托福语法应试思路与考点汇编.ppt

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1、CNPC托福考试辅导系列 1 TOEFL语法部分 应试思路和考点汇编 主讲:张秀玲 辽河油田党校 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 2 About Me Molly 张秀玲 TEM-8 Music Sports Movies shopping CNPC托福考试辅导系列 3 How Do We Contact? Face to face Mail account: password:963369 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 4 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 5 中石油三大战略 资 源 市 场 国际化 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 6 会议热词 国际 突出海外发展,打造 国际的 中石油。积极开展合资合作, 持续扩大

2、合作规模。“十二五”期间,海外油气作业产量 将分别占公司总当量 50%,海外业务营业收入总体将达到 集团公司总收入的 50%。 委内瑞拉项目英特甘博油田马拉开波湖上钻井平台 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 7 An opportunity is never lost but missed, an opportunity missed is never lost but found by others. 机会不会消失而只会被错过,你错过的机会不会消失,而 往往被别人抓住。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 8 Life is a choice. 生活是个选择。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 9 Everyone

3、can be a teacher, just in different aspects. Let us learn from anyone that has merits. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 10 About TOEFL Test of English as A Foreign Language TOEFL ETS Educational Testing Service CNPC托福考试辅导系列 11 About TOEFL TOEFL有三种,分别是: PBTPaper Based Test (纸考 ),满分 677分 iBTInternet Based Test (网考 ),满分 1

4、20分 CBTComputer Based Test (机考 ),满分 300分 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 12 About CNPC TOEFL 中石油集团公司的自拟 TOEFL考试仍然采用老 TOEFL考试的形式,即 PBT纸 考,包括 Listening(听力 )、 Structure and Written Express(结构与书 面表达 )、 Reading Comprehension(阅读理解)三部分 考试时间为两个小时,其中第一部分 35分钟,第二部分 25分钟,第三部分 55分钟 题目数及分值: 140题,其中,听力 50题,满分 68分;结构与书面表达 40 题 结构 1-

5、15题,书面表达 16-40题 ,满分 68分;阅读理解 50题,满分 67 分 满足以下两种方式任一种: 总分数达到 500分; 听力单项达到 62分(错 4个)。 注意:结构与书面表达部分比其他两部分少了 10题,分值却未少,说明了什么? 说明某些小题的分值更高。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 13 Cooperate with me be on time (punctual) finish homework be active in activities or group work, do not be shy take notes carefully listen attentively,

6、 do not be absent-minded ask questions without hesitation, but better after class try not to play truant, if you have to, ask for a leave and back as early as possible be confident, do not lose heart at any time make suggestions or offer advice, I will be glad to take them. Where there will, there i

7、s a way. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 14 TOEFL语法部分应试思路和考点汇编 一、选择填空部分 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 15 应试思路 语法部分前 15题是选择句子残缺成份填空,以组成完整句 子的题型。这一部分侧重的是 句子成份的划分和句子结构 的分析 ,要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握,分离出主 干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。 因此简单来说,第一部分考的是应试者对句法的掌握程度, 包括主谓宾,定状补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。当 然,其中不可避免的也涉及了英语的一些固定搭配和表达, 但这些仍然体现了考生 对句子结构的把握和理解 。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列

8、16 (一)句子结构 句子基本结构指的是构成句子的基本组成部分,一般来说, 主语和谓语 是 唯一且必不可少 的句子基本成份,而宾语、 表语、定语、状语、补语这些成份视句子的具体结构和需 要而定。这里所提的句子包括主句和从句,即 主句和从句 均需含有主谓 的基本 结构 。 Birds can fly. All birds can fly highly in the sky. The people are from England. The people that you met in the campus are from England. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 17 句子结构和句型 1)

9、简单句( Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句,例如: She is fond of collecting stamps. 主 谓 2) 并列句( Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并 列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如: The food was good, but he had little appetite. 主 谓 主 谓 3) 复合句( Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句 子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如: The film had begun when

10、we got to the cinema. 主句 从句 (一) 句子 按其 结构 可以分为以下三类: CNPC托福考试辅导系列 18 句子结构和句型 1)主 + 谓( SV)例如: I work. 2)主 +谓 + 表( SVP)例如: John is busy. 3)主 +谓 + 宾( SVO)例如: She studies English. 4)主 +谓 + 宾 + 补( SVOC)例如: Time would prove me right. 5)主 +谓 + 间宾 + 直宾( SVOiOd)例如: My mother made me a new dress. (二)基本句型( Basic

11、 Sentence Patterns):英语中 千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、 扩展、变化而来的: CNPC托福考试辅导系列 19 考点 1:主语单一原则 主语单一指 必须有主语而且必须唯一,这一原则在主句和 从句中均是适用的 。 多个并列主语是可以的 可作主语的结构有:名词 (n),代词 (pron),不定式,动名 词,句子 (主语从句 ) Trees are important to us. Water, air, and the Sun are important to us. Flowers are sweet. I am a teacher. To see is

12、to believe. Seeing is believing. That the Earth goes around the Sun is known to all. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 20 考点 2:谓语单一原则 一个句子 有且只能有一个谓语 动词,可以多个动词并列, 每增加一个谓语,就要相应地增加一个关联词。 这一原则是我们分析句子的 黄金原则 ,由动词的个数可知 句子性质,所缺为何。 I was, am and will be a teacher. That is the man that I told you about yesterday. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 21

13、考点 2:谓语单一原则 谓语动词有四类: 实义动词 连系动词 助动词 be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 情态动词 can, may, must, should, would, will, shall,dare, need, ought to 所有表示具体、实际意义的动词 及物动词 _接宾语 不及物动 词 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 22 连系动词 系动词本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟 表语 ,构成系表结构。说明主 语的状况、性质、特征等。系动词有六种: 1)状态系动词,用来表示主语状态,只有 be一词 2)持续系动词,用来表示主语保持一

14、种状况或态度,有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 3)表像系动词,表示 看起来像 ,有 seem, appear, look 4)感官系动词,有 feel, smell, sound, taste 5)变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样,有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6)终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作,有 prove, trun out, 表达 证实 , 变成 He is a teacher. He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rest

15、s a mystery. He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad. This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet. He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time. The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 23 考点 3:主谓结构(填空主要考点

16、) 普林斯顿样题二 -15题 _ a lonely and rugged life, far from home and family. A. However the early gold prospector often lived. B. The early gold prospector often lived C. Not only did the early gold prospector often live D. The early gold prospector often living 普林斯顿样题二 -2题 Every year Canadian _about 75 per

17、cent of their exports to the United States. A. businesses that sell B. selling businesses C. businesses sell D. that sell to businesses CNPC托福考试辅导系列 24 考点 4:宾语成份 常考类型包括:及物动词后的宾语成份,介词后需加的宾 语成份,某些词或词组带双宾语的固定用法。 宾语的种类 可作宾语的成分 双宾语 复合宾语 形式宾语 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 25 1、宾语的种类 直接宾语 _动作的对象,承受者或后果 We love our motherla

18、nd. They robbed a bank. 间接宾语 _双宾动词后跟两宾语,一直接宾语,一间接宾语;间接宾语表示动 作是向某人或为某人做的 复合宾语 _由两部分构成的宾语,后者称为宾语补语(不定式,动名词,现在 分词、过去分词,名词,形容词) 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 Auntie gave me a toy car He bought himself a new tie 主语 谓语 宾语 补语 They asked him to speak at the meeting She saw a girl waving to her My kids never heard the son

19、g sung in Italian They elected him vice-president He made his father sad BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 26 2、可作宾语的成分 名词 Show your passport, please 代词 She didnt say anything 数词 - How many do you want? - I want two 名词化的形容词 They sent the injured to the hospital 不定式 They asked to see my passport 动名词 I enjoy working

20、with you 从句 Did you write down what he said? 复合结构 I find this weather very trying. BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 27 3、双宾语 英语中有些及物动词可带两个宾语(双宾语),即指人的 间接宾语 和指物的 直接宾语 ,常用句型为: S+V+Oi+Od 有时,间接宾语也可改为由介词 to或 for引起的短语,放在 直接宾语后面 She passed him the salt= Her uncle bought her a present= 由 to连接间接宾语的动词有: pass, give, show, te

21、ll, lend, take; 由 for连接间接宾语的动词有: buy, cook, sing, make, get. BACK Give me a cup of tea, please She passed the salt to him Her uncle bought her a present CNPC托福考试辅导系列 28 4、复合宾语 英语中,有些及物动词接宾语后还需接宾语补足语来补充 说明宾语的有关情况,这样意思才完整。宾语和宾语补足 语合称复合宾语。常用句型为: S+Vt+O+Oc 可做宾语补足语的有:名词,形容词,现在分词,不定式, 介词短语等 ( 1) 接名词作宾语补足语

22、的常见动词有: call, name. Think, make.如: ( 2) 接形容词作宾语补足语的常见动词有: make, keep, think, find.如: We call them mooncakes At first I find TOEFL test hard. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 29 4、复合宾语 ( 3)动词不定式作宾语补足语时分三种情况: 接带 to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: tell,want,ask,wish,teach. 如: Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow 接不带 to的动词不定式作宾语补

23、足语的动词有: see,hear, watch,let,make.如: He made us laugh 动词 help接带 (不带 to)的不定式均可 .如: She often helps her mother (to) do the housework. . CNPC托福考试辅导系列 30 4、复合宾语 ( 4) 接现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有: watch, see, hear, find, keep.如: In the country, you can hear birds singing. ( 5) 接介词短语作宾语补足语的常见动词有: find, keep, take.如:

24、The boy found himself in great difficulty. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 31 若宾语与其后成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系, 是复合宾语;否则就是双宾语。 She passed the salt to him Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. At first I find TOEFL test hard. Give me a cup of tea, please. 复合宾语 双宾语 BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 32 5、形式宾语 即用 it作宾语 ( 1)先行词 it作宾语。在一些复

25、合宾语中,可将 it做先行词,借助它将真正的宾 语放到句子后面 代表不定式 代表 that引导的从句( that有时可省略) 有时可代表连接代(副)词引导的从句或动名词 She found it difficult to convince him. I was sure (that) you would take my advice. He didnt make it clear when he is coming back. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 33 宾语从句见名词性从句一章 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 34 考点 5:定语成份 定语 定语从句 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 35 (一)定语

26、 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的 词、短语或句子 名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语以 及动词不定式(短语)、分词和定语从句 等都可用作定语。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 36 (一)定语 1.形容词作定语: The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修饰名词 boy; blue修 饰名词 pen.) /小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔 2.数词作定语相当于形容词: Two boys need two pens./两 个男孩需要两支钢笔。 3.代词或名词所有格作定语: His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要 Tom的钢笔。 CNPC托福考

27、试辅导系列 37 (一)定语 4.介词短语作定语: The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的 男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 5.名词作定语: The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 6.副词作定语: The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 38 (一)定语 7.不定式作定语: The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需 要一支钢笔。 8.分词(短语)作定语: The smiling

28、boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个 微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国 产的 9.定语从句: The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 39 (二)定语从句 从句有两种: 形容词性从句 名词性从句 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 40 (二)定语从句 有关定语从句的概念 关系代词的一般用法 关系副词的一般用法

29、判断关系代词与关系副词 限制性和非限制性定语从句 介词 +关系词 as, which 引导非限定性定语从句 先行词和关系词二合一 关系代词 that 的用法 作定语从句试题的基本方法 定 语 从 句 专 项 练 习 题 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 41 (二)定语从句 有关定语从句的概念 定语从句 先行词 关系词 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 42 (二)定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是 作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以 又称为形容词性从句,它通常紧靠在所修饰的先行词(名 词或代词)后面。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 43 (二)定语从句 就是被定语从句修

30、饰的名词或代词 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 44 (二)定语从句 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which和 that等; 关系副词 有 when, where, why等 关系词不仅起连接作用,而且还代表先行词并在定语从句 中担任某一句子成分,关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表 语等;关系副词作状语。如: This is the book that my father bought me yesterday The time when he arrives is not known BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 45 (二)定语从句 先行词

31、是人,在从句中作主语用 who,作宾语用 whom或 who,作定语用 whose; 先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用 which,作定语用 of which或 whose均可。 在限制性定语从句中 which, who, whom都可用 that代替。 关系代词作宾语时常被省略。如: This is the man who helped me yesterday. (作主语 ) The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. (作 see的宾语,可以省略 ) I met a boy whose father was a a

32、stronaut. (作定语 ) Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. (作主 语) This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year. (作 visited的宾语,可以省略 ) He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. (作定语) BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 46 (二)定语从句 1) when, where, why 关系副词有 when, where, why,在定语从句中

33、作状语,分 别表示时间、地点和原因。 when的先行词通常是 time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词; where的先行词 通常是 place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词; why的先行词只能是 reason。 关系副词的一般用法 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 47 (二)定语从句 关系副词 when, where, why的含义相当于 介词 + which结 构,因此常常和 介词 + which结构交替使用, why可用 for which代替。如: There ar

34、e occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候 Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京 是我的出生地 Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 关系副词的一般用法 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 48 (二)定语从句 2) that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why和 介词 + which引

35、导的定语从句,在 口语中 that常被省略;换句话说:先行词虽然是时间或地 点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词。 例如: 关系副词的一般用法 The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。 (作状语 ) The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。 (作主语 ) 比 较: Ill never forget the days when we lived together 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。 (

36、作状语 ) Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。 (作及物动词 spent的宾语 ) reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 作状语,用关系副词 ) The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated. 他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。 (作 gave的宾语, 用关系代词 ) BACK CNPC

37、托福考试辅导系列 49 (二)定语从句 方法一 :用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的 谓语动词。及物动词后面若无宾语,就必须要求用关系代 词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. This is the book( that) you bought yesterday. 从句中的 stay是不及物动词,不需要后接宾语, 所以用关系副词 where引导 从句中 bought是及物动词,需要后接宾语,所以 用关系代词 that做从句中的宾语,可省 . CNPC托福考试辅导系列 50

38、(二)定语从句 判断、改错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countrysi

39、de. F F CNPC托福考试辅导系列 51 (二)定语从句 方法二 : 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、 宾、定、状 ),也能正确选择出关系代词 /关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one D A 变为肯定句 :This museum is _ you

40、 visited a few days ago.所 缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的 作用,只有 the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语, 可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D。 变为肯定句 :This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 52 关 系 词 的 选择 依据其在 从

41、句中所做的成分,先行 词 在 从 句中 做主、定、 宾语时 , 选择关 系代 词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行 词 在 从 句中做 状语时 , 应选择关 系副 词 ( where 地点 状语 , when 时间状语 , why 原因 状语 )。 BACK CNPC托福考试辅导系列 53 定语从句专项练习 Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed A learn B who C that D who learn Anyone _ this opinion may

42、speak out A that againsts B that against C who is against D who are against D 先行词是 those, 在从句中作主语,不能省略关系代词, 谓语动词用复数形式 C against是介词,要与 be动词连用;先行词是 anyone, 谓语动词用单数形式。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 54 定语从句专项练习 The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which which用作关系代词,在定语从

43、句中作主语。 Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke B. C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 和谁讲话”要说 speak to sb. 本题全句应为 Do you know the man whom I spoke to. whom是关系代词,作 介词 to的宾语,可以省略。 A C CNPC托福考试辅导系列 55 定语从句专项练习 Didnt you see the man _? A I nodded just now B whom I nodded just now C I nodded to

44、him just now D I nodded to just now nod to表示“向某人点头”;定语从句的关系代词为 whom, that, 在从句中作介词宾语,可以省略。 Have you seen the girl _? A that I told B I told you of C whom I told you D I told you of him tell sb of sth表示“告诉某人某事”,定语从句的关系代 词为 whom或 that, 在从句中作介词宾语,可以省略。 D B CNPC托福考试辅导系列 56 定语从句专项练习 Can you lend me the n

45、ovel _ the other day? A that you talked B you talked about it C which you talked with D you talked about 定语从句的关系代词为 which或 that, 在从句中作介词 about的宾语,可以省略。 The matter _ you were arguing about last night has been settled A that B what C why D for which 先行词是物,关系代词在从句中作宾语,可省。 D A CNPC托福考试辅导系列 57 定语从句专项练习 H

46、is parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor A that B which C whos D whose 先行词是人,关系代词在从句中作定语,修饰 family Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black A which B which of C its D whose 先行词是物,关系代词在从句中作定语,修饰 cover D D CNPC托福考试辅导系列 58 定语从句专项练习 That scientist _ work is successful has been mad

47、e a model worker A which B who C whos D whose 先行词是人,关系代词在从句中作定语,修饰 work How do you like the book? Its quite different from _ I read last month A. that B. which C. the one D the one what 主句中缺少先行词,加上一个 the one作为先行词;关系 代词在从句中作宾语,可以省略。 D C CNPC托福考试辅导系列 59 定语从句专项练习 He often helps the students _ he thinks

48、 are not quick at their studies A. whom B. who C. when D. because he thinks是插入语, who在从句中作主语。 I will hire the man _ they say is a good English speaker A. who B. what C. which D whom they say是插入语, who在从句中作主语。 B A CNPC托福考试辅导系列 60 定语从句专项练习 This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that t

49、hey stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed where是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which when是关系副词,表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 D C CNPC托福考试辅导系列 61 定语从句专项练习 That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which B.

50、 C. in which D. when which是关系代词,在从句中作 forget的宾语。其他几个 答案都不能作宾语。 The factory _well visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 解析同上。 A C CNPC托福考试辅导系列 62 定语从句专项练习 Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. t

51、here where是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 It there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. whos C. which D. whose whose引导定语从句 ,在从句中作主语 family的定语 . A D CNPC托福考试辅导系列 63 定语从句专项练习 Im interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which that引导定语从句 ,因为先行词是 all,所以只能选用 that引导 . Y

52、oure the only person _Ive ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 先行词 person后有两个定语从句 ,第一个从句省略了关系 代词 whom.因为 , whom作从句中 met的宾语 ,可以省略 .第 二个从句 who could do it. who在从句中作主语 ,不可省略 . A D CNPC托福考试辅导系列 64 定语从句专项练习 I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent tog

53、ether. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 两个先行词 the day都是表示时间的名词 ,但第一个空白处 要填的关系词在从句中作状语 ,因此要用关系副词 when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词 spent的宾语 , 因此要用关系代词 which或 that来引导定语从句 . You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose he makes是定语从句 , 从句前省略了关系代词 that.

54、 A A CNPC托福考试辅导系列 65 定语从句专项练习 During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns. A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed that followed是定语从句,关系代词 that在从句中作主语。 Is _ some German friends visited last week? A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 为便于

55、理解,改写本句话: This is the school that some German friends visited last week. 不难看出,作表语的 the school是先行词。 that引导了定语从句,因为 that同时 又作 visited的宾语,所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。 D B CNPC托福考试辅导系列 66 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先 行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限 制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主 句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如: This is the

56、 house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) . CNPC托福考试辅导系列 67 限制性和非限制性定语从句 2) 当先行词被专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其 后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 (专有名词)

57、 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。(物主代词) This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。(指示代词) CNPC托福考试辅导系列 68 限制性和非限制性定语从句 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词 , 对其进行 修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant,

58、 which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 69 小试牛刀 1.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have lo

59、oked after 2.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A. that B. which C. for which D. who CNPC托福考试辅导系列 70 小试牛刀 3. My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 4. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that

60、 B. which C. it D. though CNPC托福考试辅导系列 71 小试牛刀 5. I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which 6. I lost a book, _I cant remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it

61、 D. the title of that CNPC托福考试辅导系列 72 小试牛刀 7. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house. A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 8.The letter is from my sister_is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who My father,

62、 _ is a doctor, is now retired. CNPC托福考试辅导系列 73 as, which 引导非限定性定语从句 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us as 和 which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词 都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主 语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which不可。 (2) as 代表整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句

63、中的谓语 必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能 用 which。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 74 As 的用法 1. the same as ; suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构 , “和 一样 ” I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有 正如 之意 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. as是关系代词,作 know的宾语 As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. as是关系

64、代词 , 充当从句的主语,谓语动词 know要用被动 式。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 75 典型例题 1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 3. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me f

65、rom going to the park. A. that B. which C. as D. it as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语 必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用 which。在本题中, prevent由于是行为动词,所以应选 B。 CNPC托福考试辅导系列 76 介词 +关系词引导的定语从句 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略 2) that前不能有介词 3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的 “介词 +关系 词 ”结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。关系副词 = 介词 +关系代词, why=for which, where=

66、in/ at/ on/ . Which, when=during/ on/ in/ . Which。如: The man with whom you talked is my friend. This is the house in which I lived two years ago = This is the house where I lived two years ago Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? = Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reaso

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