2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第146期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Developments in ship design and construction methods came about in （ ）to challenges encountered in trading.问题1选项A.awarenessB.responseC.contrastD.agreement【答案】B【解析】in response to响应, 回答, 对.有反应；in contrast to与.形成对照；选项A和D无此用法。句意:船舶设计和建造方法的发展是为了应对贸易中遇到的挑战。选项B符合句意。2.

2、单选题More than one-third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, （ ）in San Francisco.问题1选项A.previouslyB.predominantlyC.practicallyD.permanently【答案】B【解析】previously以前，预先；predominantly主要地，显著地；practically实际地，事实上；permanently永久地。句意：在美国，超过三分之一的华人居住在加州，主要居住在旧金山。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题In the past, Ameri

3、can colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it. To create and to impart these were the distinctive feature of American higher education prior to the mos

4、t recent, disorderly decades of the twentieth century. The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems. In a subtle way Americans believed higher education to be u

5、seful, but not necessarily of immediate use.Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities. Institutions of higher learningpublic or privatecommonly face the challenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the communit

6、y.This service role has various applications. Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets, to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility, to achieve racial, ethnic, or social integration, or more generally to produce “productive” as compared to “edu

7、cated” graduates. Regardless of its precise definition, the idea of a service-university has won acceptance within the academic community.One need only be reminded of the change in language describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a servi

8、ce-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative “junior” college label and is generally called a “community” college, a clearly value-laden expression representing the latest commitment in higher education. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “unio

9、n card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function一communicating knowledge to

10、students, expanding the content of various disciplines, and interacting in a direct relationship with society一has been the most important change in higher education in recent years.The novel development, however, is often overlooked. Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-ye

11、ar college curriculum that have a “service” or vocational orientation. It is important to know this. But some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to, if not resolve, the problems of society. Whats worse,

12、they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-universitywhat is higher education supposed to do?1.The opening paragraph is written in order to state（ ）. 2.One of the recent, important changes in higher education relates to（ ）. 3.The service role of colleges specifically aims to（ ）. 4.It c

13、an be inferred from the passage that there exists a tendency to（ ）. 5.The authors attitude toward the service-education concept is（ ）. 问题1选项A.the future usefulness of the knowledge obtained in collegeB.the missions of different educational institutions in AmericaC.the purpose of American postseconda

14、ry education in the pastD.the history of the development of American higher education问题2选项A.curriculum updatesB.service-education conceptsC.imparting knowledge to studentsD.combining education with production问题3选项A.improve servicesB.serve the communityC.provide skills for future useD.make graduates

15、employable问题4选项A.play down the service-universityB.highlight service-education functionsC.alter the mission of primary educationD.exaggerate the change in higher education问题5选项A.radicalB.impartialC.optimisticD.supportive【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.根据首段第一句可知，作者是为了陈述美国过去高等教育的目的，选项C符合原文。2.根据

16、第二段的内容可知，现在公立或私立高等教育机构通常都面临着这样一个挑战：明确自己的目标，以便为社会服务。即与服务型的教育概念相关。选项B正确。3.根据第三段的内容可知，服务角色的应用广泛，最普遍的是满足地区就业市场的需求，为社会和经济的向上流动提供机会，实现种族、族裔或社会融合，或者更普遍地培养“有生产力”的毕业生，而不是“受过教育”的毕业生。这样毕业生才能更好地就业，所以选项D正确。4.根据最后一段倒数第二句“some commentaries . the problems of society.”一些对美国高等教育的评论往往低估了高等院校试图解决社会问题的影响。所以存在于一种贬低服务型大学的

17、倾向，选项A符合原文。5.根据最后一段可知，学院或大学的想法执行三重功能传播知识给学生，扩大各学科的内容以及与社会直接互动是近年来高等教育最重要的改变。然而，这种新颖的发展往往被忽视。作者在最后一段批判了贬低服务型大学的倾向，由此可知，作者的态度是支持的，所以选项D正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:4. 单选题This research has attracted wide （ ）coverage and has been featured on BBC televisions Tomorrows World.问题1选项A.messageB.informationC.mediaD.data

18、【答案】C【解析】句意:这项研究吸引了媒体的广泛报道, 并在英国广播公司电视台的明日世界节目中进行了专题报道。选项中只有C选项符合句意。5. 单选题If you cant give up smoking completely, at least try to（ ） .问题1选项A.take downB.turn downC.cut downD.set down【答案】C【解析】take down放下, 记下；turn down关小, 调低；cut down削减, 减少；settle down定居, 专心于。句意:如果你不能完全戒烟, 至少应该试着减少吸烟。选项C符合句意。6. 单选题My wo

19、rk with leaders from all walks of life has（ ） me that they were not born leadersthey are made.问题1选项A.advocatedB.impliedC.convincedD.illustrated【答案】C【解析】convince sb. that .“使某人相信.”。句意:我与各行各业领导人的共事让我相信, 他们不是天生的领导者, 而是后天形成的。选项C正确。7. 单选题Between 10 and 11: 30 p. m, as most of this city is winding down fo

20、r the night, the FedEx Express World Hub is revving up for its busiest hours of the day.Some 10,000 workers pour into the campus, ready to begin a mind-bogglingly complex ritual of steering packages to customers doorsteps on time. Hundreds of equipment operators zoom around the 880-acre site on ware

21、house tugs, pulling behind them trains of silver shipping containers shaped like half-igloos(圆顶建筑). In an ear splitting operation dubbed “the matrix” package sorters corral boxes into a single-file line for a trip down a tangle of conveyor belts.On this particular night at FedExs largest global faci

22、lity, workers will sort some 1.3 million express packages. That number only swelled when holiday shopping kicked into high gear.This logistical symphony has been decades in the making, the product of billions of dollars in investment in automated sortation systems and Boeing 767 cargo jets. During t

23、he peak hours on this night, air traffic controllers in the Tennessee city will usher in about 150 flights, an average of one every 40 seconds.Analysts say infrastructure such as this makes FedEx and its rival, UPS extremely difficult to dislodge from their thrones atop the U.S. shipping industry. A

24、nd yet as dominant as they are, the stalwarts are also vulnerable facing a fresh wave of potential disruption.In the past year, A has put 4,000 of its own truck trailers on the road and has leased 40 planes from an airfreight company, raising the specter of the e-commerce giant possibly becoming a c

25、ompetitor of the major shippers instead of one of their biggest customers.Uber, meanwhile, has built a fast-growing business out of ferrying people around cities, leading some analysts to wonder whether its network might also be effective at moving goods. Silicon Valley upstarts such as Deliv and Po

26、stmates also are making a play for local deliveries.And then, looking to the not-so-distant future, a host of companies pitch drones and driverless vehicles as options that could reshuffle the economics of the delivery business. Amazon announced that it had made its first customer delivery via drone

27、 bag of popcorn and a Fire TV streaming deviceto a shopper in Britain.Together, these developments amount to a gathering storm for FedExs shipping empire.“The last time the logistics industry has had a change this big was the introduction of the ocean shipping container in the 1960s,” said Ryan Pete

28、rsen chief executive of Flexport, a freight forwarding company.Its a transformation that will test whether sprawling, sophisticated facilities such as the World Hub are a bulwark(壁垒) that protects the company or an expensive anchor that makes it hard to reposition for the future.9. What is described

29、 in the first two paragraphs?10. What do analysts say about FedEx and UPS in the US shipping industry?11. According to the author, the rising business of Uber and other companies _.12. What does the author say about the future role of the World Hub?问题1选项A.The measurement of the campus.B.The busy act

30、ivities of FedEx Express Centre.C.The abnormal city life in the night.D.The existing problems of the shipping industry.问题2选项A.For their infrastructure, they will be dislodged.B.Though competitors, they hold a dominant position.C.They will build a stalwart against each other.D.They have started a wav

31、e of potential disruption.问题3选项A.started actually quite early in the 1960sB.is posing a big threat to FedExs shipping empireC.has cancelled their first customer delivery in BritainD.will be controlled by the Amazon airfreight问题4选项A.It is unclear.B.It is dominant.C.It is positive.D.It is money-consum

32、ing.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A【解析】9.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干：前两段描述了？第一段和第二段整体都在描述晚上10点至11点30之间，联邦快递全球中心的忙碌景象，包括机器的嗡嗡声，包裹分类器分拣包裹等，因此B选项“联邦快递中心繁忙的活动”，符合题意；第二段第一句提到Some 10,000 workers pour into the campus（大约1万名工人涌进了园区），旨在说明夜晚工作的员工很多，并没有提到园区的尺寸，故A选项“园区的尺寸”排除；第一段第一句话Between 10 and 11: 30 p. m, as most of this

33、 city is winding down for the night, the FedEx Express World Hub is revving up for its busiest hours of the day.（晚上10点到11:30之间，当整个城市趋于平静的时候，联邦快递全球中心正在经历一天中最繁忙的时候。），旨在引出话题，强调联邦快递全球中心的忙碌，故C选项“夜晚反常的城市生活”，不符合题意；D选项“海运业的现存问题”，在文中没有提及。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。10.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干：关于美国海运业的联邦快递和美国联合包裹，分析师如何看待？根据

34、题干定位至第五段第一句话Analysts say infrastructure such as this makes FedEx and its rival, UPS extremely difficult to dislodge from their thrones atop the U.S. shipping industry. And yet as dominant as they are, the stalwarts are also vulnerable facing a fresh wave of potential disruption.（分析人士说，这样的基础设施使得联邦快递及

35、其竞争对手美国联合包裹，极难从美国航运业的宝座上退下。然而，尽管它们占据主导地位，但一些中坚力量也很容易受到新一轮潜在破坏的冲击。），由此可知基础设施保证了联邦快递和联合包裹占据优势地位，因此B选项“尽管有竞争对手，它们仍然处在优势地位”，符合题意；A选项“由于它们的基础设施建设，它们会离开原有地位”，和原文表达相悖，故排除；C选项“它们会建设中坚部分，来反抗其他对手”，在文中并没有提及；第五段最后一句话the stalwarts are also vulnerable facing a fresh wave of potential disruption.（面对新的一波潜在的破坏，中坚力量也

36、很脆弱），可知可能会出现新的冲击，和D选项“它们已经开始了一轮潜在冲击”表述不符合，D选项主要错在了“have started”。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。11.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干：作者认为，优步和其他公司业务的上升？根据题干定位至文章第七段Uber, meanwhile, has built a fast-growing business out of ferrying people around cities, leading some analysts to wonder whether its network might also be effective

37、 at moving goods. Silicon Valley upstarts such as Deliv and Postmates also are making a play for local deliveries.（与此同时，优步通过在城市周边运送人员建立了快速发展的业务，因此一些分析家怀疑它的网络是否也能有效地运送物品。如硅谷新贵Delv和Postmates两个公司在本地送货服务中扮演了重要角色。），倒数第四段还使用了亚马逊公司物流发展的例子Amazon announced that it had made its first customer delivery via dro

38、ne bag of popcorn and a Fire TV streaming deviceto a shopper in Britain.（亚马逊宣布，它已经通过无人机和Fire TV流媒体设备向英国的一位顾客交付了第一袋爆米花。），最后，倒数第三段进行总结Together, these developments amount to a gathering storm for FedExs shipping empire.（这些发展共同构成了联邦海运帝国的风暴。），由此可知作者列举优步等公司发展物流业务的目的，就是想要说明这些公司给联邦快递海运帝国造成了威胁，因此B选项“给联邦快递海运帝

39、国造成不小威胁”，符合题意；倒数第二段第一句话提到The last time the logistics industry has had a change this big was the introduction of the ocean shipping container in the 1960s.（物流业上一次发生如此大的变化是在20世纪60年代，推出了海运集装箱），并没有提到优步和其他公司业务的上升是在20世纪60年代，因此A选项“实际上起源于20世纪60年代早期”，错误；C选项“取消了他们英国的顾客交付服务”，在文中没有提及，故排除；D选项“将受到亚马逊货物空运的约束”。亚马逊和

40、优步一样，都是用来举例说明联邦快递受到威胁的例子，故D选项排除。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。12.【试题答案】A【试题解析】观点态度题。题干：作者怎么看待世界中心的未来地位？根据题干定位至文章最后一段Its a transformation that will test whether sprawling, sophisticated facilities such as the World Hub are a bulwark(壁垒) that protects the company or an expensive anchor that makes it hard to reposit

41、ion for the future.（这次转型将会检验诸如世界中心这样的庞大而复杂的设施是否是保护公司的堡垒或者是使世界中心很难重新定位未来的昂贵的锚。），由此可知作者对于世界中心未来是什么样子的还需要进一步的验证，因此A选项“还不清楚”，符合题意。B选项“主导的”，C选项“积极的”和D选项“耗钱的”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。8. 单选题She is always looking for （ ）in what she wants.问题1选项A.noveltyB.tokenC.horizonD.fake【答案】A【解析】句意:她总是在她想要的东西中找寻新奇的东西。nove

42、lty指新奇的东西, 符合句意, 选项A正确。9. 写作题Directions: You are asked to write an invitation letter to Professor Smith at Oxford University who will attend the International Symposium 2017 on Economy and Environmental Protection, which will be hosted by your university. He will be one of the key-note speakers, and

43、 you should provide him with the necessary information about this symposium: duration, accommodation and transportation.1) The title should be “An Invitation Letter”.2) You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.3) Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.【

44、答案】【参考范文】An Invitation Letter10. 单选题Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small,homogeneous,simple society, these social controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, h

45、eterogeneous complex society,the institution of government takes over this function.For purposes of analysis,social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral control derives from the internalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individuals behavior

46、without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and right. He follows it to conform,to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards.Political control is an outgrowth

47、 of moral control,and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the governments authority as just and right. A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive lo

48、ng. In addition,a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on several occasions and is now evident among some groups of society according to “The Roots of Lawlessness” by historian Henry

49、 Steele Commander.Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique as an institution because it serves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus,individuals violating the rul

50、es and regulation of the economic,educational,or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government.1.A condition characterized by the absence of social organization and social control, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is（ ）.2.The internalized form of

51、social control is（ ）.3.Legitimate power rightfully exercised is called（ ）.4.Which statement is NOT correct?问题1选项A.moral controlB.political powerC.anarchyD.authority问题2选项A.commitmentB.powerC.authorityD.government问题3选项A.authorityB.charismaC.legitimacyD.morality问题4选项A.Political control must occasionall

52、y be controlled by an outside force.B.Political control can exist without moral control in a society.C.Political control reinforce moral control.D.Political control emanates from within.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which ma

53、intains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos.”政府是人类群体生活方式所产生的机构, 它维持着一系列的社会控制以防止混乱。反过来说, 缺乏社会组织和社会控制, 认为政治权威是不必要的, 是无政府的状态。所以选项C正确。2.根据第一段的第一句可知, 社会控制的内在化形式是政府。选项D正确。3.根据第三段第一句“Political control is an outgrowth of moral control,and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the me

54、mbers of society to accept the governments authority as just and right.”政治控制是道德控制的产物, 它的有效性取决于社会成员是否愿意把政府的权威看作是正当的和正义的东西。所以正当行使合法权力被称为权威。选项A正确。4.根据第三段第二句“A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not surv

55、ive long.”被迫威逼大多数成员接受没有道德控制支持的政治控制的政府不会长久。也就是说, 政治控制不能在没有道德控制的社会中存在。选项B与之刚好相反, 所以不正确。11. 单选题Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful （ ）in the market.问题1选项A.batteriesB.bargainsC.basketsD.barrels【答案】B【解析】句意:有些人喜欢在星期天购物, 因为他们希望在市场上买到物美价廉的东西。bargains做名词表示特

56、价商品。所以选项B正确。12. 单选题He was fired because of his （ ）refusal to follow orders.问题1选项A.obstinateB.obedientC.obsoleteD.obstructive【答案】A【解析】obstinate顽固的，倔强的；obedient服从的；obsolete废弃的；obstructive阻碍的，妨碍的。句意：他因固执地拒绝服从命令而被解雇了。选项A符合句意。13. 单选题Just four bits of information collected from a shoppers credit card can

57、be used to identify almost anyone, researchers have found.The study in the journal Science （1） three months of credit card records for 1.1 million people in an（2 ） industrialized country.Ninety percent of individuals could be （3 ） identified using just four pieces of （4 ） , such as where they bought

58、 coffee one day or where they （5 ）a new jumper or pair of shoes.（6 ） , credit cards use was just as（7 ） at identifying someone as mobile phone records, the study found.Knowing the price of a （8 ）could boost the risk of re-identification by 22 percent.“Even data sets that（9 ）coarse information at any

59、 or all of the dimensions provide little anonymity (匿名),” the study, led by Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and colleagues at Aarhus University in Demark, revealed. （10 ）some of the specifics were stripped from credit card data, such as （11 ）the general area w

60、here a purchase was made instead of the （12） shop, or expanding the time range to 15 days （13 ）one, a person who would have believed themselves（14 ）could be re-identified with “just a few more（15 ）data points”, said the study.“Women are more than（16 ）men in credit card metadata.” it added.People wit

61、h higher（17 ） were also easier to identify, perhaps because they “have（18 ）patterns in how they divide their time between the （19 ） they visit”, added the study.The researchers （20 ）more advanced technologies to protect data that is simply made anonymous.问题1选项A.analyzedB.cherishedC.divertedD.revived

62、问题2选项A.agitatedB.unidentifiedC.associatedD.obsessed问题3选项A.consciouslyB.hardlyC.uniquelyD.suspiciously问题4选项A.intoxicationB.confusionC.confirmationD.information问题5选项A.purchasedB.distributedC.preservedD.distorted问题6选项A.On the contraryB.In other wordsC.In additionD.By analogy问题7选项A.passionateB.domineeringC.reliableD.weird问题8选项A.translationB.transplantationC.transformationD.transaction问题9选项A.provideB.refuteC.exchangeD.computerizing问题10选项A.Except thatB.Even ifC.Now thatD.Only if