2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第128期

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题很多人认为没有兄弟姐妹的孩子很幸运，因为他们可以得到物质享受和别人的注意。但是想一想独生子女没有隐私-父母总是感觉自己有权知道发生在他或她生活中的一切。身为独生子女的第二个缺点是缺少某些优势，而这恰恰是有兄弟姐妹的孩子所拥有的。独生子女无法因为事情出错而责备兄弟姐妹，或是索要哥哥姐姐以前曾被给予的特权。此外，独生子女也失去了兄弟姐妹的陪伴。结果就是孤独，以及在日后的生活中 交朋友也会遇到麻烦，因为他们从未学过与兄弟或姐妹相处。【答案】Many people believe that children without

2、 siblings are very lucky, because they have access to higher material comfort and more attentions. However, single children, generally speaking, are not entitled to privacy right because parents always think they must learn about what their children have met and done. Being single children, they wil

3、l be lack of some advantages that those having siblings possess, such as blaming siblings for having done wrong and claiming some privileges which elder brothers or sisters have as well as being accompanied by them. As a result, for they feel lonely and have no experiences getting along with sibling

4、s, single children will encounter difficulty in making friends in the future.2. 翻译题For a century or so, the shopping ritual at dealer showrooms for new and used vehicles hasnt changed much, apart from more comfortable chairs and the addition of latte (拿铁咖啡) machines.But the Internet is unraveling th

5、e essence of new-car retailing, arming shoppers with more information than ever about features and prices, and (as) well as expert reviews. Will shoppers soon be able to take the next step and order new cars online, like books, laptops and shoes?The debate over Internet vehicle sales rages, since au

6、tomakers see if (it) as a way to slash distribution costs by hundreds, and perhaps a few thousand dollars per vehicle. Dealers are aghast: They have shielded their franchises in every state with legislation. Many view Internet sales as a means of undermining them. Dealers assert that “cars arent boo

7、ks or shoes” and are best sold in person by their sales staff, a process that allows the shopper to test the vehicle, as well as explore financing and trade-ins.Tesla Motors (TSLA.，the groundbreaking electric-vehicle manufacturer founded by Elon Musk, takes orders for its Model S sedan, which starts

8、 at $70.000, on its website. The cars are delivered either at one of its 30 company-owned stores or can be drop-shipped to a buyers home. Tesla, clearly, is bucking law and tradition. “In Texas, where the law precludes delivering directly to customers, we do so through third-parties,” said Sharma He

9、ndriks, a Tesla spokesperson. “Were not saying well never have dealers; but that model doesnt make sense for us now.Because the market for used cars isnt protected by new-car franchise laws, it may provide a more promising opportunity for online vehicle sales. eBay Motors, a division of eBay (EBAY),

10、 offers thousands of vehicles online for sales between private parties. Many used-car dealers also use the digital platform and pay a listing fee.Carvana, a venture sponsored by DriveTime, one of the nations largest used-car operations, has begun selling late-model used premium and luxury models on

11、its own website. Carvana operates for the time being only in Atlanta and its environs but hopes to expand nationwide.Ernie Garcia Jr., Carvanas chief executive officer, said that the first hundred vehicles sold by Carvana reflect what he called a “promising” trend of high satisfaction among buyers.

12、Four buyers of the first hundred werent satisfied with their purchase and exercised their right to trade the vehicles they bought for another. Only one of the hundred demanded a refund.Garcia said that sales of new and used vehicles at dealerships, in the conventional manner, reflect about “$2,000 a

13、 car” in sales, general and administrative cost. He regards that amount as margin that can and will eventually shrink as online attracts more vehicle shoppers. New-vehicle sales online havent arrived, and perhaps may never. Yet that day feels as though its drawing closer, especially for consumers wh

14、o will choose anything and everything-including a spouse-using keypad or mouse.For a century or so, the shopping ritual at dealer showrooms for new and used vehicles hasnt changed much, apart from more comfortable chairs and the addition of latte （拿铁咖啡） machines.【答案】一个世纪以来，在经销商的展厅里购买新车或二手车的程序基本上没有什

15、么变化，只是多了一些舒服的椅子和咖啡机什么的。但互联网正在解构新车销售的本质，它让消费者了解到更多有关汽车性能和价格的信息，同时还有专家的评测与看法。那么，不久的将来，消费者是否会像买书、 买鞋、买笔记本电脑一样，开始在网上订购汽车呢？关于汽车能否在互联网上销售的争论十分激烈。汽车厂商们认为，网上卖车可以大幅降低渠道成本，光是卖一辆车的渠道成本就可减少几百、甚至几千美元。 而经销商们则惊慌失措，他们已经在美国的各个州通过法律巩固了自己的经营权，许多经销商认为网上售车会对他们的业务造成严重损害。他们坚称“汽车不是书也不是鞋”, 最好还是通过与销售员面对面沟通的方式来购车，因为消费者可以通过这个环

16、节试驾车辆，同时办妥贷款和打折等有关的事宜。由艾伦马斯科投资的电动汽车制造商特斯拉汽车公司(Tesla Motors) B 经开始在官网上接受Models的订单了，这款车型的起价为7万美元。这些车辆既可以 运到这家公司拥有的30家商店里，也可以直接运到消费者的家门口。显然特斯拉并不怕挑战法律和传统。特斯拉公司的发言人莎娜亨德里克斯说：“德克萨斯州的法律禁止厂商把汽车直接运到消费者家里，所以我们是通过第三方这样做的。我们并不是说我们永远都不需要经销商，但就眼下来说，那种模式对我们没有意义。”由于二手车市场不受新车特许经营法保护，因此这个领域对在线卖车来说可能更有前景。比如eBay旗下的eBay

17、Motors就在网络上发布了成千上万辆车型信息，方便私人进行二手车交易。很多二手车经销商也利用这个数码平台进行交易，而且还要支付一定的展示费用。Carvana是美国最大的二手车交易商之一 DriveTime投资的一家公司，已 经开始在自己的网上销售最新款的二手豪车和高端车型了。目前Carvana的业务还仅限于亚特兰大及周边地区，但它希望尽快将业务扩展到全美。公司CEO小欧尼加西尼介绍：Carvana公司首批卖出的100辆二手车在 客户中的满意度很高，预示了光明的前景。这100个客户中，只有4个人对他们购买的车辆不满意，而且行使了换车的权利，另外只有1名客户要求退车返款。加西亚表示，在传统的销售

18、方式下，无论是卖新车还是旧车，每辆的销售成本、一般成本与管理成本加起来，都高达2,000美元左右。他认为，随着网络售车的模式吸引更多的消费者，这部分金额最终会缩水，转化成利润。新车的在线销售虽然还没有成为现实，而且说不定永远都将是纸上谈兵，但是给我们的感觉却是这一天已经离我们越来越近了。特别是有些消费者己经习惯了用鼠标和键盘挑选和购买一切东西，甚至包括挑选自己的人生伴侣。3. 单选题It is a devastating prospect. Terrorists electronically break into the computers that control the water sup

19、ply of a large American city, open and close valves to contaminate the water with untreated sewage or toxic chemicals, and then release it in a devastating flood. As the emergency services struggle to respond, the terrorists strike again, shutting down the telephone network and electrical power grid

20、 with just a few mouse clicks. Businesses are paralysed, hospitals are overwhelmed and roads are gridlocked as people try to flee.This kind of scenario is invoked by doom-mongers who insist that stepping up physical security since the September 11 th attacks is not enough. Road-blocks and soldiers a

21、round power stations cannot prevent digital terrorism. Until we secure our cyber-infrastructure, a few keystrokes and an Internet connection is all one needs to disable the economy and endanger lives, Lamar Smith, a Texas congressman, told a judiciary committee in February. He ended with his catchph

22、rase: A mouse can be just as dangerous as a bullet or a bomb.” Is he right?It is true that utility companies and other operators of critical infrastructure are increasingly connected to the Internet. But just because an electricity companys customers can pay their bills online, it does not necessari

23、ly follow that the companys critical control systems are vulnerable to attack. Control systems are usually kept entirely separate from other systems, for good reason. They tend to be obscure, old-fashioned systems that are incompatible with Internet technology anyhow. Even authorized users require s

24、pecialist knowledge to operate them. And telecoms firms, hospitals and businesses usually have contingency plans to deal with power failures or flooding.A simulation carried out in August by the United States Naval War College in conjunction with Gartner, a consultancy, concluded that an electronic

25、Pearl Harbor attack on Americas critical infrastructure could indeed cause serious disruption, but would first need five years of preparation and $200m of funding. There are far simpler and less costly ways to attack critical infrastructure, from hoax photo calls to truck bombs and hijacked airliner

26、s.On September 18th Richard Clarke, Americas cyber-security tsar, unveiled his long-awaited blueprint for securing critical infrastructure from digital attacks. It was a bit of a damp squib, making no firm recommendations and proposing no new regulation or legislation. But its lily-livered approach

27、might, in fact, be the right one. When a risk has been overstated, inaction may be the best policy.It is difficult to avoid comparisons with the millennium bug” and the predictions of widespread computer chaos arising from the change of date to the year 2000. Then, as now, the alarm was sounded by t

28、echnology vendors and consultants, who stood to gain from scare-mongering. But Ross Anderson, a computer scientist at Cambridge University, prefers to draw an analogy with the environmental lobby. Like eco-warriors, he observes, those in the security industry-be they vendors trying to boost sales, a

29、cademics chasing grants, or politicians looking for bigger budgetshave a built-in incentive to overstate the risks.1.We learn from the first paragraph that（ ） .2.Speaking of the doom-mongers, the author implies that（ ）.3.In the view of Gartner consultant, （ ） .4.Lily-livered approach (para.3) probab

30、ly means an approach characterized by（ ） .5.We learn from the last paragraph that（ ）问题1选项A.terrorists could plunge a large American city into chaos through electronic attackB.American people have no experience in dealing with terrorismC.the computer systems of utility companies are rather vulnerable

31、D.the response of emergency services is far from satisfactory问题2选项A.their worries are quite reasonableB.their warnings should be taken seriouslyC.they exaggerate the threat utility companies are facingD.they are familiar with the way terrorists strike问题3选项A.terrorists may launch another Pearl Harbor

32、 attackB.terrorists have ample capital and time to prepare a stunning strikeC.it is very costly and time-consuming to attack critical infrastructureD.it is unlikely that terrorists would resort to electronic means to attack critical infrastructure问题4选项A.flexibilityB.boldnessC.cowardiceD.conservatism

33、问题5选项A.the computer industry suffered heavy loss due to the “millennium bugB.doom-mongers care more about their own interests than national security.C.computer scientists have better judgment than doom-mongersD.environmentalists are criticized for their efforts of protecting environment【答案】第1题:A第2题:

34、C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据文章第一句话It is a devastating prospect.，可见所描述的场景只是想象中未来可能发生的情景。这一段描述了恐怖分子用电子手段发动对美国大城市的袭击后的混乱场景：企业瘫痪，医院爆满，道路堵塞等等。可见，如果这种袭击发生的话，美国的一座大城市就会陷入混乱。所以A选项符合题意。2.monger这个词本身就是一个贬义词，指一个持悲观论调， 散布末世论的人。再看文章第三段，作者针对这种人散布的恐怖威胁论进行了分析，认为所谓公用事业公司的关键控制系统易受攻击的说法站不住脚。第四段作者引用一次模拟演习的结论说，电子恐怖袭击可能造成巨大破

35、坏，但袭击的成本非常高，耗时也非常 长，有远比这简单有效的办法。在文章末尾，作者引用计算机专家的话“those(people) overstate the risk ”。可见，作者虽然也承认这种威胁有可能存在，但认为这些 doom-mongers夸大了威胁的程度。所以C选项they exaggerate the threat utility companies are facing符合题意。3.文章第四段分析了电子恐怖袭击关键基础设施的说法站不住脚的另一个理由：通过模拟演习得出结论，这种袭击耗资巨大，耗时太长，恐怖分子完全可以采取更加简单有效成本低廉的袭击手段。所以D选项 it is unli

36、kely that terrorists would resort to electronic means to attack critical infrastructure恐怖分子不太可能借助电子 手段袭击关键基础设施的符合题意。4.根据上下文，Richard Clarke针对如何保护关键基础设施 免遭数字化袭击提出了人们期待己久的计划，但这个计划就好像一个受潮的爆竹，既没有给出坚决的建议，也没有提出新的规章或者法规。然后对作者对这种做法用“lily-livered” 一词加以总结，推测“胆小” 比较符合题意。5.本文最后一段将现在的恐怖威胁论和“千年虫”恐慌加 以对比，认为这种人为制造恐慌

37、的做法只是为了让那些散布恐慌的人“stood to gain”。 接着，作者引用一位专家的话，认为这些人，“不论是想要促销产品的商人，还是渴望得到补助金的学者，抑或是期望更多预算的政客，都有一种内在的动机促使他们夸大 险。”由此可见，B选项 doom-mongers care more about their own interests than national security.散布恐怖威胁论的人与其说是关心国家安全，不如说是关心自己的利益。符合题意4. 翻译题You cant buy happiness. But it looks like you can at least inheri

38、t it. British and Australian researchers said.A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being. We found that

39、 around half the differences in happiness were genetic, said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study. It is really quite surprising.*The researchers asked the volunteers-ranging in age from 25 to 75 - a series of questions about their personality, how much they worri

40、ed and how satisfied they were with their lives.Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.People who are sociable, active, stable, hardworking and c

41、onscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science. What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only around half as similar, Bates said, That

42、strong implicates genes.The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates said.People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also have a reserve of happiness to draw on

43、in stressful times, he said. An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it effective reserve that drives future happiness Bates said.【答案】快乐买不到，但英国和澳大利亚的研究人员称，快乐至少可以遗传得到。一项对近千对同卵及异卵双胞胎开展的研究发现，在快乐的性格特征中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分则受到人际关系

44、、健康、职业等因素的影响。研究负责人爱丁堡大学的蒂姆贝茨说：“我们发现，研究对象在快乐方面的差异约有一半受到遗传基因的影响。这个结果实在令人惊讶。”研究人员向年龄在25岁至75岁之间的志愿者提出了一系列问题，问题涉及他们的性格特点、焦虑程度以及对目前生活的满意度。由于同卵双生的双胞胎基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人员可以分辨出决定某些性格特征及使人容易快乐的共同基因。研究报告在心理科学期刊上发表。研究人员指出，善于交际、活泼、踏实、勤 奋、有责任心的人更加快乐。贝茨说：“该研究表明，同卵双胞胎的性格特征和快乐程度十分相似，然而，异卵双胞胎仅有约50%的相似度。这充分说明了基因的

45、作用。”贝茨说，研究人员一直在努力寻找有关“人为什么会郁闷”的更为合理的解释及影响不同的人快乐与否的因素，这一发现无疑为这一难题提供了一个重要解释。他说，具有积极遗传性格特征的人实际上同时拥有一种“快乐储备”，供他们在郁闷的时候“支取”。贝茨说：“这说明了很重要的一点，外向、冷静和可靠的性格特点能形成一种“情感储备”，为将来的快乐提供保障。”5. 翻译题The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; i

46、t is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person., as there is between the operations a

47、nd methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in other, differ in the principl

48、es of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工

49、作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。6. 单选题The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite

50、 is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, or sel

51、f-improvement.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, and excitement. Marriage

52、 has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or three-day vacation. I dont know why any parent who would choose the word fan to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know

53、 the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that happiness has nothing to do with fun is one most liberating realization. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money:

54、 buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are already having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.1.To understand what true happiness is one must（ ） .2.Ac

55、cording to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because （ ）.3.Raising children, in the authors opinion, is （ ）.4.From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from（ ） .5.What is the main point the author is going to tell us?问题1选项A.put up with pain under all circumstancesB.be

56、 able to distinguish happiness from funC.make every effort to liberate oneself from painD.have as much fun as possible during ones lifetime问题2选项A.he finds more fun in dating than in marriageB.he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesC.he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remain

57、s singleD.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement问题3选项A.a moral dutyB.a thankless jobC.a rewarding taskD.a source of suffering问题4选项A.hatredB.ignoranceC.prejudiceD.misunderstanding问题5选项A.Happiness often goes hand in hand with painB.One must know how to attain happiness.C.I

58、t is important to make commitmentsD.It is pain that leads to happiness.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据文章第一段：If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. 如果娱乐和快乐等同于幸福，那么痛苦就等于不幸。.the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involv

59、e some pain. 但事实上，恰恰相反;导致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。 确定B选项娱乐与幸福区分开来正确。A选项忍受各种环境下的痛苦、 C选项尽一切努力让自己从痛苦中解脱出来、D选项 生当中，尽可能的娱乐与原文不符，排除。2.根据文章第三段：If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. 如果他是诚实的他会告诉你他害怕做出承诺，承诺是非常痛苦的。确定B选项他不愿意承担家庭责任正确。A选项他发现约会比婚姻有

60、更多的乐趣、C选项他相信，如果他继续单身，他的生活会更加快乐、D选项他害怕结束生活中的快乐、冒险和刺激与原文不 符，排除。3.根据文章第四段：But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. 但是，决定不生孩子的夫妻永远体会不到看着一个孩子长大和含饴弄孙所带来的快乐。确定C选项是一项有回报的使命正确。A选项一种道德义务、B选项一项吃 力不讨好的工作、D选项是痛苦的来源与原文矛盾。4.根据文章最后一

61、句：And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are already having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来：我们现在知道那些总是有那么多乐趣的人也许根本就不幸福。确定D选项误解正确。A选项憎恨、B选项无知，愚昧、C选项偏见不符合原文，排除。5.根据文章第一段：The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals ha

62、ppiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. 我们坚信充满乐趣，没有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，实际上减少了他们获得真正幸福的机会。If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.

63、 如果娱乐和快乐等同于幸福，那么痛苦就等于不幸福。但事实上，但事实上，恰恰相反;导致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。整个文章就是围绕这一主题展开论述的，所以A选项幸福经常与痛苦紧密相 连正确。B选项人必须知道怎样获得幸福、C选项做出承诺很重要原文没有提到。D选项是痛苦引起了幸福与原文矛盾，排除。7. 单选题The term “remote sensing” refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretationof phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpr

64、etation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earths geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the dail