2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第13期

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1、2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.If you say to your children Im sorry I got angry with you, but . what follows that but can r

2、ender the apology ineffective: I had a bad day or your noise was giving me a headache leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should- be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say Im s

3、orry youre upset; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the perso

4、n who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying Im useless as a parent does not commit a person to any specific improvement.These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign o

5、f strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children, feel pain just as he does,

6、and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that

7、borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not.1. If a mother adds but to an apology,（ ）.2. According to the author, saying Im sorry youre upset most probably means（ ）.3. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because（ ）.4. We learn from the last paragraph that in teachi

8、ng children to say sorry（ ）.5. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is（ ）.问题1选项A.she doesnt feel that she should have apologizedB.she does not realize that the child has been hurtC.the child may find the apology easier to acceptD.the child may feel that, he owes her an apolo

9、gy问题2选项A.You have good reason to get upsetB.Im aware youre upset, but Im not to blameC.I apologize for hurting your feelingsD.Im at fault for making you upset问题3选项A.it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB.it may make the other person feel guiltyC.it is vague and ineffectiveD.it is hurtf

10、ul and insulting问题4选项A.the complexities involved should be ignoredB.their ages should be taken into accountC.parents need to set them a good exampleD.parents should be patient and tolerant问题5选项A.a social issue calling for immediate attentionB.not necessary among family membersC.a sign of social prog

11、ressD.not as simple as it seems【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第二段If you say to your children Im sorry I got angry with you, but . what follows that but can render the apology ineffective: I had a bad day or your noise was giving me a headache leaves the person who has been injured f

12、eeling that he should- be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.可知如果在道歉后加了but，那么会使那个受伤的人感觉为了得到别人的道歉，他得先为自己不好的行为道歉。与D项“这个孩子可能会觉得他欠他妈妈一个道歉”相符。故D项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第三段Im sorry youre upset; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the othe

13、r person has done.如果这样道歉“我很抱歉你生气了”;这表明你在某种程度上是错误的，因为你让自己被别人的所作所为弄得心烦意乱。”由此可知道歉人其实并没有真正地道歉，而是认为别人是由于自己的原因而心情不好。与B项相符。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第四段Saying Im useless as a parent does not commit a person to any specific improvement. 如果家长道歉说“我是个没用的家长”并不能让一个人得到任何具体的改善。可知用这种道歉方法是无效的。故C项正确。4.判断推理题。But even when presen

14、ted with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children, feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A s

15、ix-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not. 但是，即使孩子们看到了真诚悔过的例子，他们仍然需要帮助来

16、使其意识到道歉的复杂性。一个三岁的孩子可能需要帮助来理解其他孩子也像他一样感到疼痛，用沉重的玩具打玩伴的头需要道歉。一个六岁的孩子可能需要被提醒，辜负其他孩子的期望可能需要道歉。一个12岁的孩子可能需要被告知，未经许可就乱翻饼干罐是可以接受的，但未经许可就借父母的衣服就不行。最后一段举例讲述了不同年龄段的孩子都需要不同程度的提醒或告诫来使其意识到道歉的复杂性。故B项“在教小孩子道歉时应考虑他们的年龄。”正确。5.判断推理题。全文介绍了几种伪道歉，最后总结这几种道歉方式是无效的，并且提醒读者教小孩道歉要考虑到他们的年龄。由此可见恰当的道歉并没有看起来那么简单。A项“合理道歉是需要立即关注的社会问

17、题”文中未提及；B项“合理道歉在家庭成员中不必要”与文中提到的“A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not.”不符；C项“合理道歉是社会进步的标志”与文中内容无关。故答案D2. 单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern li

18、fe, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both

19、animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries（the female reproductive organs

20、）removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their ca

21、pacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed

22、 to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other famil

23、y members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much

24、 frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not ev

25、eryone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ab

26、ility to function.1. Paragraph 2 states that（ ）.2. Dr. Yehudas study found that women（ ）.3. One difference between the sexes is that the stress women confront tends to be（ ）.4. What is the meaning of “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”（Line 6, Para. 5）?5. The best title for this text would be（ ）.问题

27、1选项A.women are biologically more vulnerable to stressB.women are still suffering much stress caused by menC.women are more experienced than men in coping with stressD.men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress问题2选项A.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stressB.have limited c

28、apacity for tolerating stressC.are more capable of avoiding stressD.are exposed to more stress问题3选项A.domestic and temporaryB.irregular and violentC.durable and frequentD.trivial and random问题4选项A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C.Al

29、varez got paychecks from different jobs.D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.问题5选项A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由原文第二段第一句“Studies of

30、 both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.”可知，对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响应激反应，使处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。由此可知，A选项“从生理上来看，女性更容易受到压力的影响”表述正确。B选

31、项表示“女性仍然承受着很多由男性引起的压力”，在原文内容中并未提及，故错误；C选项表示“在应对压力方面，女性比男性更有经验”，属于断章取义，并不能根据第二段得出相关信息；D选项表示“男人和女人在面对压力时表现出不同的倾向”，与原文段落中心思想偏离，故D项也错误。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。2.推理判断题。题干询问：Dr. Yehuda研究发现女性。由原文第三段第一句“Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress.”可知，女性压力大的原因除了是因为

32、激素增加导致压力大外，还因为增加了造成压力的“机会”。因此，D选项正确，A选项错误，并不是需要额外剂量的化学药品来应对压力。根据原文第三段第三句“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens”可知，女性的抗压能力要比男性强，故B选项表述正确。C选项在原文中并未提及，因此本题正确答案为D选项。3.细节事实题。由原文第四段“women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are

33、exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.”可知，女性面临的压力多来自家庭内部，更为琐碎重复；男性的压力多是战争或者具有偶然性的动态情况。因此C选项的内容更符合原文表述。故本题正确答案为C选项。A选项表示“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”，B选项表示“不规律的”和“暴力的”，D选项表示“琐碎的和偶然的”。4.细节事实题。题干询问：“我生活在不停的支票支付中”是什么意思？根据原文第五段“Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenage

34、r, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.”可知，Alvarez作为单身母亲，有很大的生活压力，她要照顾十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，付汽车费用，还要还债务。由此可见，她的工资早已捉襟见肘，难以覆盖家庭开支。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“Alvarez只关心赚钱”，C选项表示“Alvarez做多份工作获得薪水”，D选项表示“Alvarez几乎用支票支付所有的东西”。5.主旨大意题。题干询问：“这篇文章最适合的题目是”。本文通过讲述两性在生理以及实际生活中的差异，描述了女性在压力面前的表现，侧重

35、分析了女性压力大的主要原因。A选项没有集中于体现男女之前的差异，因此A选项错误；B选项只是表明男女之间在压力方面存在差异，并未侧重表现女性要面对更多压力；C选项表示只是属于造成压力的其中一个因素，不能概括文章全部内容。因此本题正确答案为D选项。3. 单选题There are many ways of defining success. It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our o

36、wn goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.For some people, simply being able to

37、 live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success, Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and

38、 accepted by him and his society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. Because not all ventures can be successful, one shou

39、ld not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set ones goals at too low a level of achievement.A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: “You do not have to set your go

40、al to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subway downtown,” The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something yo

41、u really like, and to which you have given your best effort.1. In the first paragraph, the author implies that（ ）are essential in achieving success.2. The word “frugal（Line 2, Para. 2）means（ ）.3. Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because（ ）.4. The last paragraph implies that（ ）.5. Th

42、is passage mainly talks about（ ）.问题1选项A.ability and goalsB.goals and determinationC.ability and environmentD.goals and environment问题2选项A.wealthyB.wastefulC.thriftyD.miserable问题3选项A.their life is miserableB.they do not live in peaceC.their goals are too lowD.they are not rich enough by their own stan

43、dards问题4选项A.we should have high goalsB.success means achieving great goalsC.success means taking a walk in the parkD.success means trying ones best at what one really likes问题5选项A.the definition of successB.how to achieve successC.how to set goalsD.the importance of goals【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A

44、【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句“Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly. 因为我们每个人在遗传能力和表达这些能力的有利环境方面都有独特的差异，所以我们必须广义地定义成功。”由此可知环境和能力是成功的必要因素。C项正确。2.词义题。由第二段第

45、二句For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success, Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature由前面的“对一些人来说，只要能以最少的痛苦和折磨过自己的生活就算是成功了，想想那些内心平静的可怜的

46、牧羊人吧”可知牧羊人与家人一起在大自然的美景中享受简朴的生活。故C项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. 另一方面，似乎即使有些人看起来拥有丰富的物质财富，他们中的许多

47、人似乎是悲惨的，当以他们自己的成功目标来判断时，他们认为自己是不成功的。可知富人认为自己不成功是因为从他们自己的目标来衡量时并不够富有。故D项正确。4.判断推理题。由最后一段“The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.” 顾问补充说:“你并没有真正失败，

48、也没有破坏你成功的机会，直到你在你真正喜欢的事情上失败了，并为此付出了最大的努力。可知D项正确。ABC三项与原文不符。5.主旨大意题。全文主要第一段讲述了成功的定义，第二段和第三段分别举例说明什么是成功。故A项正确。4. 单选题To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed（ ）and means of packing.问题1选项A.samplesB.specimensC.inspectionsD.

49、specifications【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。sample样品；specimen样本；inspection视察，检查；specification规格，说明书。向客户寄送的产品目录中应包含对于产品的详细说明书。故D项正确。句意：为了让您对我们的产品有一个大致的了解，随信附上产品目录，其中包括我们所经营的各种产品的详细说明书，以及包装方法。5. 单选题The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accur

50、ately, as “research and development”. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale

51、, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated,

52、the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientifi

53、c techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870，but even then much of what passed for the application of science was “engineering science” rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and

54、 of public awareness -if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science t

55、o industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoverie

56、s made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways,

57、and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage?2. The “list” mentioned in line 13 refers to（ ）.3. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century-i

58、s based on which of the following?4. Why does the author mention “consultants” in line 26?5. Which of the following statements does the passage support?问题1选项A.To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industryB.To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-c

59、entury American industriesC.To show how technology influenced basic scienceD.To argue that basic science has no practical application问题2选项A.types of scientific knowledgeB.changes brought by technologyC.industries that used scientific techniquesD.applications of engineering science问题3选项A.Engineering

60、science is not very important.B.Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.C.The relationship between research and development should be criticized.D.Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.问题4选项A.To show how new areas of science have given rise to n

61、ew professionsB.To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do notC.To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied scienceD.To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work问题5选项A.The development of science and of industry

62、 is now interdependent.B.Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.C.Industries should spend less money on research and development.D.Science and technology are becoming more separate.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.作者意图题。由文章开头“The interrelationship of science, technology,

63、and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. 科学、技术和工业之间的相互关系在今天被认为是理所当然的不能完全准确地概括为“研究和开发”即使在当今这个大规模、密集的研究和开发的时代，这个过程中所涉及的相互关系也常常被误解。”以及本文最后一句“In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.