2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第1期

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1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题He discovered, to his mortification, that is young son knew much more about the subject than he did.问题1选项A.surpriseB.decorationC.delightD.humiliation【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项surprise“惊奇，诧异”，B项decoration“装饰，装潢”，C项delight“高兴”，D项humiliation“丢脸，耻辱，蒙羞”。句意：使他感到难堪的是，他发现他

2、的小儿子在这方面比他懂得多。根据句意可知，mortification在句中表示“难堪”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是D项。因此，该题选择D项。2. 单选题A liquid can be kept in an open container and fill it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but _ to diffuse throughout the space available.问题1选项A.tendsB.intendsC.inclinesD.contends【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项ten

3、d表示“趋向，倾向，照料”，tend to表示“趋向，注意，易于”，指朝着一个方向发展或者有某种品质；B项intend表示“打算，想要，意指”，intend to表示“打算做，想要”；C项incline表示“倾向于，（使）倾向于，赞同（某人或某事）”，incline to表示“倾向于，向倾斜”，指倾向于用某种方式思考或者表现，被要求做某事；D项contend表示“竞争，奋斗，斗争”，不和to搭配。根据句子的主语gas（气体），结合but转折后面的动词diffuse（扩散）可知，A项“倾向于”符合语境。句意：液体可以保存在一个开放的容器中，并将其装满到一个自由面的水平；气体没有形成自由面，而是倾

4、向于在整个可用的空间中扩散。因此，该题选择A项正确。3. 单选题Although is unusual to denounce museum-goers for not painting, it is quite common, even top those, who are unenthusiastic about sports, to criticize spectators for athletic _.问题1选项A.snobberyB.ignoranceC.arroganceD.inactivity【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项snobbery“势利，谄上欺下”，B项ignora

5、nce“无知，愚昧”，C项arrogance“自大，傲慢态度”，D项inactivity“不做任何事，不活动”。由quite common 和even可知，前后两句是对应的，那么根据前面的not painting对应可知，athletic _也要表示否定，且空格部分表示的是事情，并不是人，所以只有D项符合。句意：尽管谴责艺术馆参观者不挥毫作画这样的事甚为罕见，但是即使对于那些并不怎么热衷于体育活动的人来说，去批评体育观众在体育上的不参与，这样的事却相当普遍。因此，该题选择D项。4. 单选题Most members of the camel family are found in arid ha

6、bitats.问题1选项A.dirtyB.dryC.sandyD.harsh【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，肮脏的”，B项dry“干的，口渴的，枯燥无味的”，C项sandy“沙地的，多沙的，含沙的”，D项harsh“严厉的，严酷的，刺耳的”。句意：骆驼科的大多数成员生活在干旱的栖息地。根据句意可知，arid在句中表示“干旱的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。5. 单选题A _ lifestyle is one that is going nowhere fast: no new employment, no new love intere

7、st, no volunteer work, and no new life-changing commitments.问题1选项A.soporificB.lethargicC.stagnantD.lassitude【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项“催眠的”，B项“慵懒的；没精打采的”，C项“停滞的；不发展的”，D项“倦怠；疲乏”。根据冒号后的内容：没有新的工作，没有新的爱好，没有志愿工作，没有新的改变生活的承诺，可知是一种停滞的生活方式。本句句意：停滞不前的生活方式是一种没有任何进展的生活方式：没有新的工作，没有新的爱情兴趣，没有志愿工作，没有新的改变生活的承诺。所以选C项。6. 单选

8、题Farmers streamed to the west, filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity.问题1选项A.predictableB.impressiveC.famousD.gradual【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项predictable“可预言的”，B项impressive“给人以深刻印象的”，C项famous“著名的，极好的”，D项gradual“逐渐的，平缓的”。句意：农民们涌向西部，以惊人的速度填满了边境土地。stunning在句中表示“惊人的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。7. 单选题The

9、 testimonies of the witnesses provided _ proof that my client is innocent; I demand that he be released at once.问题1选项A.invalidB.incredulousC.irrefragableD.impotent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项invalid表示“（法律上或官方）不承认的，无效的”，B项incredulous表示“怀疑的，不轻信的”，C项irrefragable表示“不能反驳的，不能否认的”，D项impotent表示“无能为力的，不起作用的”。根据my cli

10、ent is innocent（我的当事人是无辜的）可知，_ proof表示“无可辩驳的证据”符合语境。句意：证人的证词提供了无可辩驳的证据，证明我的当事人是无辜的；我要求立即释放他。因此，该题选择C项正确。8. 单选题Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market

11、. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable econo

12、mic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively smal

13、l number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free- market economic theories. But each large

14、firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price cutting, because price cutting would be prejudicial to common interest in a stable demand for products. Most ec

15、onomists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.Moreover those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing pr

16、ices have not considered the economies of non-socialist-countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Wer

17、e there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a f

18、ramework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market.

19、But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.50. The authors attitude toward “Most economists” in the United States (para 1) can best be de

20、scribed as _.51. It can be inferred from the authors argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (para 1) because _.52. The suggestion in the text that price fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the authors statement that price-fixing is _.53. According to the au

21、thor, price fixing in non-socialist countries is often _.问题1选项A.spiteful and enviousB.scornful and denunciatoryC.critical and condescendingD.ambivalent but deferential问题2选项A.people do not have confidence in large firmsB.people do not expect the government to regulate pricesC.most economists believe

22、that consumers as a group should determine pricesD.most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies问题3选项A.a profitable result of economic developmentB.an inevitable result of the industrial systemC.the result of a number of carefully organized decisionsD.a phenomenon com

23、mon to industrialized and non-industrialized societies问题4选项A.accidental but productiveB.illegal but usefulC.legal and innovativeD.intentional and widespread【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】50. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。定位到文章第一段最后一句Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to

24、be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not（大多数经济学家并不知道价格操纵会在何时发生，因为他们期望价格操纵由大公司之间的一系列明确协议带来；事实并非如此）和第二段第一句Moreover those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have n

25、ot considered the economies of non-socialist- countries other than the United States（此外，那些认为允许自由市场不受干扰地运行是建立价格的最有效方法的经济学家没有考虑美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济），可以看出作者对大部分经济学家的态度是批判的，所以C项“批判”符合。A项“怨恨和嫉妒”，B项“蔑视和谴责”和 D项“矛盾但恭敬”，均未在文中体现。51. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干：从作者的论点可以推断，卖方定价“似乎有害”，因为 。定位到文章第一段第二句A price that is determi

26、ned by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious（就此而言，由卖方决定的价格，或由消费者群体以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的），所以C项“大多数经济学家认为，消费者作为一个群体应该决定价格”符合这句话所表达的意思。而A项“人们对大公司没有信心”，B项“人们不指望政府调控物价”，D项“大多数经济学家把固定价格与共产主义和社会主义经济联系起来”均属于无中生有。52. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干：本文

27、认为，工业社会的价格管制是正常的，这是因为作者认为价格管制是？定位到文章第一段第四句In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，定价都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的定价，这是它自身发展的一个不费吹灰之力的结

28、果），可知B项“工业系统的必然结果”符合文意，当选。A项“经济发展的有益结果”，C项“一系列精心组织的决定的结果”，D项“工业化和非工业化社会的共同现象”，均在文中未提及。53. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。从第二段第二句和第三句These economies employ intentional price fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an indus

29、try are commonplace（这些经济体通常以公开的方式有意操纵价格。卡特尔的正式定价和涵盖行业成员的协议的非正式定价是司空见惯的），特别是里面的关键词intentional和commonplace，可知D项“有意和普遍的”符合题意。A项“偶然但富有成效”，B项“非法但有用”，C项“合法且创新”，都不符合文意，排除。9. 单选题By todays standards, early farmers were imprudent because they planted the same crop repeatedly, exhausting the soil after a few h

30、arvests.问题1选项A.unwiseB.stubbornC.tiresomeD.unscientific【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项unwise“不明智的，愚蠢的，轻率的”，B项stubborn“顽固的，顽强的”，C项tiresome“烦人的，无聊的”，D项unscientific“不科学的，不符合科学原理的”。句意：按照今天的标准，早期的农民是轻率的，因为他们重复种植同一种作物，几次收获后就耗尽了土壤。根据句意可知，imprudent在句中表示“轻率的”。因此，该题选择A项。10. 单选题Scandinavian men were familiarize with hunti

31、ng and receptive to learning the hunting methods of the local native Americans.问题1选项A.suspicious ofB.ready forC.dependent onD.new to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。题干receptive“愿意倾听的，乐于接受的”。A项“怀疑”，B项“准备好”，C项“依赖，依靠”，D项“对不熟悉”。因此只有B项符合。句意：斯堪的纳维亚人熟悉狩猎，并乐于学习当地美洲原住民的狩猎方法。11. 单选题Viruses, infectious particles consisting of

32、nucleic acid packaged in a protein coat (the capsid), are difficult to resist. Unable to reproduce outside a living cell, viruses reproduce only by subverting the genetic mechanisms of a host cell. In one kind of viral life cycle, the virus first binds to the cells surface, then penetrates the cell

33、and sheds its capsid. The exposed viral nucleic acid produces new viruses from the contents of the cell. Finally, the cell releases the viral progeny, and a new cell cycle of infection begins.The human body responds to a viral infection by producing antibodies: complex, highly specific proteins that

34、 selectively bind to foreign molecules such as viruses. An antibody can either interfere with a viruss ability bind to a cell, or can prevent it from releasing its nucleic acid.Unfortunately, the common cold, produced most often by rhinoviruses, is intractable to antiviral defense. Humans have diffi

35、culty resisting colds because rhinoviruses are so diverse, including at least 100 strains. The strains differ most in the molecular structure of the proteins in their capsids. Since disease-fighting antibodies bind to the capsid, an antibody developed to protect against-one rhinovirus strain is usel

36、ess against other strains. Different antibodies must be produced for each strain.A defense against rhinoviruses might nonetheless succeed by exploiting hidden similarities among the rhinovirus strains. For example, most rhinovirus strains bind to the same kind of molecule (delta-receptors) on a cell

37、s surface when they attack human cells. Colonno, taking advantage of these common receptors, devised a strategy for blocking the attachment of rhinoviruses to their appropriate receptors. Rather than fruitlessly searching for an antibody that would bind to all rhinoviruses, Colonno realized that an

38、antibody binding to the common receptors of a human cell would prevent rhinoviruses from initiating an infection. Because human cells normally do not develop antibodies to components of their own cells, Colonno injected human cells into mice, which did produce an antibody to the common receptor. In

39、isolated human cells, this antibody proved to be extraordinarily effective at thwarting the rhinovirus. Moreover, when the antibody was given to chimpanzees, it inhibited rhinoviral growth, and in humans it lessened both the severity and duration of cold symptoms.Another possible defense against rhi

40、noviruses was proposed by Rossman, who described rhinoviruses detailed molecular Structure. Rossman showed that protein sequences common to all rhinovirus strains lie at the base of a deep “canyon” scoring each face of the Capsid. The narrow opening of this canyor possibly prevents the relatively la

41、rge antibody molecules from binding to the common sequence, but smaller molecules might reach it. Among these smaller, nonantibody molecules, some might bind to the common sequence, lock the nucleic acid in its coat, and thereby prevent the virus from reproducing.54. The primary purpose of the passa

42、ge is to _.55. It can be inferred from the passage that the protein sequences of the capsid that vary most among strains of rhinovirus are those _.56. Which of the following research strategies for developing a defense against the common cold would the author be likely to find most promising?57. It

43、can be inferred from the passage that the purpose of Colonnos experiments was to determine whether _.问题1选项A.discuss viral mechanisms and possible ways of circumventing certain kinds of those mechanismsB.challenge recent research on how rhinoviruses bind to receptors on the surfaces of cellsC.suggest

44、 future research on rhinoviral growth in chimpanzeesD.defend a controversial research program whose purpose is to discover the molecular structure of rhinovirus capsids问题2选项A.at the base of the “canyon”B.outside of the “canyon”C.responsible for producing nucleic acidD.responsible for preventing the

45、formation of delta-receptors问题3选项A.Continuing to look for a general antirhinoviral antibody.B.Searching for common cell-surface receptors in humans and mice.C.Continuing to look for similarities among the various strains of rhinovirus.D.Discovering how the human body produces antibodies in response

46、to a rhinoviral infection.问题4选项A.chimpanzees and humans can both be infected by rhinovirusesB.chimpanzees can produce antibodies to human cell-surface receptorsC.a rhinovirus nucleic acid might be locked in its protein coatD.binding antibodies to common receptors could produce a possible defense aga

47、inst rhinoviruses【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】54.【试题答案】A【试题解析】题干意思是“文章的主要目的是”。文章开始先阐述的病毒的繁殖和人体的抗体反映，接着引用了鼻病毒来讨论病毒的攻击机制以及抵御这种机制的办法，故A项“讨论病毒机制和规避某些机制的可能方法”符合题意；B项“挑战最近关于鼻病毒如何与细胞表面受体结合的研究”、C项“建议对黑猩猩鼻病毒生长的未来研究”和D项“为一个旨在发现鼻病毒衣壳分子结构的有争议的研究项目辩护”都不够全面。因此，该题选择A项正确。55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，鼻病毒株衣壳蛋

48、白序列差异最大的是的那些”。根据文章最后一段中的Rossman showed that protein sequences common to all rhinovirus strains lie at the base of a deep “canyon” scoring each face of the Capsid.（罗斯曼指出，所有鼻病毒株共有的蛋白质序列位于衣壳表面的一个深“峡谷”的底部。）可知，拥有共同的蛋白质序列的鼻病毒株都是位于衣壳表面的一个深“峡谷”的底部里，那么“峡谷”外的那些鼻病毒株则是没有共同的蛋白质序列，所以“峡谷”外的鼻病毒株的衣壳蛋白序列差异最大，故B项“峡谷外”

49、正确；A项“在峡谷的底部”错误；C项“负责生产核酸”和D项“负责阻止受体的形成”并不符合题干。因此，该题选择B项正确。56.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“关于对普通感冒的防御，以下哪一种是作者认为可能是最有希望的方法？”。由第四段第一句A defense against rhinoviruses might nonetheless succeed by exploiting hidden similarities among the rhinovirus strains.（尽管如此，通过利用鼻病毒株之间隐藏的相似性，对鼻病毒的防御可能会成功。）可知，C项“继续寻找各种鼻病毒

50、株之间的相似性”正确；根据第三段中的Humans have difficulty resisting colds because rhinoviruses are so diverse, including at least 100 strainsSince disease-fighting antibodies bind to the capsid, an antibody developed to protect against-one rhinovirus strain is useless against other strains. Different antibodies must

51、 be produced for each strain.（人类很难抵抗感冒，因为鼻病毒种类繁多，至少有100种由于抗病抗体与衣壳结合，一种用于对抗一种鼻病毒株的抗体对其他病毒株无效。每个毒株必须产生不同的抗体。）可知，鼻病毒种类很多，只寻找一般的抗鼻病毒抗体是难以对抗感冒的，A项“继续寻找一般的抗鼻病毒抗体”错误；B项“寻找人类和小鼠中常见的细胞表面受体”，只是Colonno设计的一个防止鼻病毒引发感染的一个实验过程，该项不选；D项“发现人体如何产生抗体以应对鼻病毒感染”文中没有提及。因此，该题选择C项正确。57.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，Colo

52、nno实验的目的是确定是否”。根据第四段中的Rather than fruitlessly searching for an antibody that would bind to all rhinoviruses, Colonno realized that an antibody binding to the common receptors of a human cell would prevent rhinoviruses from initiating an infection.（科洛诺不是徒劳地寻找一种能与所有鼻病毒结合的抗体，而是意识到一种与人类细胞的普通受体结合的抗体可以防止鼻

53、病毒引发感染。）可推断，Colonno实验的目的是确定与人类细胞的普通受体结合的抗体是否可以防止鼻病毒引发感染，D项“与普通受体结合的抗体可能产生一种对抗鼻病毒的防御”正确；A项“黑猩猩和人类都可以被鼻病毒感染”只是实验的过程，并不是目的；B项“黑猩猩能产生对人类细胞表面受体的抗体”，根据第四段对该实验的描述Because human cells normally do not develop antibodies to components of their own cells, Colonno injected human cells into mice, which did produc

54、e an antibody to the common receptor.（由于人类细胞通常不会产生针对自身细胞成分的抗体，Colonno将人类细胞注射到小鼠体内，小鼠确实产生了针对共同受体的抗体。），可知产生对人类细胞表面受体的抗体是小老鼠，而黑猩猩只是被注射了小鼠产生的抗体，该项错误；C项“鼻病毒的核酸可能被锁在它的蛋白质外壳中”并不是Colonno的实验。因此，该题选择D项正确。12. 单选题The young math teacher gave her students extra work to do because she was _ by all the noise and th

55、e talking in the classroom.问题1选项A.exasperatedB.aggregatedC.perturbedD.assailed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项exasperate“激怒，使恼怒”，B项aggregate“集合，聚集”，C项perturb“扰乱，使混乱”，D项assail“攻击，质问”。由The young math teacher gave her students extra work to do（这位年轻的数学老师给她的学生布置了额外的作业）和noise and the talking in the classroom（教室里的噪音和讲话声

56、），结合常识，可知空格处填入A项符合。句意：这位年轻的数学老师给她的学生布置了额外的作业，因为她被教室里的噪音和讲话声激怒了。因此，该题选择A项。13. 单选题The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscription.问题1选项A.stimulatedB.influencedC.frustratedD

57、.encouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。题干thwarted“阻止；阻挠”。A项“激发；激励”，B项“影响”，C项“使沮丧；阻止；防止”，D项“支持；鼓励”。因此选C。句意：罗塞塔石碑阻碍了学者们数十年的努力，直到19世纪初，希腊文字才对几个关键的象形文字进行了解码。14. 单选题Pollution is a “dirty” word. To pollute means to contaminate topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make (51) unfit or unclean to use. Pol

58、lution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, (52) it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and (53) surprisingly, it is beginning to (54) our health, our happiness, and our civilization.Once we thought of pollution (55) meaning simply the smogthe choking

59、, stinging, dirty (56) that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is (57) the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several (58) attack the most basic life functions.Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, (59) the wildlife. By (60) sewage

60、 and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our (61) water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and (62) depriving ourselves (63) an invaluable food supply.Part of the problem is our exploding (64). More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is int

61、ensified by our “throwaway” technology. Each year Americans (65) of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to reuse anything, Today almost everything is

62、 disposable.问题1选项A.itB.themC.peopleD.some问题2选项A.masterB.tasteC.touchD.get问题3选项A.thereforeB.quiteC.yetD.not问题4选项A.curseB.threatenC.cutD.connect问题5选项A.asB.overC.forD.to问题6选项A.atmosphereB.airC.surroundingD.rain问题7选项A.notB.yetC.stillD.far问题8选项A.whichB.whatC.whyD.where问题9选项A.killsB.killedC.killD.killing问题10选项A.dumpB.dumpingC.castD.casting问题11选项A.pollutantB.usedC.drinkingD.dirty问题12选项A.soB.therebyC.becauseD.for问题13选项A.overB.offC.fromD.of问题14选项A.peopleB.personC.population