2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第21期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The town planning commission said that their financial（ ）for the next fiscalyear was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues.问题1选项A.outlookB.oversightC.notionD.subject【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：城市规划委员会表示，他们对下一个财政年度的财务前景持乐观态度；他们预计税收会增加。2. 单选题For some time pas

2、t it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”； and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such ba

3、sic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words，a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce re- sults in the world with no reward except the successful o

4、utcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements，such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the

5、 learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So hebegan to study the childrens response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights一and indeed tha

6、t they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the in- teresting observation that sometimes they wou

7、ld not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill, and that there

8、 exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.1.According to the author, babies learn to do things which（ ）.2.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby（ ）.3.In Papouseks experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to（ ）4.The ba

9、bies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because . （ ）.5.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflec-tion of （ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to pleasureB.will meet their physical needsC.will bring them a feeling of successD.will satisfy their curiosity问题2选项A.

10、would make learned response when it saw the milkB.would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC.would continue the simple movements without being given milkD.would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink问题3选项A.have the lights turned onB.be rewarded with milkC.plea

11、se their parentsD.be praised问题4选项A.the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”B.the sight of the lights was interestingC.they need not turn back to watch the lightsD.they succeeded in “switching on” the lights问题5选项A.a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB.the satisfacti

12、on of certain physiological needsC.their strong desire to solve complex problemD.a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第二段指出：Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.婴儿学会做

13、某些动作，是因为这些动作在周围世界能产生成功结果，除此之外，并无其他奖励。据此可知，婴儿能学会做那些会给他们带来成功的感觉的事情，C项正确。2.根据题干关键词“Papousek, studies”定位至第三段：Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure（有足够牛奶喝的婴儿尽管会拒绝牛奶，但仍会愉快地继续做学会的动作）。因此，没有得到牛奶

14、的婴儿会继续做简单的动作，C项正确。3.根据题干定位至第三段：He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights（普塞克很快发现，如果他们的动作能“打开”灯，四个月大的婴儿也能学会左右转头）。因此，让婴儿转头是为了把灯打开，A项正确。4.根据题干“smile and bubble”定位至第四段：they would not turn back

15、 to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that.bring it under intentional control（当打开光源时，婴儿们尽管会“咯咯笑着吐泡泡”，但他们有时不会转过头来紧盯灯光。普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，并不是

16、灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿会笑是因为他们成功地打开了灯，D项正确。5.根据题干定位至第四段：Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental hu

17、man urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control（普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，不是灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿从成功完成某件事中获得的乐趣反映了人类想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。3. 翻译题As Apple prepares to report what (analysts project) may be the companys first year-over-year quarterly earnings

18、 decline in a decade on Tuesday, it is also grappling with jittery investors and a recent share-price plunge that has wiped about $280 billion off its market capitalization since its stock reached a high of $702. 10 last September.（1） Much of the investor nervousness is rooted in how Wall Street is

19、treating and valuing the Cupertino, Calif., company as a traditional hardware maker. One camp of analysts and some investors said there is strong evidence that Apple should be viewed in a different light: as a software hardware hybrid.The distinction matters. If it continues to be seen as a hardware

20、 business, Apples streak driven by products like the iPhone and iPad could run out quickly as smartphones and tablets get commoditized and consumer tastes change. （2 ） It is a lesson learned by companies like BlackBerry-maker Research In Motion Ltd., whose tech hardware was quickly eclipsed by produ

21、cts from Apple itself.If Apple is classified as a software-hardware hybrid, the company could be valued more like Internet and software makers that have recurring revenue streams and that often trade at higher price-to-earnings ratios than hardware firms.“The market views Apple as a consumer hardwar

22、e company tied to product cycles that drive volatile revenue and earnings streams, says Morgan Stanley analyst Katy Huberty. （3 ） But that view isnt complete, she says, since “Apple customers buy into a brand that offers ease of use similar to companies like A or enterprise companies like NetApp.”An

23、 Apple spokesman declined to comment ahead of Tuesdays earning report.With Wall Street categorizing Apple as a hardware maker, investors value the company which made an astounding $13 billion in profits in the quarter ended in December at 8. 6 times expected earnings per share for the next 12 months

24、. Investors are currently valuing Hewlett-Packard Co., which made $1.2 billion in profits during its most recent quarter, at a price-to-earnings ratio of 5. 6. Troubled PC maker Dell Inc., whose stock price inflated after signing a buyout deal earlier this year, trades at a P/E ratio of 8. 5.Apples

25、gross margins are around 40%, an important-measure of the companys efficiency at making money. That is roughly twice as high as H-Ps and Dells. Apple has characteristics that differ from many other hardware businesses. （4） Its customers often upgrade their Apple products annually, far more frequentl

26、y than the four-year PC upgrade cycles typically found at tech hardware businesses including Hewlett-Packard or Dell. While H-P and Dell have tried beefing up the enterprise software side of their business, Apples operating system and iTunes software is already ubiquitous. （5） Apple also has more th

27、an 500 million accounts for its App Store tied to credit cards and a customer base to sell new services to giving it a recurring software and services revenue stream. Apple took in revenue of $3. 7 billion from iTunes and other software and services in its last quarter, or 7% of its total revenue.【答

28、案】1. 大部分投资者的紧张情绪源于华尔街将加州库比蒂诺的（苹果）公司定位和评价为传统硬件制造公司。2. 很多公司例如蓝莓制造商RIM公司都受到了教训，他们的硬件技术很快就被苹果自主研发的产品淘汰。3. 但是这种观点是不全面的，她说，因为“苹果用户购买的是一个品牌，它可以为他们提供类似于亚马逊或者NetAPP这样的企业所提供的便捷服务”。4. 该公司的用户经常会每年都更新他们的苹果产品，远远超过了包括惠普或戴尔在内的技术硬件企业中普遍存在的四年更新一次个人电脑的频率。5. 在它的APP商店里，苹果拥有超过5亿个绑定了信用卡的账户，以及一个可以销售新服务的客户群，这给它带来一个循环性软件和服务的

29、收入流。4. 单选题These varied racial groups have learned to live together in peace and（ ）,set-ting an example well worth following.问题1选项A.harmonyB.graceC.rhythmD.relief【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。harmony和谐；grace优雅，慈悲；rhythm韵律，节奏；relief宽慰，免除。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平（ ）地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。in harmony意为“和谐地”，因此正确答案是A选项。5. 单选题When an

30、 invention is made, the inventor has three possible （1 ） of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea （2 ） , or patent it.A （3 ）patent is the result of a bargain （4 ） between an inventor and the state, but the inventor gets a limited period of monopol

31、y and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period （5 ） .Only the most exceptional circumstances （6 ） the lifespan of a patent （7 ） to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever（8 ） was to Georges Valensi: his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit w

32、as extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to（9 ） and thus no hope for reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently（10 ）after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the （11）office contain details of literally millions

33、of ideas dial are free for anyone to use and, if （12 ） than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone （13 ） to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through （14 ） patents that the one sure way of violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize

34、a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form （15 ） invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally （16 ） to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is（17 ）on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely （18 ）in patents

35、 and inventions soon learns that most new ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, （19 ）makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording da

36、tes back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate （20 ） the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.问题1选项A.workB.possibilityC.measuresD.courses问题2选项A.openB.coveredC.secretD.imp

37、roved问题3选项A.grantedB.grantingC.inventingD.invented问题4选项A.strikingB.struckC.to be strikingD.to strike问题5选项A.terminatingB.continuingC.continuesD.terminates问题6选项A.areB.to beC.beD.is问题7选项A.extendingB.will extendC.extendedD.to be extended问题8选项A.grantedB.grantingC.to grantD.being granted问题9选项A.receivingB.

38、sendingC.receiveD.send问题10选项A.publicB.secretC.closeD.concealed问题11选项A.customerB.commerceC.patentD.television问题12选项A.longerB.olderC.weakerD.younger问题13选项A.wishedB.refusingC.refusedD.whishing问题14选项A.liveB.deadC.workingD.recording问题15选项A.temporarilyB.suddenlyC.permanentlyD.sharply问题16选项A.dangerousB.und

39、esirableC.safeD.terrible问题17选项A.contractedB.sentC.anticipatedD.based问题18选项A.involvingB.involvedC.containedD.containing问题19选项A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where问题20选项A.withB.offC.beforeD.from【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D第6题:D第7题:C第8题:A第9题:D第10题:A第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:A第15题:C第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:C第20题:D【解析】

40、1.句意：当一项发明创造问世时，对发明者而言有三种可供选择的 。因此D项courses（做法）符合句意。2.句意：他可以把这项发明公布于世，或 ，或申请专利。根据空格处前后句意推测，此处选C。意为“保密”。3.句意： 专利是发明者与国家之间达成的一种契约。因此A项granted（授予）正确。4.句意：授予的专利发明者与国家之间达成的一种契约。此为动词strike的过去分词形式做后置定语。5.句意：按照契约，发明者可以对自己的成果在一定期限内享有垄断权, 垄断后，他就得把发明的细节问题公之于众。Terminate意为“结束”，此为时间状语从句，从句中缺谓语动词。故选D。6.句意：只有在极其特殊的

41、情况下才可以延长专利期限。此句为only短语位于句首，句子应部分倒装，主语为the life span of patent，因此用系动词is。7.此处主语为专利，所以应该用被动语态，is被提前了，因此选C。8.句意：曾经最长的专利延期名额给了Georges Valensi。这里应用grant的过去分词形式表被动。9.句意：1939年他就取得彩色电视接收器线路的专利，而且这一专利延续到1971年，因为这项专利在其大部分正常期限内都没有彩电可供 ，这样这项专利无望获得回报。因此，send（发送）符合句意。而且，空格前为动词不定式to，因此选D。10.句意：因为一项专利到期后，就永远 了。A项符合句

42、意和逻辑。11.句意：因此， 局所属的图书馆架子上有成千上万种专利。根据句意选C。12.句意：如果 半个世纪，任何人都可以自由使用。longer长久的，长期的；older多年的，长时间的；weaker虚弱的；younger 年轻的。因此选B。13.句意：实际上，专利专家们常对 开发有效专利而又避免高额费用的人提出建议，避免侵犯他人专利的有效办法就是使用过期专利。此处，wish符合句意，此处逻辑主语为anyone，因此选D。14.句意：实际上，专利专家们常对希望开发有效专利而又避免高额费用的人提出建议，避免侵犯他人专利的有效办法就是使用过期专利。Live 实况播送的；dead 无效的；worki

43、ng 起作用；recording 记录的。因此选A。15.因为用任何其他方式公布观点都会使之 失效。C项permanently （永久地）符合句意。16.句意：因此，传统上，从其他印刷材料上想出办法是 。C项safe（安全的）符合句意。17.句意：众多现代技术的进步都是 这些法律安全的考虑。因此D项based（根据）符合句意。18.句意：任何一个经常 专利和发明的人很快会得知。B项involved（参与了）符合句意。19.句意：只有把握时代的需求，跟上新技术的步伐，专利才能变成商业实践，做到名利双收。此处为强调句型，应用引导词that。20.句意：电视生成原理许多原创思路都起源于19世纪后期和

44、20世纪初。6. 单选题The rain （ ）our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic.问题1选项A.decreasedB.dampenedC.moistenedD.hampered【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意:下雨 我们的热情，因为我们本来要去野餐。Decreased 降低，减少；dampened 使.受挫；moistened 弄湿；hampered 妨碍。我们本来想去野餐，但是下雨妨碍了我们去野餐的热情。故选D。7. 单选题The Japanese scientists have found that scents

45、（ ）efficiency and reduce stressamong office workers.问题1选项A.enhanceB.amplifyC.magnifyD.foster【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。enhance提高；amplify放大；magnify赞美，夸大；foster培养。句意：日本科学家发现，香味能（ ） 办公室工作人员的工作效率并减缓压力。因此A选项符合句意。8. 单选题They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make（ ）of them.问题1选项A

46、.impressionB.comprehensionC.meaningD.sense【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：他们反复考虑了你的观点长达一个多小时，但是仍然不能（ ）它们。impression印象；comprehension理解；meaning意思；sense感觉；观念；道理；理智。make sense of为固定搭配，意为 “理解”。9. 单选题This was a five-digit national coding system to（ ）each postal delivery section.问题1选项A.testifyB.countC.clarifyD.identify【答

47、案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：是一个五位数的国家译码系统，以（ ） 邮局送达部门。testify 证明；count 计算；clarify 使明晰；identify 识别。故选D。10. 单选题We are writing to the manager（ ）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with the reference toD.with a view to【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：我们写信给经理，（内容是）

48、 （ ）最近在上述地址进行的修理工作。with the exception of 除.以外；with the purpose of 为了；with the reference to 关于；with a view to 目的在于。因此，C项with the reference to 关于符合句意。11. 单选题The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules ichelet in his History of France, then adopted by his

49、torians of culture, by art historians, and eventu-ally by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the ewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture tha

50、t began in Italy and then spread throughout urope. Scholars and artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and deals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to hu-man as opposed to spiritual values. Fulfillment in

51、life as opposed to concern about an after-life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the leasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to secular as well as eligious subject matter and sought to make their works und

52、erstandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed，experienced, discussed, and dis- seminated. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems t

53、hat were be- ing rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music although they could read the writ- ings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and w

54、ondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered anci

55、ent art and lit- erature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half though at different rates in different countries that we cannot define a s

56、ingle Renaissance style.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of( ).3.According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions EX-CEPT( ).4.The word “disseminated” in line

57、16 is closest in meaning to( )5.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renais-sance musical style?问题1选项A.The musical compositions that best illustrate the developments during the European Renais-sance.B.The musical techniques that were in use durin

58、g the European Renaissance.C.The European Renaissance as a cultural development that included changes in musical style.D.The ancient Greek and Roman musical practices used during the European Renaissance.问题2选项A.communication among artists across EuropeB.spirituality in everyday lifeC.a cultural emph

59、asis on human valuesD.religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional secular themes问题3选项A.using religious themesB.portraying only the pleasant parts of human experienceC.producing art that people would find attractiveD.creating works that were easily understood问题4选项A.playedB.documented

60、C.spreadD.analyzed问题5选项A.The musical Renaissance was defined by technique rather than style.B.The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.C.Renaissance musicians adopted the styles of both Greek and Roman musicians.D.During the Renaissance, music never remained the same

61、 for very long.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章开头介绍了“复兴”一词的来源及兴起。第二段写文艺复兴影响人们音乐思考和音乐创作的方式。第三段写这一时期的音乐风格多变，很难定义为单一的音乐类型。C项对文意的概括比较全面，所以C项正确。2.第一段指出：To these scholars this meant a return to human as opposed to spiritual 一 values （对于这些学者而言，文艺复兴意味着对人类价值而非精神方面的回归）。C项“重视人类价值观的主张”符合原文意思。3.B项“仅仅描述人生经历中快乐的部分”不是艺术家和作家的目的，故选B。4.“disseminated”出现在第二段 :These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed, experienced, discussed, and disseminated.（这些观点的改变深深地影响了文艺复兴时期的音乐文化人们思考音乐的方式以及音乐的创作、体验、争议和 ）