2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题75（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题At one time, marriages were always_ by the church, but this is not the case now.问题1选项A.sanctifiedB.underpinnedC.scannedD.appreciated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“sanctified”，意为“认可的，批准的，神圣化的”；B选项“underpinned”，意为“加固的，被加固的”；C选项“scanned”，意为“扫描的”;；D选项“appreciated”，意为“受欢迎的，赞赏的”，

2、句意：过去，婚姻总是受到教会的约束，但现在不是这样了。因此，A选项符合句意。2. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on ma

3、chines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factorie

4、s hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, the

5、re are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with les

6、s human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact

7、 with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, res

8、earchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built ro

9、bots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a forest

10、road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means

11、_.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manu

12、facturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human being verballyC.have a little common senseD

13、.respond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less

14、able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在”。第一段第一句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdenso

15、me, or just plain nasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，第一段最后一句And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没有实现，所以不选；B项“机器

16、在制造业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。2.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but

17、whose universal existence has removed much human labor.（现代世界越来越多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句Dave Lavery说we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to relia

18、bly interact with a dynamic world（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以”。第三段第二句Dave Lavery说while

19、we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到they have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还可以处理一些错误。A项“自己

20、做决定”，第三段第一句提到But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”

21、，文中没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是”。最后一段第一句提到the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬

22、间识别出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题C项正确。3. 单选题The

23、 president paid _to the firemen who had fought the blaze, saying their bravery had saved countless lives.问题1选项A.attentionB.heedC.griefD.tribute【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“attention”，意为注意力，关心；B选项“heed”，意为“注意，听从”；C选项“grief”，意为“悲痛，忧伤”；D选项“tribute”意为“致敬，悼念”，句意：总统向灭火的消防队员致敬，称赞他们的勇敢拯救了无数生命。因此，D选项符合句意。4. 单选题Althou

24、gh he is very rich, his undutiful children are the _ of his life.问题1选项A.torchB.tormentC.topicD.topper【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项torch“火把、火炬”；B项torment“折磨、痛苦”；C项topic“主题”；D项topper“第一流人物、大礼帽”；句意：虽然他很有钱，但他那些不孝顺的孩子是他生活中的折磨。因此该题B项正确。5. 单选题My advice is that youll have to overcome your_ if you want to become a nurs

25、e.问题1选项A.humanitarianismB.loftinessC.squeamishnessD.compassion【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“humanitarianism”，意为“人道主义”；B选项“loftiness”，意为“高尚，骄傲”；C选项“squeamishness”意为“易恶心的，神经质”；D选项“compassion”，意为“同情，怜悯”。句意：如果你想成为一名护士，我的建议是你必须克服你的易恶心，因此，C选项符合句意。6. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into

26、 the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchase

27、d Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had

28、gone before. Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than pr

29、ofits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiment

30、s that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and wh

31、ether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions the bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past

32、or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the de

33、epest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explores in going to unknown place in the past was_.2. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is_.3. What is the main goal of se

34、nding human missions to Mars?4. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been”, the author means that_.5. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find

35、 new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.tTo find out if life ever existed there.B.tTo see if humans could survive there.C.tTo prove the feasibility of large-scale space

36、ventures.D.tTo show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures.B.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever

37、 beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provid

38、e an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据explorers go to unknown定位到全文首句。首句中提到，几个世纪以来，出于或多或少的经济原因及国家主义原因，探险家冒着生命危险深入到未知领域。本题是询问主要目的，所以reasons的定语从句中的内容即为答案“for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic”，由此可知答案为D。2.【试题解析】

39、: 判断推理题。题目的意思是说促使各个国家大规模的太空探险的主要诱因是什么，定位到第2段，“it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.”可得知去太空探险是为了留下人类的痕迹也就是为了科学的探索，因此，答案为C。3.【试题解析】:判断推理题。根据main goal这一个关键词定位到第23段第43句。定位到原文，可得知在以往探险中一直扮演次要角色

40、的科学这一次终于注定是主角了吗？?说明在以往探险中，一直被认为不重要的就是科学，由此可知那么这次最重要的就是科学，因此答案为D。4.【试题解析】: 事实细节题。根据引用的这句话可以定位到原文的“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to li

41、fe.”可得知，这次的探险可以获得了很多前所未有的珍贵资料，因此，答案为BA。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目询问文章告诉我们火星上有生命的证据表明了什么，可定位到原文的最后一段“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars,， past or present,， would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.”

42、 (（就火星上过去或现在的生命问题提供一个更具结论性的答案，将会给研究者提供宝贵的资料，使他们了解在何种条件下，一个行星体能够产生复杂的化学反应，导致生命的出现）)，因此，答案为C。7. 单选题After reading these books, he was _ to the Darwinian theory of evolution.问题1选项A.changedB.convertedC.transferredD.adjusted【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项change“改变、变化”；B项convert“使转变”；C项transfer“转移、调动”；D项adjust“调整、使适应”；

43、be converted to 转变为、皈依；句意：读了这些书之后，他皈依了达尔文的进化论。因此该题B项正确。8. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles move

44、d by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service

45、. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidati

46、on within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal t

47、o the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads c

48、harged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it oft

49、en leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace” asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers als

50、o worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions t

51、o acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who is going to pay for t

52、he rest of the bill. Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?.3.

53、It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.4 The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those_.5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will con

54、tinue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a go

55、vernment board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题

56、解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是支持并购的人为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。根据题干关键词“支持者，合并，不可能”可以定位到第二段。支持者认为“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. ”意思是因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。”因此C最符合文章原意。A不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，而不是竞争降低成本。B不对是因为文中只是说可以更好协调服务，而不是跨行业。D把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。因此，答案为C。2.【试题解析】：观点态度题

57、。题目问的是许多受控制的托运商对铁路合并的态度是什么。注意问的不是作者的态度 ,，是货主的态度,，根据文中第三段由于铁路运输业之间的合并使得发货商只能求助于一家公司，他们所付的运费要高出20%30%，如果他们觉得收费过高，他们有权提出申诉要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时而且只有在真正极端的情况下才有效果；根据第五段首句“Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases”根据关键词worry一词，可得发货商对于继续增加费用的担忧。所以发货商对于铁路运输业的合并是

58、“充满担忧的”，而选项A“漠不关心的”，以及选项B“支持的”和选项C“义愤的”原文中并没有提及。因此，答案为D。3.【试题解析】：判断推理题。A的意思是说没有竞争的铁路运输公司，运输公司的费用会少一些。根据原文第三段第二句“Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.”可知，费用是高了百分之二十到三十，而不是少了些。根据文中第三段首句，大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但B

59、答案是说只剩下一家公司，意义完全不同。C答案根据原文第三段可知，货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低费率。但是申诉的过程耗时费钱，可以推断出他们提出申诉的可能性比较小。D答案是说政府可以保证铁路行业内的公平竞争，文中并没有提及，属于无关选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】:语义推测题。arbiter的意思是“仲裁者”，词义题一般可以根据其上下文推断出来其含义，根据这个单词定位到原文的第四段的“Do you really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketpl

60、ace? ” “It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”由此，可以得出“arbiter”的意思是能够决定成败，决定输赢的一个职位，即选项B最符合题意。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，根据关键词“cost increase”，定位到原文中的最后一段的第一句话，

61、可得知许多“受制” 托运商担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的费率大涨价。目前的铁路公司所赚的钱不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资，然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行收购。因此，铁路的经营成本提高。选项B，文中虽然提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去满足不断增长的运输需要，但是这并不是经营成本提高的原因。C、D选项文中并没有依据。因此，答案为A。9. 单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services i

62、n World War and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionagespying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is

63、reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks (间谍) call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who