2022年考博英语-湖南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第74期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme as Panoroma. It is true that never in human history were so

2、 many people so often and so much exposed too much intimation about societies, forms of life, and attitudes other than those which they obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, widt

3、h of judgment, and a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media canno

4、t build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones do not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between

5、 them is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have toor feel we should try tomake decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated th

6、rough the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communications. The organs of the establishment, however well-inte

7、ntioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of prod

8、uction which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to quest

9、ion cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptan

10、ce of the status quo (现状).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1.According to the passage, the mass media present us with（ ） .2.What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?3.The author uses the comparison with bui

11、lding a cathedral that（ ） .4.How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?5.The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as （ ）.问题1选项A.insufficient diversity of informationB.too restricted a view of lifeC.a wide range of facts and opinionsD.a critical ass

12、essment of our society问题2选项A.They are likely to frustrate this development.B.They can form a basis for it.C.They can distort our judgment.D.They can stimulate too much mental activity.问题3选项A.worthwhile results do not depend on raw material onlyB.the mediaeval media had different beliefsC.great works

13、 of art require good foundationsD.close attention to detail is important问题4选项A.They disturb us by their prejudices.B.They make us doubt our own judgments.C.They make no contribution in this area.D.They make decisions which appear too complicated.问题5选项A.fear of losing the customerB.the diverse views

14、of the contributorsC.service to the profit motiveD.trying to cater for a vest range of audience【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出: 人类历史上从来没有过如此多的人频繁地批露，诸如：社会、 生活方式以及思想观念的阴暗面，而这些与人们从所处社会接收的那些信息是不同的。因此排除A、B项。第二段指出: Though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break throu

15、gh the skin to where such enquires might really hurt (尽管他们辩论、质疑，但仍然触及不到关键之处), 由此推断D项(对社会的一个批判性评估)是大众传媒所不具备的。故选C项(广泛的事实和意见)。2.细节题。根据题干关键词intellectual and imaginative development定位至第一段: This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative

16、qualities, width of judgment, and a sense of the variety of possible attitudes。据此可知B项正确。3.推断题。根据题干定位至第一段: The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones do not always prompt others to build, 作者用建大教堂这个比喻说明有价值的结果不仅仅依靠原材料。故选A。4.细节题。根据题干关键词定位至第二段。第二句说:大众媒介经常不能把做这些决定的困难进行报

17、道，它不起作用，更不会使决定变得更为复杂。故选C。5.细节题。作者认为大众传播媒介的主要弱点是为了获得利益,故C项(因为获利动机)正确。2. 单选题The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.问题1选项A.avertB.denyC.excludeD.reduce【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意:

18、 广告业通过加强自律努力清除印刷制品与各类插图中的低俗内容、失实报道与欺骗信息。avert:避免，防止。deny:否认，拒绝。reduce:减少，降低，缩小。curtail:缩减，缩短。故D项与题意一致。3. 单选题She was delirious last night, but she seems quite lucid this morning.问题1选项A.rationalB.peacefulC.patientD.insane【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 她昨晚昏迷不醒，但今天早晨她起来很清醒。rational:理智的。peaceful:和平的，平静的。 patient:耐心的

19、,耐烦的。insane:患精神病的，极度愚蠢的。lucid:头脑清楚的，理智的。故选A。4. 单选题The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagn

20、etic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommen

21、ded that all airlines ban such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airl

22、ines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircrafts computers. Experts know that portable de

23、vices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.The fact that aircraft may be vuln

24、erable to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who cant hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the musics too loud.1.The passage is mainly about（ ） .2.What is said about the over

25、 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?3.Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because（ ）4.Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplanes computers?5.It can be inferred from the passage that the autho

26、r（ ） .问题1选项A.a new regulation for all airlinesB.the defects of electronic devicesC.a possible cause of aircraft crashesD.effective safety measures for air flight问题2选项A.They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systemsB.They may have taken place during take-off and landingC.They were prove

27、d to have been caused by the passengers portable computersD.They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference问题3选项A.they dont believe there is such a danger as radio interferenceB.the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be provedC.most passengers refuse to t

28、ake a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette playersD.they have other effective safety measures to fall back on问题4选项A.Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplaneB.Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered withC.Because research sc

29、ientists have not been able to produce that same effects in labsD.Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research问题5选项A.is in favor of prohibiting passenger use of electronic devices completelyB.has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interferenceC.hasnt formed his own opinion on

30、 this problemD.regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开篇第一句话点明主旨: The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class(如今航空公司面临的最大的安全威胁可能不是持枪的恐怖分

31、子，而是商务舱里带着便携式电脑的乘客)。故选C。2.细节事实。根据题干定位至第一段: In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference (在过去的15年中，飞行员报告说100多起事故可能由电磁干扰引起的)。3.细节事实。根据题干定位至第二段: most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want t

32、o work during flights(由于许多乘客想在飞行期间工作，多数航空公司不愿意执行全面禁令)。4.细节事实。第三段给出了原因: But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not. (由于他们无法在实验室中重现这些效应，他们无法知道干扰是否有危险)。5.观点态度。根据文章大意，可以看出作者的态度。5. 单选题A gr

33、eat amount of work has gone into（ ） the Cathedral to its previous splendor.问题1选项A.refreshingB.restoringC.renovatingD.renewing【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 大量的修复工作已经使大教堂回复到了它先前的壮观景象。Refresh 更新; restore 使.恢复到之前或原始的状态; renovate 修复到之前或更佳的状态; renew （遭到损害后）重生。句中并未提及教堂被损坏，并且提及大量的修复工作,因此renovate最合适。6. 翻译题“培根-Of Study (

34、论读书)”Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateers and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and

35、 digested; that is, some book are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a grea

36、t memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; pets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.【答案】选自培根论读书，王佐良

37、先生译读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者， 少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读， 读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读 诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。7. 单选题His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rat

38、her high in （ ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意: 与收入相比，他在假期旅行和奢侈品上的开销太高了。comparison 比较，常用于by/in comparison with 与.相比较；in proportion to 与.成比例；与相比； association 联系，合伙，常用于in association with 与.联系；与合伙； calculation 计算。因此B项正确。8. 单选题Is language, like food

39、, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep

40、silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered

41、by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills p

42、asses and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where s

43、peech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1

44、, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is bom with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, if the complex system whi

45、ch enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

46、But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling （呼呀学语）, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child get

47、s discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick IIs experiment was（ ） .2.The reason some children are backward in speaking is most likely that （ ）.3.What is particular

48、ly remarkable about a child is that（ ） .4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in future（ ）.问题1选项A.to prove that children are bom with the ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any hu

49、man speechC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to th

50、eir attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is bom with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The childs

51、 brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above.问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。该实验目的出现在第一段最后一句: Hoping to discover what 1anguage a child

52、 would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent (他希望能够发现孩子在没有听到任何母语的时候会说什么，并嘱咐护士们保持沉默)。因此B项(发现孩子在没有听到任何人类语言的情况下会说什么语言)正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词backward in speaking定位至第三段, 后一句给出了原因: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whos

53、e brain is programmed to learn language rapidly (最常见的原因是，母亲对婴儿的信号不敏感)。故选C项(母亲对他们试图说话的信号不敏感)。3.细节题。倒数第二段指出: And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new w

54、ays (更加令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他听到的周围各种声音中找到语言的顺序，并且对其进行分析，从而把这种语言以新的方式进行组合和重新组合), 此句的incredible与题干中的remarkable对应,因此C项(他们能生成新的句子)正确。4.推断题。第五段: Recent evidence suggests that an infant is bom with the capacity to speak (最近的证据表明婴儿具有说话能力), 因此A项正确。由第五段的第二,三句可得出B项(孩子的大脑是高度选择性的)正确。第四段: Experts suggest that speech

55、 stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age (专家认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的)，因此C项(大多数儿童在特定阶段学习语言)正确。故选D。5.细节题。第四段: but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ, 说明一个孩子比别人开始说话晚也有可能在未来拥有高智商, 故选D。9. 单选题Japan is going through a compl

56、ex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental

57、 process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goi

58、ngs of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on ho

59、w such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in

60、unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Natha

61、ns numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to

62、 be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealin

63、g effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-fly

64、ers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national p