国际贸易专业英语课后参考答案

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1、ELLc2.g3.e4.k5.a6,f7.h8.b9.i10.011.112.m13.p14.q15.n2. is justified by5 . specialize in6 put an end to3.engage in八 because of6.9.be dominated bym.i.isdefinedas4.tobedetermined.?by7.dependsupon1 ?intermsof0IV.1.F2.T&F9.T3.T4.F5.T6.T10.T7.FLTradinggloballygivesconsumersandcountriestheopportunitytobeex

2、posedtogoodsandservicesnotavailableintheirowncountries.2. Internationaltradeallowswealthycountrie&tousetheirresourceswhetherlabor,technology,orcapital-moreefficiently.3. Multinationalfirms,asopposedtolocalones,undertaketheirbusinessoperationsonaglobalbasis.4. Forrecentyears,Chinahasregisteredfastand

3、sustainedgrowthinforeigntradevolumes.5. Givenaglobalizedworldmarket,firmsfindthemselvesinfiercecompetitionwithdomesticandforeignplayers.VI经济“全球化”是一个历史过程、是人类创新和技术进步的结果。它是指世界各国在经济上不断增强的一体化，特别是通过贸易和金融活动。有时候，这个词汇也指人员（劳动力）和知识（技术）的酹国境流动Q更广泛的讲，也存在着文化、政治和环境的方面全球化，这里就不予讨论了。从根本上说，全球化并没有什么神秘的。自从20世纪80年代以来，这个词汇

4、就已经被经常使用了，反映了技术的进步使国际交易一一贸易和金融活动一一更快更容易地完成。它是指几个世纪以来一直活跃于各层次人类经济活动（乡村市场、城市工业或金融中心）中的同样的市场力量超越了国境。第二课IL 1.1 b 2. d3. q 4. a 5. g10. o 11.112. p 13. j 14. k6. e 7. c & m9. h15. rmi. clear-cut4. as well as7. available2. is characterized by5. constitute8. arguments against3. gain from& self-sufficient9.

5、 ply withIV. 1.T 2, T8. T 9. F3? T 4. F 5. T10. F6 F 7. T1. OneofthegoalsoftheimportpolicyisdirectedattheacquisitionofcapitalgoodsthatembodythemodemtechnologyneededtodevelopChinaseconomy.2. Manyeconomistsarguethatfreetradewillenhancetheeconomicgrowthandraisethelivingstandard3. Internationaltradecont

6、inuestobedominatedbyadvancedindustrializedcountries,thetradevolumeofwhichaccountsforoverhalfoftheworldstotaL4. SinceimplementationofthereformandopeninguppolicyfespeciallyafteritsaccessiontotheWTO,Chinahasachievedremarkablegrowthinforeigntrade.5. Economistshavebeenengagedintheresearchonthetheoretical

7、andpracticalissuesarisingfromtheexpansionofinternationalbusinessVI.在两个多世纪里，芙国的对外贸易和全球经济政策的导向发生了巨犬的变化。在建国之初，美国政府及企业主要致力于发展国内经济，而不管美国之外发生了什么。然而，自从20世纪30年代的大芾条以及第二次世界大战以来，美国把主要精力放在了寻求降低贸易壁垒和协调世界贸易体制上。美国信奉自由贸易，有其经济和政治两方面的根源：美国越来越消楚地看到，开放贸易不仅是发展其经济利益的途径，而且是各国建立政治关系的关键C第三课n, l. p 2. g 3. h4. b5. e6? q7. a

8、 8. i 9. j10. c 11. n 12. m13. d 14, I 15. fHL 1. nothing more than4. involves7- otherwise10. equivalenl torv. 1. T 2. F2. relating to5 . prevenL ? from6 are (extremely) conscious of3? F 4. T 5. T 6? F 7. F3. work on6. be dealt with9. put into practice8.T9.T10.FV.1.AftertheSecondWorldWar,thereemerge

9、dvariousformsofcross-borderbusinessactivitiessuchastradeingoodsandservicestforeigndirectinvestmentandtechnologytransfer,etc.2?Intheabsenceofexchangereservesorcreditforthepossibilityofnegotiatingothertypesofagreement,theonlyalternativeisbarter,3. Beforeenteringintoalicensingagreement,thelicensorshoul

10、dhaveathoroughknowledgeofthelawsandregulationsconcerningtheintellectualpropertyrightsinthelicensee$country.4. Increasinglyrfirmsareobtainingmoreprofitsbyintroducingproductsfromtheforeignmarketstotheirdomesticmarketsastheymovetowardgreaterglobali2ationoftheiroperation$?5. Thereisnoquestionhathighretu

11、rnsonoverseasinvestmentsarethemajormotiveformultinationalcompaniestoengageinforeigndirectinvestmentVI.在1999年度报告中，南非储备银行表示：“吸收外国直接投资是加快经济增长和发展的先决条件”。为什么南非需要外国直接投资？增加就业是主要的原因,据估计，1999年南非的失业率在24%到37%之间；经济增长是另一个原因，因为南非的国内储蓄和投资率都很低，不足以带动经济增长，尤其是其每年的人口增长率在2%以上。第四课D. 1. f 2. h10. p 11. m3. a 4. i 5. b12. 0

12、13. e 14. c氐 g 7. d & k 9. n15. qm L as opposed to5. sell off9? come out2. breaking up into6. come to10. draw down3. consist of 4. creep in7. bnck up 8. on hand3. T 4. F 5. F10. T6. T 7. FIV.1.F2.T&F9.T1. Chryslershouldgointobankruptcyratherthantumtothegovernmentforhelp.2. Thisprojectp!ay$thekeytole

13、forthisplantssurvivalanddevelopment3. ThedealisseenasaU.S.voteofconfidcntcinRussiaseconomy.4. Thesurgeononcasualtydutywassobusythathejustbolteddownasandwich.5. Morespecifically,theyaskedwhetherornottheUnitedStatesreallyexportedcapitalintensivegoodsinexchangeforlabor-intensivegoods.VL国际货币经济的学习从国际收支展开

14、。经常项目是由货物和服务贸易与（削方）目由各国转移引起的借和贷的总和，私人资本项目包括资产的买卖，官方储备交易项中央银行持有的国际储备财产的变化组成。4. a 5. i6. c 7. j & k 9. f13. n 14. d 15. e2. due to3.subject to5* except6.means&. prevent9.so that4. T 5. T6. T 7. F第五课II 1.b2.q3.h10. 111.p12.mIII 1.imposedon4. interferencewith7, ledto10, intendedtoIV.1.F2T3.F8. F9.F10.T1

15、. Formanyyearstherehasbeenanagreementamongnationsagainstimposingquotasunilaterallyongoods.2. Aprotectivetariffisintendedtoartiilciallyinflateprices,ofimportsand44protect”domesticindustriesfromfbreipicoinpetition,3. Governmentprocuremenipoliciesalsoaretradebarriersbecausetheyusuallyfavordomesticmanuf

16、acturersandseverelyrestrictpurchasesofimportedgoodsbygovernmentagencies.4. Freetradeisaneconomicconceptreferringtothesellingofproducebehvecncountrieswithouttariffsorothertradebarriers.5. Customsandotheradministrativeformalitiesinvolveavarietyofgovernmentpoliciesandproceduresthateitherdiscriminateaga

17、instimportsorfavorexports.VL许多经济学家认为，实行比较贸易和规模经济理论，自由贸易会提高生活水平和经济效率。而其他经济学家认为，自由贸易使发达国家剥削发展中国家、损害当地产业而且无视社会和劳动标推。与此相反，也有人认为自由贸易有害于发达国家，因为它导致就业从发达国家流向其它国家，并且造成一种追求低标准的竞争，从而降低了普遍的富裕和安全标准。第六课DL 1. f2. a3? m 4. b5. g6. d7. e9. n 10. jIIL 1. adhere to5. at stake9. lead to11. h 12. k2. at the heart of6. a

18、wesR to10. in terms of13. c14. 115. o3. made strides in7. left out4. in breach of& come toIV. 1. T 2? F3. T 4. T5. T 6. F7. T10. T8.F9.F1. Environmentalistsarguethatifissuessuchasglobalwanningandprotectionoftherainforestsarenotbroughtintotheequation4commercialgoalswillwinOutandtheenvironmentwillsuff

19、er.2. UnconditionalMFNstatuscamein2000,pavingthewayforWTOmembership.3. AcountryfoundtobeinbreachoftraderulesbyapanelmayappealtotheAppellateBody*4. AllcountriesenjoyarecognizedrighttosafeguardnationalintereststbutthisprincipletaswellastheinterpietationofWTOrulesthemselves,issubjecttoconsiderablelatit

20、udeininterpretation?5. TothedismayoftheUS.thepaneldecidedthatJapanhadnotviolatedWTOrules,astherehadbeennoconnectionbetweengovernmentactionandJapansmarketstructure.VL虽然世界贸易组织像关贸总协定一样代表了贸易自由化的多边解决办法，但是地区贸易协议的重要性在战后变得越来越显著。在广大的地理区域中，如欧洲和北美大陆，国家间达成了地区贸易协议。他们的目的是在成员国之间减少贸易星垒，以便向国内生产者开放地区市场。但是，他们的影响要深远得多，

21、因为强大的地区市场能够对世界贸易格局产生重大影响。政治故虑也起着极为重要的作用，因为任何地区内的经济融合都是与政治力的平循1不可分的,而且地区贸易集团对全球的政治也产生影响C第七课n.Lg2?jJ.h4.f5.d6.e7.n8.a9.I10.o11.i12.c13.k14.p15.mHL1.kickingaround2.brokeout3.hitabrickwall4.takeon5. accountsfor6.farfrom7.Amongotherthings8. stickingpoint9.keenon10*wipeoutIV.LFZF3,F4.T5,F6.TZT&F9.T10.T1.

22、Low.incomecountriesweregenerallyloathtotakeonthenewissuesandthemeetingonlyagreedtoestablishworkinggroupsontheissues.2. AtCancuntheyformedanalliancewhichtookthefighttotheELJ/USaxisforthefirsttime.3. Muchtothechagrinofhigh-incomecountries,India,China.Cuba,PakistanandZimbabwetriedtorelatethei&suetotheo

23、bligations,ratherthantherights,offoreigninvestois.4. Environmentclausesaresomewhatlikelabourclausesinasmuchastheywouldgenerallyallowacountrytorestrictimportsfromanothercountrywhichhasdubiousenvironmentalstandards.5. AtCancuntheEuropeanUnionofferedtowithdrawtheinvestmentandcompetitionclausesintheface

24、ofunrelentingoppositionfromthenewG22allianceoflow-incomccountries.VL低收人国家的危险是：跨国公司希望他们实施的政策可能会很昂贵并降低全球贸易的透明度。尤其是透明度的降低会削弱低收入国家控制跨国公司转移定价的能力一这对跨国公司在何处报税有很大影响（因此也对他们在何处纳税极有影响）。高收入国家要求跨国公司的转移定价估值要被当地国家简单地接受而没有任何置疑.尽管这个政策在东京回合和乌拉圭回合都已被否决了。& i6. k14. p7. c15. n第八课n. i. c2. g9. 110. dHL 1 ? make delivery4

25、. carry out7. calls forIV. 1. T 2. F 3? F3r 4. f 5. bIE a 12. h 13j2. as a result5 . takes place6 take over4. F 5. T 6. F3. pick (them) up6. takes delivery9. apply to, refer to7. T 8. T 9. F 10.1. ThebuyeTwillassumeallcostsandrisksandmakearrangementsassociatedwiththetransportofthegoodstandmustmakepa

26、ymentaccordingtothecontractterms.2. Ifothermodesoftransportareinvolved,thesetermsdonotapplyrevenifonenfthelegsofthejourneyisbyship.3. InaCFRcontract,thesellerhastheusualFOBobligations,andafterthevesselisloadedthesellerisabsolvedfromliabilityfordamagetothecargo.4. Normallythebuyerwillmakearrangements

27、forfurthertransportation,thoughthecontractmightspecifythatthesellerwillmakesucharrangements5. Theseller9sresponsibilityforcostsandriskoflosswillendwhentherailcarortrucktrailerisloaded,orinthecaseofseaorairtransport,whenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecarrierforloading.VI.那些只在国内做生意的人避免了许多困扰国际贸易商人的问题。那些完全从事国

28、内贸易的人除避免了文化冲突之外，还免除了由法律、语言和商业惯例不同引起的麻烦。国际商务法庭是一个解决大量谋解合同的纠纷的场所，同时也是一个昂贵的通过诉讼解决问题的地方D第九课n. 1. d 2. g 3? i4. b 5. j 6. a7. e 8. f 9. hIG c 11. a 12. k13. m 14. 115. oHL 1. lends an image of4. rather than7. have incorporated into10. in conformance withIV.L T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5.2. are better off5- on a un

29、it basis8. fell out of favor3, are not limited to6. have great latitude to9. firom the standpoint that国U B5.21 KB/s6. F 7, T& T 9. T 10. FLItwouldbeimpracticaltoattempttoacknowledgeindividuallythosemanywhohavegivenusaidandadvice.2. Nationalcurrenciesalwayshaveadvantageoverprivatecurrencies.3. Thefac

30、torywasshutdownforlackoffunds.4. Ifsmanagementthatisatfaultratherthantheworkforce5. Suchbehaviormayresultintheexecutivebeingaskedtoleave.VL而作者的经验是，合资公司就好比婚姻：一切正常时很幸福羌滴.一旦由问题就成立一种特殊形式的地狱。由于经济利益的冲突、管理层的不同意见、以及文化冲突引起的误解等等，许多合作公司都解体了。在二十世纪七十年代，拉丁美洲很时兴和羌国成立合资公司，但在七十年代末，由于由现了已经列举的一系列问题以及在许多拉美国家实行了严格的限制外资在

31、拉美拥有公司的法律，这种合作方式不再流行。因而导致资金和技术的流失。作者相信正是此种限制及其影响，骤然加剧了二十世纪八十年代拉美的经济危机。第十课n.i.d2.f3.p4. j 5? h6. g7. a& c12. k 13. n14. o15. 1IDL 1. guilty of4. turned down7. in question10. in principle2. comply with5. In the event of8. associated with3. has no intention of6? take place9. broken down intoIV. 1. F 2.

32、 F 3.4 F 5. T 6. T7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F9.e10.in.b1. Thecompanymayprefertosubmitquotesintheformofapro-formainvoiceforeaseofadministrationasthepro-formadetailscanbesimplytransferred9acommercialinvoicewhentheorderisplaced.2. Oncethequotationhasbeensubmittedtothebuyerftheexponeriscommittedtofulfillingall

33、thetermscontainedwithinthedocumentshouldanorderbeplacedonthestrengthofit.3. Thebuyer,understandab1yApointedoutthatthecontracthadbeenagreedandthattheexporterwasboundtoiUterms.4. Difficu1tiesmayari$ewhenthepurchasingcompanya1soinc1udesitsownstandardtermsandcoa1itionsandtriestogaifitheupperbaAd5. Theex

34、porterisadvisedtopreparesomestandardtermsandconditiemsofsa1ethatcanbeincorporatedintothedocumentationinadditiontothespecifictfirmsofthecontractVL出口成本计算被用来托助出口商在考虑了所有的附加费用之后确定他们公司的产品在目标市场上的竞争力。由口成本计算也叫“着家成本”，他们提供给由口商商品的总成本形成的细录分类.这样他们可以找出可以节省成本的地方来提高竞争力。出口成本计算应该被看作是这个公司财务计划活动的一个主要部分,尤其是在现金流预测方面，因为一个准

35、确的成本计算会使公司考虑与打入市场相关的所有成本。第十一课IL 1.2. g8.b 9. m3? f 4. o10. a IL k5. h6. e7.12. n 13. cm 1.4.Under the circumstances honour2. Owing to5.in accordance within view of7.facilitate8 are in the receipt of6.9.subsequentAccumulatiiig10.outstandingIV, 1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.FV,?Theletterofcreditisthebanki

36、nstjumentthatassuresthesellerofpaymentifhemakestheagreeduponshipment2. PaymentshallbeavailablebydraftdrawnunderL/Cpayablenotlongerthan90daysafterpresentationofdocumentstothenegotiatingbankoftheL/C.togetherwithaninterestof8.5%perannumforbuyersaceounL3. Paymentbyaprunebankersincvocable,transferableL/C

37、.confirmedbyafirst-classbankin(hekeycurrencycouniry,coveringfullvalueofthecontractedgoods,infavorofseller,availablebydraftalsightfor100%invoicevalugaccompaniedwi&thefollowingdocuments.4. Wehavetodayinstmctedourbanktoopeninyourfavouraconfirmed,irrevocableletterofcreditwithpartialshipmentandtransshipm

38、ent,allowed,availablebydraftatsight,agaiiutsurrenderingthefullsetofshippingdocumentstothenegotiatingbanL5. ThismethodisforthesellertodrawonthebuyerforthepurchasepriceonD/Pbasis.6. Theimporter,whenhewantstoopenanL/Ctocoverthepurchasefromabroad,mayapplytohisbankerforaletterofcreditforanyamount7. Youro

39、rderNo.123wasconfirmedbyourfaAofMarch15vsubjecttoarrivalofcreditwithin15daysfromthedate.VL在国际贾易中，付款是一个复杂的问题。在下订单的时候，交易双方对支付方式达成协议。国际贸易中最常用的支付方式是信用证付款。如果给予顾客的信用期限比竞争者给予的短，或者支付条件比较苛刻，那样很容易做不成生意。第十二课aLi2.q3*j4.p5.16.e7.o8.nHL 1. available by4. convert into7. requisite2. in compliance with5. prior8. on

40、condition that3. comply with6. by means of9. in one*s favour10. draw oneAsattention toIV. 1. T 2. F3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F7. F 8. F1. TheBrownBankinLondonisinapositiontoopenlenersofcreditinRenminbiagainstoursalesconfirmationorcontracL2. YoumustbeawarechatanirrevocableL/Cgivestheexporterheadditionalprote

41、ctionofbankersguarantee3. Adocumentarycreditisaletterissuedbyabankattherequestofthe$?Jkrwherebythebankpromises,topaybeneficiaHagainstpresencationofdocumentsrelatingtothedispatchofgoods.4. Thedocumentaryrequirementsaredesignatedbythebuyerinhisbankapplicationfortheletterofcredit5. Wehavedrawnonyouat60

42、days/iightadraftfor590,000一underthecreditNo.450ofJune6,infavoroftheTokyoBank6. TheexpirydateofthecreditbeingMay31.wcrequestthatyouwillarrangewithyourbankertoextendituptoJux10,amendingthesaidcredit7. Afterthebaftkpaysthesightdraftpresentedbytheseller,itadvisesthebuyerthatthedocumentshavebeensuccessfu

43、llynegotiatedandthebuyershouldpaythebankinaccordancewithhisbankapplication.VL信用证对于成功地完成国际贸易交易起到了极其重要的作用。买方请求银行开由以卖方为受益人的信用证。假定信用风险可以接受，银行则开由信用证。这样，银行信用替代了买方信用，虽热买方信用也可能很好，但可能不如银行信用广为人知。信用证也给买方提供了保障.因为买方知道，只有证明了货物已实际发出以后，银行才会要求其付款a第十三课II 1. d 2. j 3. i4. 15. p6. ? :7.? g8. o9. m 10. k 11. c12. a 13.

44、h14. b 15. fm. 1. be addressed4. dispen&e with2. changes hands5.appeal toIV.7. in question10. regardless ofare exempt from3.in the companys best interests6. be negated by9, are instrumental1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F5. T 6. F7. T 8. F 9 T 10. FV.1. Althoughfreightforwarderschargefortheirservicesftheydoatlea

45、sthavewell-establishedinternationaldistributionnetworksthatcanbeutilizedcost-effectivcly.efficientlyandwithminimuminvolvementfromtheimporterorexporter.2. Thereareanumberofwaysinwhichbusinessesseetheirprofitabilityerodedbylostordamagedgoods?3. Companiesmakeuseofinsurancebrokerstoinsuretheshipmentduri

46、ngtransportandmakeuseofCustomsbrokerstoclearthegoodsthroughCustomsonarrival.4. Thedepositwasrefundedonleavingthecountryprovidingthatthenatureandvalueoftheconsignmentremainedunchanged.5. ItiswithintheforwardersremittoensurethatgoodsareproperlypackagedandmarkedfortransportandthatappropriatedocumentationispreparedtofacilitateshipmentVL集装箱运输不仅减少了装船时间和装卸费用而且降低了偷盗和破损的风险.因为货物必须包装、配载在安全的集装箱中。集装箱运输还可以降低对包装的需求.因为金属制的架装箱本身就是包装的一部分。在船东看来，集装箱由于装载、堆放有序，因而能更好地利用空间，从而加大运力。