2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第94期

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1、2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题_, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.问题1选项A.Although he is a socialistB.Even if he is a socialistC.Being a socialistD.Since he is a socialist【答案】A【解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项Although he is a socialist“虽然他是一个社会主义者”；B选项Even if he is a socialist“即使他是一个社会主

2、义者”；C选项Being a socialist“作为一个社会主义”；D选项Since he is a socialist“因为他是一个社会主义者”。句意：_，威尔斯先生几乎不同情工人阶级。本句表达“虽然他是一个社会主义者，但是他不同情工人阶级”，因此A选项正确。2. 单选题. Human rights are often presented as the outcome of a long and noble maturation process of intellectual ideas such as freedom, equality or human dignity basicall

3、y as the ultimate crystallization of Enlightenment ideas. The contemporary importance of human rights is then viewed as the final result of the forward march of history, reason or civilization, advancing the inherent rights and dignity of every person. In this vein, a large body of literature has fo

4、cused on the precursors of human rights, claiming that the idea of universal human dignity and individual rights ultimately derives from, for instance, Catholic Christianity, Protestantism or the French enlightenment. These are the kind of narratives and histories that have been deeply criticized by

5、 Nietzsche (尼采) (or later Foucault (福柯) because they misconstrue the past as a teleology leading to, and justifying, the current state of affairs. Instead Nietzsche proposed a genealogical methodology, which gives credit to the contingent, unpredictable, hidden and often dark currents of history. Fr

6、om this perspective, the job of the historian, sociologist or philosopher is not to reconstruct the linear path from which human rights have victoriously emerged but to investigate the haphazard make-up of human rights, looking into the contingent conditions and unforeseen circumstances out of which

7、 values grow.In The Sacredness of the Person Hans Joas (汉斯约阿斯) seeks to connect Nietzsches awareness of historical contingency with respect to the genesis of values with the more sociological question of why human rights and universal human dignity serve now as a new global culture and morality. Bas

8、ically, how can we best describe and explain the deep moral commitment and almost universal appeal of human rights, functioning today as a de facto global civil religion with its own transnational symbols such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or shared rituals such as UNs Universal Perio

9、dic Review? However, in contrast to a Nietzsche an reading, Joas does not as such want to criticize or deconstruct the idea of universal human rights. He, thus, devises both a research object and approach that is not critical by conventional sociological measure but more geared towards an interpreti

10、ve approach. More precisely, while acknowledging that human rights are a genuine historical innovation, he also wants to preserve and explain the now self-evident moral character that human rights have for those who feel bound by them.1.From the first paragraph, one can know that Nietzsche or Foucau

11、lt _.2.Nietzsche or later Foucault criticized the large number of literature because _.3.According to the second paragraph, Hans Joas tries to _.4.The difference between Nietzsche and Joas is that _.问题1选项A.is a scholar who uses teleological method towards human rightsB.disagrees with the teleologica

12、l method of researchC.claims that the idea of universal human dignity and individual rights ultimately derives from Catholic Christianity, Protestantism or the French enlightenmentD.thinks that human rights is the final result of the forward march of history, reason or civilization问题2选项A.they used a

13、 genealogical methodologyB.the idea of universal human dignity and individual rights ultimately does not derive from Catholic Christianity, Protestantism or the French enlightenmentC.do not give credit to the contingent, unpredictable, hidden and often dark currents of historyD.they misconstrue the

14、past as a teleology leading to the current state of affairs问题3选项A.connect Nietzsches awareness of historical contingency the more sociological questionB.explain the deep moral commitment and almost universal appeal of human rightsC.describe the functioning of human rights as a de facto global civil

15、religionD.describe the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the transnational symbol of human rights问题4选项A.the latter wants to criticize or deconstruct the idea of universal human rightsB.the former devises both a research object and approach that is not critical by conventional sociological mea

16、sureC.the latter also wants to explain the now self-evident moral character of human rightsD.the former acknowledges that human rights are a genuine historical innovation【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“ Nietzsche or Foucault”定位到原文第一段In this vein, a large body of literature has focused on

17、 the precursors of human rights, claiming that the idea of universal human dignity and individual rights ultimately derives from, for instance, Catholic Christianity, Protestantism or the French enlightenment. These are the kind of narratives and histories that have been deeply criticized by Nietzsc

18、he (or later Foucault) because they misconstrue the past as a teleology leading to, and justifying, the current state of affairs.（在这一脉络下，大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者，声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采（或后来的福柯）深刻批评，因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论）可知尼采或福柯批评目的论，选B选项“不同意目的论的研究方法”，A选项“是一位用目的论方法研究人权的学者”以及C选项“认为人

19、类普遍尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动”在文中属于人权的先驱者，不是尼采或福柯的观点，偷换概念，排除；D选项“认为人权是历史、理性或文明前进的最终结果”未在第一段提及。因此B选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“ Nietzsche or Foucault”定位到原文第一段In this vein, a large body of literature has focused on the precursors of human rights, claiming that the idea of universal human dignity and individu

20、al rights ultimately derives from, for instance, Catholic Christianity, Protestantism or the French enlightenment. These are the kind of narratives and histories that have been deeply criticized by Nietzsche (or later Foucault) because they misconstrue the past as a teleology leading to, and justify

21、ing, the current state of affairs.（在这一脉络下，大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者，声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采（或后来的福柯）深刻批评，因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论）可知选D选项“它们把过去误解为一种导致当前事态的目的论”以及B选项“普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的想法最终不是来自天主教、基督教，新教或法国启蒙运动”并不是尼采或福柯后来批评大量的文学的原因；第一段Instead Nietzsche proposed a genealogical methodology, whic

22、h gives credit to the contingent, unpredictable, hidden and often dark currents of history.（相反，尼采提出了一个谱系方法论，它把归信于偶然的，不可预测的，隐藏的，经常是黑暗的历史潮流）可知A选项“他们使用了一种谱系方法论”和C选项“不相信偶然的，不可预测的，隐藏的，经常是黑暗的历史潮流”是尼采所赞同的，排除。因此D选项正确。3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“Hans Joas”定位到原文第二段第一句In The Sacredness of the Person Hans Joas seeks to con

23、nect Nietzsches awareness of historical contingency with respect to the genesis of values with the more sociological question of why human rights and universal human dignity serve now as a new global culture and morality.（在人的神圣性一书中，汉斯约阿斯试图将尼采关于价值起源的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来，即为什么人权和普遍的人类尊严现在成为一种新的全球文化和道德）

24、可知选A选项“将尼采的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来”以及B选项“解释人权的深刻的道德承诺和几乎普遍的呼吁”错误；C选项“将人权的运作描述为事实上的全球公民宗教”和D选项“将世界人权宣言描述为人权的跨国象征”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“Nietzsche and Joas”定位到原文第二段More precisely, while acknowledging that human rights are a genuine historical innovation, he also wants to preserve and explain the n

25、ow self-evident moral character that human rights have for those who feel bound by them.（更确切地说，在承认人权是一种真正的历史创新的同时，他还希望保护并解释人权对那些感到受其约束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品质）可知选C选项“后者还想解释现在不言而喻的人权的道德特征”以及D选项“前者承认人权是一种真正的历史创新”错误，尼采和乔斯都承认人权是一种真正的历史创新；第二段However, in contrast to a Nietzsche an reading, Joas does not as such

26、want to criticize or deconstruct the idea of universal human rights. He, thus, devises both a research object and approach that is not critical by conventional sociological measure but more geared towards an interpretive approach.（然而，与尼采的解读相反，乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念。因此，他设计了一种研究对象和方法，这种方法不是由传统的社会学度量来评判的，而是

27、更倾向于解释性的方法）可知乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念，而尼采会批评或解构普遍人权的理念，A选项“后者是对普遍人权思想的批判或解构”，B选项“前者设计了一个研究对象和方法，这不是批判性的传统社会学措施”和原文相悖。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题I. JurisprudenceIt is practically impossible to imagine constitutional law without dissent. The very first opinion in the Charter era the Patriation Reference was marked by it.

28、 Dissent is powerful and evocative, even mythic; it suggests roads not taken and parallel universes. It evokes a fundamental and, sometimes, unsettling contingency about law. It can be problematic, disrupting easy understandings of how to a court “gets it right” and, thus, damaging to a courts legit

29、imacy.Yet, dissent has positive aspects, too. It can: better articulate norms and understandings underlying key decision-rules; provide a counter-narrative to prevailing orthodoxy; lay the foundation for future development of law; provide a necessary outlet for disagreement that otherwise might cons

30、train and frustrate judicial actors; and even secure broader acceptance of a majority decision by showing that it is a product of deliberation.In this paper, I present another possible “upside” to dissent that focuses on the issue in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A: equality. First, I canvass two way

31、s that dissent manifests in Charter jurisprudence: one (functional) relating to the judiciarys appropriate role in constitutional disputes; and the other (principled) relating to the identification, scope or application of rules and norms. The two models are richly represented in equality jurisprude

32、nce. In the Supreme Courts first Section 15 case, Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia, the Court divided over the functional question of how closely the Court should scrutinize legislated difference. In subsequent cases, the Court has struggled to reach consensus on the meaning of equality it

33、self an issue of principle.The fact that equality jurisprudence has been characterized by chronic disagreement might appear unfortunate. But my review of section 15 case law suggests that, by providing the space to fully flesh out points of disagreement, dissent has contributed to richer accounts of

34、 equality. Borrowing the language of Cass Sunstein, I suggest that a divided equality decision that is the result of failure to reach agreement on “deep” issues is preferable to one that, as the price of unanimity, remains “shallow”. I conclude that the decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A is

35、deep rather than shallow and so, despite its frustrating divisions, it is on the whole better than many of the unanimous equality decisions that preceded it.1.The author listed the following positive aspects of dissent BUT _.2.From the third paragraph, one can know the following BUT _.3.The author t

36、hinks that a divided equality decision is preferable because _.4.What is the most suitable topic for these paragraphs?问题1选项A.It provides a counter-narrative to prevailing orthodoxyB.It can lay the foundation for future development of lawC.It can provide a necessary outlet for disagreementD.It can be

37、 damaging to a courts legitimacy问题2选项A.The author discusses the cases in which the function of dissents is obvious in two waysB.The subsequent cases were decided by consensusC.Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia is a constitutional case relating to Section 15D.Andrews v. Law Society of Britis

38、h Columbia was not decided unanimously问题3选项A.it contributes to richer accounts of equalityB.it is deepC.it is on the whole betterD.is frustratingly divided问题4选项A.The Dissent in Equality JurisprudenceB.The Upside of DissentC.The Upside of Dissent in Equality JurisprudenceD.The Equality Jurisprudence【

39、答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段It can be problematic, disrupting easy understandings of how to a court “gets it right” and, thus, damaging to a courts legitimacy.（它可能会造成问题，扰乱人们对法院如何“正确处理”的简单理解，从而损害法院的合法性）可知选D选项“它可能会损害法院的合法性”，D选项不属于积极的方面；根据题干关键词“positive aspects of dissent”定位到原文第二段Yet

40、, dissent has positive aspects, too. It can: better articulate norms and understandings underlying key decision-rules; provide a counter-narrative to prevailing orthodoxy; lay the foundation for future development of law; provide a necessary outlet for disagreement that otherwise might constrain and

41、 frustrate judicial actors;（然而，异议也有积极的一面。它可以：更好地阐明关键决策规则背后的规范和理解；对盛行的正统学说提供一种反叙事；为法律的未来发展奠定基础；为可能限制和挫败司法行为人的分歧提供一个必要的发泄途径）可知A选项“它是对主流正统观念的一种反驳”，B选项“可以为法律的未来发展奠定基础”，C选项“它可以为分歧提供一个必要的出口”都属于积极的方面。因此D选项符合题意。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段In the Supreme Courts first Section 15 case, Andrews v. Law Society of British

42、Columbia, the Court divided over the functional question of how closely the Court should scrutinize legislated difference. In subsequent cases, the Court has struggled to reach consensus on the meaning of equality itself an issue of principle.（在最高法院第15节的安德鲁斯诉不列颠哥伦比亚省法律协会案中，最高法院就法院应在多大程度上仔细审查立法上的差异这一

43、功能问题存在分歧。在随后的案件中，最高法院一直在努力就平等本身的含义达成共识这是一个原则问题）可知B选项“随后的案件由协商一致决定”不符合原文，原文只是提到在随后的案件中，最高法院一直在努力就平等本身的含义达成共识，以及C选项“安德鲁斯诉英属哥伦比亚法律协会案是与第15条有关的宪法案件”，D选项“安德鲁斯诉英属哥伦比亚法律协会案并不是一致决定的”符合原文；定位到原文第三段First, I canvass two ways that dissent manifests in Charter jurisprudence: one (functional) relating to the judic

44、iarys appropriate role in constitutional disputes; and the other (principled) relating to the identification, scope or application of rules and norms.（首先，我考察了不同意见在宪章判例中的两种表现方式：一种（功能性）与司法机关在宪法争端中的适当作用有关；另一个（原则性的）与规则和规范的确定、范围或适用有关）可知A选项“作者从两个方面讨论了不同意见的作用”符合原文。因此B选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段最后一句I conclud

45、e that the decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A is deep rather than shallow and so, despite its frustrating divisions, it is on the whole better than many of the unanimous equality decisions that preceded it.（我的结论是，魁北克（总检察长）诉A案的裁决是深刻的，而不是肤浅的，因此，尽管存在令人沮丧的分歧，但总体上比之前许多一致通过的平等裁决要好）可知选B选项“它是深刻的”，因为

46、裁决更深刻，所以尽管有分歧，但总体上还是比之前许多一致通过的平等裁决要好，C选项“总体上比较好”错误，逻辑关系和原文相反，D选项“令人沮丧的分裂”逻辑关系错误；A选项“它有助于更丰富的平等的解释”在原文中提及，但并不是作者认为分割的平等决定更可取的原因，只是说dissent has contributed to richer accounts of equality（不同意见有助于更丰富地解释平等）。因此B选项正确。4.推理判断题。文章第一段提出宪法没有异议是不可能的，以及提到异议可能带来的问题，引出第二段，提出异议的积极面；第三段In this paper, I present anothe

47、r possible “upside” to dissent that focuses on the issue in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A: equality.（在这篇论文中，我提出了另一个可能的“积极面”，以关注魁北克（总检察长）诉案的问题：平等）可知，这一篇文章主要在讨论异议的积极面，以及基于全文在探讨法律的基调，则选C选项“平等法学中异议的正面”；A选项“平等法中的异议”，D选项“平等法理学”太过片面；B选项“异议的好处”范围太广，概括不如C选项精确。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题If the United States had built mor

48、e homes for poor people in 1995, the housing problems now in some parts of the country _ so serious.问题1选项A.wouldnt beB.wouldnt have beenC.will not beD.would have not been【答案】A【解析】考查错综时间虚拟条件句。第一句是虚拟过去时If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1995 (had=过去时)，但第二句the housing problems

49、 now，关键是now，表示现在，时态发生改变。变为错综虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情调整。句意：如果美国在1995年为穷人建造更多的住房，现在美国一些地区的住房问题就不会那么严重。本句表示如果以前怎样，那现在的问题就不会那么严重，主句时态用情态动词+现在时。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题V. Civil and Commercial LawEarly in the 20th century, New Zealand adopted a national no-fault workers compensation sch

50、eme, replacing tort law for industrial accidents while leaving the rest of it intact. It also mandated tort liability insurance against auto accidents. During the 1960s, New Zealand established a royal commission to explore possible reforms to its workers compensation system. As sometimes occurs wit

51、h such bodies, it decided not to be limited by its remit but proceeded instead to review the tort system more generally.In 1967, the commission published the Woodhouse Report (named after the justice who led the effort). It severely criticized the fault-based tort systems “false morality,” unpredict

52、able damage awards, and high transaction costs (amounting to over 40% of the total system costs, much lower than the comparable costs in U.S. asbestos litigation first launched at around the same time). In place of tort, the Report proposed a comprehensive no-fault compensation scheme for personal i

53、njuries generally (not just workplace accidents), one that it hoped would be designed to provide wage loss benefits roughly matching pre-injury earnings and additional benefits for permanent bodily impairment, while also promoting accident prevention, victim rehabilitation, and administrative effici

54、ency.In 1972, the National Party government, whose Justice and Labour ministries had been actively promoting the commission and the Woodhouse Report, pushed through the Accident Compensation Act. It enjoyed bipartisan support and passed quite easily - a fact that will astonish any American lawyer ob

55、serving the endless struggles over even the mildest tort reforms in the U.S. Amended in 1973 by the new Labour government to include accidents to non-wage earners, the Act went into effect in April 1974.Even more surprising, the public did not demand the new system. Instead, according to Geoffrey Pa

56、lmer, it was the handiwork of a small group of dedicated reformers led by influential and prestigious judges. Success was assured when the major groups opposing the reform the insurance industry, the bar, and labor unions turned out to be politically weak and fragmented. The new system was not the c

57、omprehensive abolition of tort that the Woodhouse Report had proposed. Rather, it limited no-fault coverage to motor vehicle-related injuries and to wage-earners injuries (whether work related or not). But the government subsequently expanded the system to cover virtually all accidental injuries and

58、 to confer very broad benefits for victims. New Zealanders today generally regard their system (some disputed details aside) as a mainstay of their social policy.67. According to the 1st paragraph, which of the following statement about the commission is NOT true?68. The Woodhouse Report contained t

59、he following BUT _.69. Which statement about the Accident Compensation Act is true?70. The New Zealanders attitude towards the new tort system was _.问题1选项A.It was established in 1960.B.It was authorized to explore possible reforms to the workers compensation system.C.It decided to review the tort sy

60、stem more generally.D.It was a royal commission.问题2选项A.criticizing the fault-based tort systems “false morality”B.proposition about a comprehensive no-fault compensation schemeC.accident preventionD.much lower costs than the comparable costs in U.S.问题3选项A.It became effective in April 1973.B.The Nati

61、onal Party government was against the Act.C.The Justice and Labour ministries actively promoted the Act.D.The Act was amended in 1973 before it became effective.问题4选项A.supportive from the very beginningB.represented by a small group of dedicated reformersC.first unconcerned, then became proud of itD

62、.represented by the insurance industry, the bar, and labor unions【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C【解析】67. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“the commission”定位到原文第一段During the 1960s, New Zealand established a royal commission to explore possible reforms to its workers compensation system.（20世纪60年代，新西兰成立了一个皇家委员会，探讨对其工

63、人薪酬制度可能进行的改革）可知这个皇家委员会是在20世纪60年代（指19601969）成立，无法判断是否成立于1960年，A选项“它成立于1960年”陈述和原文不符，B选项“它被授权探索对工人补偿制度进行可能的改革”以及D选项“这是一个皇家委员会”符合原文；第一段As sometimes occurs with such bodies, it decided not to be limited by its remit but proceeded instead to review the tort system more generally.（正如这些机构有时会发生的那样，它决定不受其职权范

64、围的限制，而是更广泛地审查侵权制度）可知C选项“它决定更广泛地审查侵权制度”符合原文。因此A选项符合题意。68. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“The Woodhouse Report”定位到原文第二段amounting to over 40% of the total system costs, much lower than the comparable costs in U.S. asbestos litigation first launched at around the same time（相当于总制度成本的40%以上，远低于美国石棉诉讼中的可比成本）可知D选项“比美国的可比成本低得多”所提到的范围比原文所提及的“远低于美国石棉诉讼中的可比成本”大得多，D选项对比原文有误；第二段It severely criticized the fault-based tort systems “false morality,”（它严厉批评了基于过错的侵权制度的“虚假道德”）可知A选项“批评基于过错的侵权制度的虚假道德”符合原文；第二段In place of tort, the Report