2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第24期

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Amid the nationwide furor over the Senate draft health-care bill, a public-health victory has gone mostly unnoticed. According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the estimated number of middle and high school students who are

2、 tobacco users dropped from 4.7 million in 2015 to 3.9 million in 2016. This was largely driven by a reduction in the number of teenagers using e-cigarettes, which are less harmful than regular cigarettes but still contain nicotine. The downturn is a success for advocates and officials who have work

3、ed to curb teen tobacco use but it should not be heralded as the end of the road.Teenage smoking has long been one of the most serious public health issues. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and 9 in 10 American smokers had their first taste of tobacco before th

4、e age of 18, although policies to curb teen smoking showed signs of success for a time, youth tobacco rates remained stagnant between 2011 and 2015. During this period, the use of e-cigarettes among high school students increased by a staggering 900 percent.With these statistics in mind, the recent

5、decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasin

6、g tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products. States have run targeted media campaigns that work alongside federal efforts, such as the Food and Drug Administrations “Real Cost” campaign and the CDCs “Tips from Former Smokers”. The CDC report su

7、ggests that at least some of these strategies have been effective.But the report also highlights challenges that lie ahead. Millions of teenagers across the country are still using tobacco in some form, and the introduction of new tobacco products could drive up rates. There are also significant dis

8、parities among states and communities: Rural, low-income, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth are particularly at risk due to targeted marketing and policy variation between different jurisdictions. This makes federal regulation by the FDA all the more important.The FDA, however, has de

9、layed the enforcement of new regulations on e-cigarettes and cigars. Delays are commonplace in new administrations, but it is important that the agency take up these stricter standards after the three-month postponement. It would be a pity if these long-awaited signs of progress were undercut becaus

10、e the FDA declined to do its job.5. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, teenage smoking（ ）.6. Which of the following is true of the reason for the drop of teenage smoking?7. Who should shoulder more responsibility for curbing teen smoking in the authors eye?8. Wh

11、ich of the following could best summarize the text?问题1选项A.decreased slightly between 2015 and 2016B.mainly took place in elementary schoolsC.recently experienced a gorgeous reductionD.was largely connected with death rate问题2选项A.The American Senate passed a health-care bill to curb teen smoking.B.The

12、 government issued various laws and policies to control tobacco use.C.The advocates and officials have worked hard to restrain smoking.D.The teenagers are more aware of the death-causing result from smoking.问题3选项A.The secondary schools where students attend the classes.B.The CDC which produced the r

13、eport on teenage smoking.C.The social media organizing campaigns against teen smoking.D.The FDA making federal regulation on banning tobacco use.问题4选项A.A decline in teen smokingThe FDAS delay could weaken that progressB.A pubic-heath victoryThe CDCs teen smoking report displayed a hopeC.An important

14、 differenceThe states and communities faced teen smoking challengeD.A serious public-health issueThe government took both risks and opportunities【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A【解析】5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“report”可以定位到第一段第二句According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, th

15、e estimated number of middle and high school students who are tobacco users dropped from 4.7 million in 2015 to 3.9 million in 2016.（根据美国疾病控制与预防中心的一份最新报告显示，美国吸烟的中学生数量从2015年的470万下降到了2016年的390万。），说明美国吸烟的青少年减少了。因此C选项“最近经历了一次可喜的下降”正确。A选项“在2015至2016年间稍微下降”，由原文可知，从2015到2016年中学生吸烟数量下降了80万，不是小幅度下降，所以A错误。B选项

16、“主要发生在小学”，与原文的middle and high school students（初中和高中学生）不符，所以B错误。D选项“很大程度上与死亡率有关”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。6.【试题答案】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句With these statistics in mind, the recent decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to det

17、ermine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products.（考虑到这些数据，最近青少年吸烟和电子烟使用的减少是

18、一个令人鼓舞的信号，表明干预措施可能正在起作用。很难确定其中的因果关系，但专家将其归因于联邦、州和地方政府一系列旨在劝阻年轻人吸烟的政策，比如提高烟草税，将反吸烟法令扩大到电子烟和其他新产品。），说明青少年吸烟率下降的原因是一系列旨在劝阻年轻人使用烟草的联邦、州和地方出台的政策。因此B选项“政府发布了各种各样的法律和政策来控制烟草的使用”正确。A选项“美国参议院通过了一项医疗法案来控制青少年吸烟”，由文章第一段第一句Amid the nationwide furor over the Senate draft health-care bill, a public-health victory

19、has gone mostly unnoticed.（在全国范围内对参议院医改法案草案的争论中，一场公共卫生的胜利却大多不为人知。）可知，参议院没有通过医疗法案来控制青少年吸烟，所以A错误。C选项“倡导者和官员非常努力地控制吸烟”，原文是说青少年吸烟数量下降对于那些致力于遏制青少年吸烟的倡导者和官员来说是一次成功，并不是说两者之间有因果关系，所以C错误。D选项“青少年越来越意识到吸烟会导致死亡”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。7.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句This makes federal regulation by the FDA all the

20、more important.（这使得美国食品药品监督管理局出台的联邦法规更加重要。），说明作者认为美国食品药品监督管理局应该承担更多遏制青少年吸烟的责任。因此D选项“可以制定禁止烟草使用的联邦法规的美国食品药品监督管理局”正确。A选项“学生上课的中学”，B选项“提出关于青少年吸烟报告的美国疾病控制与预防中心”，C选项“组织反青少年吸烟运动的社会媒体”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。8.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。由全文可知，文章主要介绍美国青少年吸烟数量有所下降，但是最后两段重点揭示了控制青少年吸烟还会遇到很多挑战，尤其是美国食品药品监督管理局推迟了对电子烟和雪茄的新规定的执行，

21、这将会削弱已经取得的进步。因此A选项“青少年吸烟数量下降美国食品药品监督管理局的延期可能会削弱已经取得的进步”正确。B选项“公共卫生的胜利美国疾病控制与预防中心有关青少年吸烟的报告表现出了希望”，由原文可知报告更多强调了未来的挑战，所以B错误。C选项“重要差异美国各州和社区面临着青少年吸烟的挑战”，原文没有提及重大差异，所以C错误。D选项“严重的公共卫生问题政府接受了风险和机遇”，没有涉及原文的关键词teen smoking（青少年吸烟），不能概括文章主要内容，所以D错误。2. 单选题Before the mid-1860s, the impact of the railroads in th

22、e United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the center of the country. At the point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching, and steam

23、 boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders. Each new “end of track” became a center for animal-drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older,slower,and

24、 more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870s and 1880s and into the 1890s.Over constantly shrinking routes, coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the late 1860

25、s, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains City of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroa

26、d Bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of deserts, mou

27、ntains and semiarid plains could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of “premature enterprise” where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad Bill, the chair of the congressional committee bl

28、untly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.1.Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860s as “limited”?2.What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freight

29、ers as the railroad expanded?3.Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2?4.Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed?问题1选项A.Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches.B.Because other modes of transportation had to be employed.C.Because th

30、ey were only center for waterborne transportation.D.Because the track did not take direct route from one city to the next.问题2选项A.They developed competing routes.B.Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.C.They began to specialize in private investment.D.There were insufficient trained people

31、 to operate them.问题3选项A.To point out the location of a serious train accident.B.To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central Pacific.C.To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken.D.To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.问题4选项A.Because of a worry

32、that little benefit would be gained.B.Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled plain.C.Because of a change of the plan owing to the high cost.D.Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Why does the author refer to the impact of railroad

33、s before the late 1860s as “limited”? 1. 为什么作者说19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”？A. Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches. A. 因为乘客们更喜欢马车。B. Because other modes of transportation had to be employed. B. 因为必须使用其他运输方式。C. Because they were only center for waterborne transportation. C. 因为它们只是水上交通的中心。D.

34、 Because the track did not take direct route from one city to the next. D. 因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段前两句“在19世纪60年代中期之前，铁路对美国的影响是有限的，从某种意义上说，铁路的终点是密苏里河，大约是国家的中心。这时，火车把货物、邮件和乘客转交给轮船、马车和公共马车。”，从中我们可以推断出，19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”，是因为必须要使用其他运输方式。B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“因为乘客们更喜欢马车”和D项“因为铁轨并没有直接从一

35、个城市到另一个城市”没有提及，无中生有；C项“因为它们只是水上交通的中心”，这是蒸汽划船和马车运输等其他运输方式成为铁路运输补充的结果，与题干无关，张冠李戴。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded? 2. 随着铁路的扩张，我们可以推断出关于客车和马车货船的什么？A. They developed competing routes. A. 他们开发了相互竞争的路线。B. Their drivers refused to work for the

36、railroads. B. 他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作。C. They began to specialize in private investment. C. 他们开始专门从事私人投资。D. There were insufficient trained people to operate them. D. 没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在不断缩小的路线上，马车和货车继续在西部尚未铺设铁路的地方纵横交错”，从中可知，随着铁路的扩张，传统的货运方式逐渐衰落，但是在火车线路不能到达的地方，他们仍在扩展相互竞争的路线。故该题选择A项正确。【

37、干扰项排除】B项“他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作”、C项“他们开始专门从事私人投资”和D项“没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们”没有提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2? 3. 为什么作者在第2段中提到内华达山脉？A. To point out the location of a serious train accident. A. 指出发生严重火车事故的地点。B. To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central

38、Pacific. B. 举一个中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍的例子。C. To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken. C. 争辩说可以采取直接去西方的路线。D. To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West. D. 确定西部有历史意义的山脉。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Sierra Nevada定位到第二段的第二句“19世纪60年代末，重大变化已露端倪，在这一时期，太平洋联合铁路终于开始由位于中央平原的奥马哈市向

39、西扩建，与中央太平洋铁路汇合，中央太平洋从加利福尼亚经过内华达山脉的巨大障碍，向东挺进”，从该句可以推断，作者提到内华达山脉是为了给中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍举例，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“指出发生严重火车事故的地点”、C项“争辩说可以采取直接去西方的路线”和D项“确定西部有历史意义的山脉”在该段没有依据，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed? 4. 为什么法案早就签署了，却有很少的建设已经完工？A. Because of a worry

40、 that little benefit would be gained. A. 因为担心不会有什么好处。B. Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled plain. B. 因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原。C. Because of a change of the plan owing to the high cost. C. 因为成本太高，计划改变了。D. Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons. D. 因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行。【考查点】事实细节题。【

41、解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段第三句“尽管亚伯拉罕林肯总统在1862年签署了最初的太平洋铁路法案，并在1864年签署了修订版，在财政上更加慷慨，但直到1865年中太平洋铁路和1866年联合太平洋铁路才完成了很少的建设”，结合下一句“主要原因是，人们怀疑修建一条穿越沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的铁路是否有利可图（The primary reason was skepticism thatcould pay a profit）”，理解可知，很少的建设已经完工的原因是，人们怀疑没有利益可图，A项“因为担心不会有什么好处”符合这一分析。【干扰项排除】B项“因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原”是人们怀疑

42、是否有利可图的原因，与题干无关，张冠李戴；C项“因为成本太高，计划改变了”和D项“因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行”没有提到，无中生有。3. 单选题Hackers never were part of the mainstream establishment, but their current reputation as villains of cyberspace is a far cry from the early days when, first and foremost, they were seen as ardent if quirky programmers, capable o

43、f near-miraculous, unorthodox feats of machine manipulation. But the shift in popular perception to hackers as deviants and criminals is important not only because it affects the hackers themselves and the extraordinary culture that has grown around them, but because it reflects shifts in the develo

44、pment, governance, and meaning of the new information technology.In Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution , Steven Levy traces the roots of evolving hacker communities to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1950s. Here, core members of the Tech Model Railroad Club “discovered”

45、 computers first as a tool for enhancing their beloved model railroads and then as objects of passion in their own right. They turned their considerable creative energies to the task of building and programming MITs early mainframes in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence with formal employees

46、 of the universitys technical staff.Formidable programmers, these hackers produced and debugged computer codes at an astonishing rate. They helped develop hardware and software for existing computer functions and invented novel algorithms and applications that were incorporated into subsequent gener

47、ations of computers. These novel functions not only extended recreational capabilitiesgaming, virtual reality, and digitized music一but also increased practical capabilities such as the control of robots and processing speeds. Obsessive work also yielded a host of basic system subroutines and utiliti

48、es that pushed operating capacities and efficiency to new heights, and became a fundamental part of what we experience every time we sit in front of a computer.This book describes legendary hacking bingesdays and nights with little or no sleepleading to products that surprised and sometimes annoyed

49、colleagues in mainstream academic and research positions. “The pure hack” did not respect prescribed methods or theory-driven, top-down approaches to computer science and engineering. The unconventional lifestyle did not seem to put off adherents, even though it could be pretty unwholesome: a disreg

50、ard for patterns of night and day, a diet of junk-food, inattention to personal appearance and hygiene, and the virtual absence of any life outside of hacking.It was not only single-minded attachment to their craft that defined these early backers but their espousal of an ideology informally called

51、the “hacker ethic.” This creed included several elements: commitment to total and free access to computers and information, belief in immense powers of computers to improve peoples lives and create art and beauty, disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing, and an insistence that

52、 hackers be evaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment. In other words, the culture of hacking incorporated political and moral values as well as technical ends.1.The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best descr

53、ibed as（ ） .2.Which of the following is not true in this passage?3.The lifestyle of hackers described in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution is （ ）.4.Which of the following is included in the hacker ethic?问题1选项A.on good termsB.somewhat unsettledC.hostileD.tricky问题2选项A.Existing computer functi

54、ons have been improved with the help of hackers.B.Hackers efforts have contributed to increasing capabilities of our computer in several ways.C.Hackers are generally taken as illegal in the past.D.Hackers believe that their technical accomplishment is the only criterion for evaluating them.问题3选项A.un

55、conventionalB.innovativeC.annoyingD.out of date问题4选项A.Strong will to overcome difficulties that stand in the way.B.Devotion to get free access to information.C.Concentration on the improvement of their craft.D.Immense power to create art and beauty.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The rela

56、tionship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best described as _. 1. 20世纪50年代末，黑客团体和麻省理工学院管理部门之间的关系可以用_来描述。A. on good terms A. 关系和睦的B. somewhat unsettled B. 有点不稳定的C. hostile C. 敌对的D. tricky D. 非常微妙的【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段的最后一句“他们把大量的创造力投入到建造和编程MIT早期的大型机的任务中，与大

57、学的技术人员在不稳定但相对和睦的环境中共存（in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence）”，从中可知，20世纪50年代末，黑客团体和MIT之间的关系是相当和睦的。A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“有点不稳定的”在文中虽然提及，但并不是重点之处，属于本末倒置；C项“敌对的”与原文相反，反向干扰；D项“非常微妙的”没提及，无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Which of the following is not true in this passage? 2. 下面哪一项在这段话中是不正确的？A. Existing computer functi

58、ons have been improved with the help of hackers. A. 在黑客的帮助下，现有的计算机功能得到了改进。B. Hackers efforts have contributed to increasing capabilities of our computer in several ways. B. 黑客的努力在几个方面帮助我们提高了计算机的性能。C. Hackers are generally taken as illegal in the past. C. 在过去，黑客通常被认为是非法的。D. Hackers believe that their

59、 technical accomplishment is the only criterion for evaluating them. D. 黑客相信他们的技术成就是评价他们的唯一标准。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段首句“黑客从来都不是主流机构的一部分，但他们目前作为网络空间恶棍的名声，与早期的情形相去甚远，当时，他们首先被视为热情而古怪的程序员，能够近乎奇迹般地完成非正统的机器操作壮举。”，从中可知，在过去，黑客是被视为热情而古怪的程序员，且技术精通；并且本文主要不是讲黑客犯罪或其他黑历史，而是讲早前的黑客其实与现在大不同，C项“在过去，黑客通常被认为是非法的”与全文基调不符

60、。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“在黑客的帮助下，现有的计算机功能得到了改进”和B项“黑客的努力在几个方面帮助我们提高了计算机的性能”从原文第三段可以得知，第三段提到黑客帮助开发了用于现有计算机功能的硬件和软件，并发明了新的算法和应用程序，而且还扩展了计算机的许多功能，他们还将计算机操作能力和效率推到了新的高度，所以该两项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D项“黑客相信他们的技术成就是评价他们的唯一标准”根据末段倒数第二句“他们坚信评估黑客的标准只有精湛的技术和成就（hackers be evaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosi

61、ty and accomplishment）”，所以该项也符合原文，属于反向干扰。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. The lifestyle of hackers described in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution is _. 3. 黑客：计算机革命的英雄中描述的黑客的生活方式是_。A. unconventional A. 非常规的，非传统的B. innovative B. 创新的C. annoying C. 令人讨厌的D. out of date D. 过时的【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据倒数第二段最后一句“这种非传统的生活方

62、式（The unconventional lifestyle）似乎并没有让追随者们反感”，从中可知，黑客的生活方式是非传统的。A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“创新的”、C项“令人讨厌的”和D项“过时的”根据解题思路可知，曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Which of the following is included in the hacker ethic? 4. 以下哪一项包含在黑客伦理中？A. Strong will to overcome difficulties that stand in the way. A. 克服阻碍前进的困难的坚强意志。B. Devotion to ge

63、t free access to information. B. 致力于免费获取信息。C. Concentration on the improvement of their craft. C. 专注于提高他们的技艺。D. Immense power to create art and beauty. D. 创造艺术和美的巨大力量。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词hacker ethic定位至最后一段第二句“这个信条包括几个要素：承诺免费使用电脑和信息（total and free access to computers and information），相信计算机的巨大力量（be

64、lief in immense powers of computers）可以改善人们的生活以及创造艺术和美丽，蔑视针对自由访问计算而设置的障碍（disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing），和坚持评估黑客的标准只有精湛的技术和成就（insistence that hackers be evaluated by other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment）”，从中可知，B项“致力于免费获取信息”是包含在黑客伦理里面的。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“克服阻碍前进的困难的坚强意志”原文没有提及，无中生有；C项“专注于提高他们的技艺”，原文是坚持评估黑客的标准只有精湛的技术和成就，并没有说明他们要专注于提高技艺，曲解原文；D项“创造艺术和美的