2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第110期

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “gre

2、at game” of espionagespying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electroni

3、c spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks (间谍) call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest

4、 to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private int

5、elligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. S.Straitford president George Friedm

6、an says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well su

7、ddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Fried

8、man relies on a lean Staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the

9、 chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.1. The emergence of the Net has _.2. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to _.3. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means _.4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 t

10、hat _.5. Straitford is most proud of its _.问题1选项A.received support from fans like DonovanB.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimesD.revived spying as a profession问题2选项A.introduce the topic of online spyingB.show how he fought for the USC.give an episode of the information w

11、arD.honor his unique services to the CIA问题3选项A.causing the biggest troubleB.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest successD.enjoying the widest popularity问题4选项A.Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB.Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC.Straitfords

12、business is characterized by unpredictabilityD.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information问题5选项A.official statusB.nonconformist imageC.efficient staffD.military background【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“网络的出现已经”。第一段最后一句These days the Net, which has already re-made

13、such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.（如今，网络已经改变了购书和寄信等日常娱乐活动，也正在重塑Donovan的情报员职业）可知，网络的出现是改造了情报部门的工作。A项“得到了Donovan等粉丝的支持”，文中第一句Wild bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.（Donovan会爱上互联网的），这里用的虚拟语气，且从后面的内容也可以得知，在Donovan做情报员期间互联网还没有出现，所以A项错

14、误；C项“恢复/还原许多普遍的消遣活动”，文中说的是互联网改变了人们日常生活的方式，如买书、发邮件等，这里是改变而不是恢复，因此C项错误；D项“复兴了间谍这个职业”，原文没有提到间谍行业消失的信息，所以复兴一词不正确。该题B项“重塑了情报行业”正确。2.【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文中提到Donovan的故事是用来”。A项“介绍网络间谍的主题”，B项“展示他是如何为美国而战”，C项“信息战争的一段插曲”，D项“向他对中情局的贡献致敬”。文章开篇引用Donovan的例子来证明互联网的发展重塑了间谍行业，从而来引出接下来对间谍行业的论述，因此该题A项正确。3.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意

15、思是“第三段第一行making the biggest splash这个短语的意思最有可能是”。A项“制造最大的麻烦”，B项“尽最大的努力”，C项“取得最大的成功”，D项“有最广泛的名气”。第三段讲的内容是作为一家私人情报分析公司，Straitford通过将间谍活动的成果（覆盖从智利到俄罗斯的国家）卖给其他公司来赚钱；它的许多预测都可以在网站上看到；由此可以推断Straitford公司是这个间谍行业的佼佼者，因此A项和B项都不符合题意；另外，文中对Straitford公司的名气并没有特别提到，所以该题C项最符合题意。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第四段可以知道”。第四段主要讲的是F

16、riedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集信息，又用来发布信息；A项“关于乌克兰的语言被证实是真的”，文中只说了Straitford公司做出了关于乌克兰局势的预测，原文并没有说明预言是否成真，所以A项错误；B项“Straitford公司保证信息的真实性”，第四段倒数第二句提到Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad（当然公开来源的间谍活动的确有它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息），最后一句提到这正是St

17、raitford公司赚钱的原因，所以由此可以推断出Straitford公司就是靠辨别真伪情报赚钱的，它能提供相当可靠的信息，但是没有保证情报百分百的准确，B项太绝对；C项“Straitford公司商业的特点是不可预测性”在文中找不到依据；因此该题D项“Straitford公司能提供相当可靠的信息”最符合题意。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“Straitford公司对自己的什么最自豪？”。A项“官员地位”，B项“不墨守成规的形象”，C项“有效率的员工”，D项“军事背景”。文章最后一句提到Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.（弗莱德

18、曼说，Straitford公司为其独立的声音而感到自豪）可知，Straitford公司引以为豪的是其独立的立场，A项没有依据，C项和D项都不是Straitford公司引以为豪之处。因此B项最符合题意。2. 单选题A man has to make _ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.问题1选项A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项supply“提供”；B项assurance“保证、保险”；C项provision“供

19、应、准备”；D项adjustment“调整”；句意：一个人必须存下足够的钱来养老。因此该题C项正确。3. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in about 200 words under the following title.Environmental protection and Sustainable Development【答案】Environmental protection and Sustainable DevelopmentAlong with the economic

20、development, living standards enhancement, the environment question becomes a focal point which gradually attracts peoples attention. In China, this problem is rather different because of our heavy population and rapid development. Therefore, our government put the environmental protection up as a b

21、asic state policy. And then, I would like to talk about the environmental protection of our country.In my opinion, the protection of environment is a step-by-step progress, we need patient and care. There are the ways and suggestions of protecting the environment. The first one is to make a synchron

22、ization of the build and protect of environment. Protect the animals, plants, forests and water together instead of merely deal with the damaged ones. This can make our environment sustainable and provide continuous recourses. Secondly, improve peoples enthusiasm of protecting the environment. Peopl

23、es sense of environmental protection and their attendance are the most important parts. We can do more advertisements and let people know more about this. Thirdly, make the laws of this part more complete. If we want to make a difference in the protection of environment, we need the support of laws,

24、 and they can be our guarantee.We should know the importance of environmental protection and keep it clear. It is in relationship with the development of our economic, the progress of the society and the health of people. With the responsibility of our society, we should do it well and make our envi

25、ronment more clean and comfortable.4. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machi

26、nes. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories h

27、um to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there

28、are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less h

29、uman supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact wi

30、th a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, resear

31、chers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robot

32、s that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a forest roa

33、d or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _.3

34、. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufac

35、turing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human being verballyC.have a little common senseD.re

36、spond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less abl

37、e than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在”。第一段第一句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome,

38、 or just plain nasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，第一段最后一句And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没有实现，所以不选；B项“机器在制造

39、业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。2.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but who

40、se universal existence has removed much human labor.（现代世界越来越多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句Dave Lavery说we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably

41、 interact with a dynamic world（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以”。第三段第二句Dave Lavery说while we

42、know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到they have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还可以处理一些错误。A项“自己做决定

43、”，第三段第一句提到But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”，文中

44、没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是”。最后一段第一句提到the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬间识别

45、出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题C项正确。5. 单选题_ conf

46、lict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。6. 单选题_ the wall, we

47、 decided that we should need three tins of paint.问题1选项A.Making upB.Doing upC.Putting upD.Sizing up【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配的用法。A项make up“构成、化妆”；B项do up“扎、捆”；C项put up“举起、建造”；D项size up“判断、估量”；句意：我们估量了一下这面墙，决定需要三罐油漆。因此该题D项正确。7. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms

48、have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as

49、 one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, o

50、ff at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, a

51、fter the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professiona

52、l and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge w

53、hen new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is requir

54、ed before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the pop

55、ulation affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2.

56、 What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to_.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competition advantage is_.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hi

57、re people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the fir

58、m.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background s

59、killsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German f

60、irms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity

61、.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States”。第三句说到“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己

62、的事”符合，因此B 选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Labor is simply another factor of production to be

63、hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys materials or equipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力，就跟购置材料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“the head of human-resource management”定位到原文第一段的“The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.， The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，从来没有人会咨询人力资源管理者。因此，答案为选项