选项A.Some peoples complaints about air service are rather subjective, but most peoples are fairly objective.B.When people travel by air, they usually quarrel, which is a f

36、act passengers all see.C.Some people take a biased view on air service because they dont see facts.D.Most people saw facts, but a few people failed.问题4选项A.the rate of complaints is going up in all airlines in spite of the efforts they madeB.improvements some airlines have made are not effective, whi

37、ch leads to more complaintsC.there may be a need to pass laws to improve airline customers serviceD.some people are too aggressive when complaining about air service though airlines have made great efforts on it问题5选项A.striking atB.urgingC.attackingD.sounding with loud noises【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第

38、5题:B【解析】56.【选项释义】56. The passage tells us that _. 56. 文章告诉我们_。A. passenger complaints increase though airlines have taken steps to improve air service A. 尽管航空公司已经采取措施改善航空服务，乘客的投诉仍在增加B. passenger complaints decrease for airlines have taken steps to improve air service B. 乘客投诉减少了，因为航空公司已经采取措施改善航空服务C.

39、air service has been improved greatly though it is hard to be noticed by passengers C. 航空服务已经有了很大的改善，尽管它很难被乘客注意到D. air service needs improving badly as the results of passenger complaints D. 由于乘客投诉的结果，航空服务急需改善【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先，文章前两段先讲述旅客对航空公司的客户服务的态度，以及不断上升的投诉率；然后中间部分是对航空公司所做的一些努力的描述，最后总结，虽然航空公司做出

40、了很多努力，但是某些航空公司的投诉率仍然在上升，乘客总是将旅行视为一场争吵。综合理解，文章想要告诉读者的是，虽然航空公司做出了努力，但是乘客的投诉仍然在上升。该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“乘客投诉减少了，因为航空公司已经采取措施改善航空服务”与原文相反，反向干扰；C选项“航空服务已经有了很大的改善，尽管它很难被乘客注意到”表述不全面，以偏概全；D选项“由于乘客投诉的结果，航空服务急需改善”也与原文相反，反向干扰。57.【选项释义】57. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? 57. 下面哪个选项没有在文章中提到

41、？A. Government has sent officials to check any improvement the air service airlines have made. A. 政府已经派出官员去检查航空公司的航空服务是否有所改善。B. Some people suggest passengers show more understanding to airlines about their efforts to better air service. B. 一些人建议乘客对航空公司改善航空服务的努力表现出更多的理解。C. To improve air service doe

42、snt mean that there will no longer be any deficiencies in air traveling. C. 改善航空服务并不意味着航空旅行将不再有任何缺陷。D. It is thought that passengers should be patient when they are waiting for any improvement made by airlines. D. 人们认为，乘客在等待航空公司做出任何改进时应该有耐心。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】D选项“人们认为，乘客在等待航空公司做出任何改进时应该有耐心”在文章中并没有提到，所

43、以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A选项定位至第四段第一句“最近，在麦凯恩的要求下，美国交通部监察长肯尼斯米德派出20名检查人员前往机场，记录每家航空公司是否履行了承诺”可知，A项“政府已经派出官员去检查航空公司的航空服务是否有所改善”符合原文；B选项定位文章倒数第二段“发言人雪莱萨松说：我们认为，无论是商务旅客还是休闲旅客，如今都将旅行视为一场争吵而且，当航空公司做出改进时，需要很长时间才能引起注意。”，从中可以得知，航空公司所做的一些努力要很长时间才能引起旅客的注意，所以可以推知，人们对航空公司的一些努力应该表示理解，B项“一些人建议乘客对航空公司改善航空服务的努力表现出更多的理解”符合原文；

44、C选项定位至第四段最后两句“米德提醒游客不要期望太多。航空公司的大多数承诺都是为了更好地与客户沟通，而不是为了解决免费航班的问题。”，理解可知，航空公司对客户服务进行了改善，但是这不代表会令每个客户满意，C项“改善航空服务并不意味着航空旅行将不再有任何缺陷”符合原文。58.【选项释义】58. Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the sentence “Some of this is perception, but a lot is reality.” (Para. 5)? 58. 下面哪个陈述的意思最接近第五

45、段中的这句话：“有些是看法，但很多是现实”？A. Some peoples complaints about air service are rather subjective, but most peoples are fairly objective. A. 有些人对航空服务的抱怨比较主观，但大多数人是比较客观的。B. When people travel by air, they usually quarrel, which is a fact passengers all see. B. 当人们乘飞机旅行时，他们经常吵架，这是乘客们都能看到的事实。C. Some people take

46、 a biased view on air service because they dont see facts. C. 有些人对航空服务有偏见，因为他们看不到事实。D. Most people saw facts, but a few people failed. D. 大多数人看到了事实，但少数人没看到。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至倒数第二段“发言人雪莱萨松说：我们认为，无论是商务旅客还是休闲旅客，如今都将旅行视为一场争吵，其中一些是人们的看法，但很多都是现实。（Some of this is perception, but a lot is reality）”，从中

47、可知，旅客经常将旅行视为一场争吵，即经常对航空公司表示出抱怨，而后面提到一些是人们的看法，但大部分是现实，其中perception本身就是“感觉、感知”的意思；综合理解，可以推断，Some of this is perception, but a lot is reality这句话的意思是说“有些人对航空公司的抱怨是主观上的，但大部分还是很客观”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“当人们乘飞机旅行时，他们经常吵架，这是乘客们都能看到的事实”、C选项“有些人对航空服务有偏见，因为他们看不到事实”和D选项“大多数人看到了事实，但少数人没看到”理解错误，曲解原文。59.【选项释义】59. The au

48、thor has written the last paragraph mainly to mean _. 59. 作者写的最后一段主要是想表达_。A. the rate of complaints is going up in all airlines in spite of the efforts they made A. 尽管所有航空公司都做出了努力，但他们的投诉率仍在上升B. improvements some airlines have made are not effective, which leads to more complaints B. 一些航空公司所做的改进并不有效，

49、这导致了更多的抱怨C. there may be a need to pass laws to improve airline customers service C. 或许有必要通过法律来改善航空公司客户的服务D. some people are too aggressive when complaining about air service though airlines have made great efforts on it D. 有些人在抱怨航空服务时过于咄咄逼人，尽管航空公司已经做出了很大的努力【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位至文章最后一段，最后一句提到“如果行业的自愿项

50、目不起作用，新的消费者保护法也不是不可能（new consumer protection laws arent out of the question）”，理解可知，最后一句表达的意思是“如果航空公司所做的一些努力没有用的话，旅客或许可以选择法律来保障自己的权益”，C项符合这一描述。因此，该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A选项“尽管所有航空公司都做出了努力，但他们的投诉率仍在上升”定位最后一段中间两句“在第一季度，达美航空的投诉率在十大航空公司中排名第二。尽管如此，与其他航空公司相比，它的投诉率仍有所提高。”，从中我们得知，不是所有的航空公司的投诉率仍在上升，所以该项曲解原文；B选项“一些航空公司

51、所做的改进并不有效，这导致了更多的抱怨”中的some airlines（一些航空公司）同样曲解原文；D选项“有些人在抱怨航空服务时过于咄咄逼人，尽管航空公司已经做出了很大的努力”，文中并没有提到有人在抱怨时咄咄逼人，最后一段只是提及投诉率仍有所上升，该项属于无中生有。60.【选项释义】60. In paragraph 1, the phrase “pounding on” means” _”. 60. 在第一段中，词组“pounding on”的意思是“_”。A. striking at A. 袭击，攻击B. urging B. 力促，竭力主张C. attacking C. 攻击，抨击D. s

52、ounding with loud noises D. 发出很大的声音【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】首先，定位至文章第一句“你还记得去年夏天，愤怒的旅客（furious travelers）pounding on国会对航空公司的客户服务采取措施吗（to do something）？”，从furious可以看出，旅客的情绪特别强烈；后面提到to do something可推测，旅客要求国会对航空公司采取一些行动，综合理解可知，pounding on指的是“强烈要求”，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“袭击，攻击”、C选项“攻击，抨击”和D选项“发出很大的声音”理解错误，曲解原文。5. 翻译题

53、Directing the union are technological advances that have made it easier to store and rapidly transmit information into homes and offices. Fiber-optic cable, for examplemade up of hair-thin glass fibersis a tremendously efficient carrier of information. Lasers shooting light through glass fiber can t

54、ransmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire, or tens of thousands of paragraphs such as this one every second.The greatly increased volume and speed of data transmission that these technologies permit can be compared to the way in which a highway with many lanes allows more cars

55、to move at faster speeds than a two-lane highwayhence, the information superhighway.【答案】【参考译文】引导联合的是技术进步，技术的进步使信息更容易存储和迅速传输到家庭和办公室。例如，由细如发丝的玻璃纤维制成的光纤是一种非常高效的信息载体。通过玻璃纤维发的激光可以传输标准电话线25万倍的数据，或者每秒传输数万段这样的段落。这些技术极大地增加了数据传输的量和速度，可以与多车道高速公路比双车道高速公路允许更多的汽车以更快的速度移动的方式相比较因此，信息高速公路由此得名。6. 单选题W. Somerset Maugh

56、am afterwards walked the wards of St. Thomass Hospital _ practicing in medicine.问题1选项A.with a view toB.with regard toC.with the aim atD.with the object for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. with a view to 着眼于，以为目的 B. with regard to 关于，至于C. with the aim at 目的在于 D. with the object for 目的是为了【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】由walked the

57、wards of St. Thomass Hospital（在圣托马斯医院的病房里巡视）可知，_ practicing in medicine（行医）中的空格处应该表示“目的是”，而with a view to doing sth.为固定用法，表示“为了做某事”。故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B选项不符合句意；C、D选项没有这个用法。【句意】后来，萨默塞特毛姆在圣托马斯医院的病房里巡视，目的是能从医。7. 单选题With fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge ind

58、ustrial complexes for the recycling of waste. The word “rubbish” could lose its meaning because everything which goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.The latest project is to take a city of around

59、half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and cop

60、per, but also paper and rubber as well.Another new project is being setup to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: First, it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in whi

61、ch rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that founders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally, the rubbish will pass under magnets, which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the

62、 rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.The first full-scale giant recycling plants are perhaps fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.51. T

63、he phrase “should be well on with.” (Para.1) most probably means _.52. What is NOT mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in paragraph 3?53. Whats the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants?54. The first full-scale huge recycling plants _.55. The passage is mainly about _.问题1选项A.have completed what was startedB.get ready to startC.have achieved a great deal inD.put an end to问题2选项A.Breaking up whatever is breakable.B.Sharpening metal bars.