【高级英语】unit3-culture-student-version

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1、nit Three Cultur 1. htn ou d?1.1 Backgrnd informatonTrs Definitions ultureiviliionNeolihBrnzeAgesoptmia1.2 Wo Expnsio1.2.1 Worfmlyn.v.adj advdominatervoluioneuateadministrtvepurifyureaucracy1.2.2 eivative roserivaivesliquabitvivehe2. Les readivilizatioBetwn 40 a 3000 B., sinificn techologial dveont

2、beganto tram he Neolithic os.The nventionofwrting nabledcrds to ekept, antheusef meta mak a vl of mncontroovr the nvirnmentands resoures. lreay beoe 00 B., cafteope had discoere tat metl-bearig rks clde ee to lque metls, which oldhen be asin mldsto rodce ools aaons thtwr more useultan sonenstrumets.

3、Althug opper ws the firstmtal tobe utilize producigto, after 400 B.C cratspeople wern Asi disovered that a ombinatoo oprn tin produce bronze， a mch harder andmre rble me tha cper. Iswespeusedha ed histoans o cal te perd Bonze g；heafe,rmround 3000 t 1200B.C.， brone as reasngy epd by inA t， eolithic s

4、ttlement were hardly more than vilages. But as ther inhban masered tar o frming, ore cmpex uman soieies mged. Aswet ireas, these socities bega to develop armis andt buildwleciti. y thebennin o teBronz Age,thecoenaton oflarger numer peopl in h rve valleys o Shwest Asia an Egyptwaeading t a whol newpa

5、tternorhuman lie.As weh een， erly humn bins formed sall grus that devloped a simlculture that enbd the osurviv As hmn soieties gew and develoedgreater complexty,anew fo ohumn exsten aled civizaion cmeint beig.A ciilizationi acoplex ulure whichlarenumbers ofhumanbings hare mbe ofcommn ets. istinha id

6、ntfieda numbero biccharcteristic of civiization, most f hich are evet intheSotwestAsin d Egyin civiliatons. Tse include（1） anurban focus:ts ece tcntesof politica, econoic, scial，cltul andrligious development； () aditinct religous srcture: te gods wr emcruial te comuniys scces， and pssional priestlyl

7、asss,as stwards ote gods prerty, regule reltios it the gods; (3） n oltical a litrtructues; an orgnizegornmntuaucc a to mee the admisratve demands of e wngopulatin hiariswere organiedtoain nd and power； （4） anew scialtrucur bsd on econoic power; while sd an pper las f riess, politial laders， ndwarrio

8、sdominated,therealsoexited larggroup o free people （famer, tans, cftspeope) ande ver bottom, soally, a lass f laves；(5）the elont of itig;kings， piests，mrha, d artians used witing kep ords；n（6） new formsf sgnfican artist and nteletalactvity, suh as mnuena archtectrl strutures， ualy religius, cupied a

9、 prominent plce n uba enviroments. Whyarlycvilizaions devlope emain ificul to exlain. Sceciiaionveloped independny n India， China, Meopta, ndEgypt， can geeralusb denified thatwod exlan wy all o the civlztio eerged? umber of ossiblexptions o th begning fcivlizationav bee ueed.heoy f challngeanrespone

10、 anai thahaleges oehuma bings o mae ffortstht resulte i e s of civiizaon. e scolars have adered to mri eplaatio. Matria frces， sucs te roth of fod srplues, me possibe the speciaizatin o aor n deelopmet o lage ommunities th reaucratc orgnizatio.ut the ra of e Ferilercet, inhch Mesopotaminiviliztnmerd

11、， was no natually conduie o grcltur. Aundant od counlybe roduce ith msive humaneffo to caeullymnage he wter， an ffottat cead he neororganizaionand ueaucratc ontrol ledo civiized ctis ome istians ave argued h nonmatei rces， primrilyrligious, povied the see o uitandpuose t ade such anzed actvties poss

12、ile. Finall, m hors doubt th we arepablef eer discovring th ctul causesf ar civizaion2.1 xeise1. Whch f folowings th bt dfintion o a“cilzin”?A. Nolihc tns ad citiB. Tyes of comple lresC. A agricultur cmmunitD. Large pultio centrs2 Th word ts in thepassge referst A. copeB. bronzeC. metalDiron3. Accor

13、ding o paragraph 2，hat hapend asoieties eo mr oseous?.More dsare prodced.B.Waled citiesaeit.C. Lwsre instd.D. Te size offmilies increased 4. Thewor hardln the passag s closestn meang toA. freqentlyB. lklC. reyD. obviously5.Whdoes the autho menin “Neoltc setlments” i pragrah 2?A. To give an exaleofa

14、civilzatioB. To explan the ienn of writingsytemsC To argue ththey shldbe clafied svillagD. To ctrst them with the civizatiothat evle.Adig t aaraph 3,hw st clas sysemsucture？A. An upper class a alower classB. Sla, re peple nd a rulg clas g， an ar,ndlas. Inellecuals and neducat amersad workers7. ch hs

15、eences low et expeses the informtin te igltd tateetin he pasg？ The othr hoices cng the meaning orleaveout imotant informatio.SouhwestAsian and Egytian civiiaionsexhbi the majority f the chateristcs idenifiedy histrin.B. Te carctrtics hat historin ve denti ae no fund he Egypti and Sotwest Asian cultu

16、es. Ciilzatio in ouhwestAsia andEgpt were entifidby stori wh werestuyng he haracteristis ofearly cltesD. The denticainof st hitcal cvilizato ncludes ite Egypt or ouhstAsan he list8. The wrcrclin theasge i clssnmeig oAfundamnaB airarC. disruptiveD. sible9The od rominentn the passe isclsest i meaing t

17、oA. weakB. importantC.smllD. new10 Accodngto aagra4, cn heinependentdelopme f civlizatio inierent geopicregions b exlied?A. Scholars agre tht foo surlses cod poplos tobe concentraedn crinarea. Therre seveal theores tht elai he ofciviliztionn the anient word.C. he moociviliaion wa oal carie fom n ego

18、nto anohe alog trade routes. D.Hisos attibue the emrgence arltist bout the same time cicidnc1. Al f the llog re citd areasons why civizations devloe EXCEPA.Rligious tice ified thepopuatio.BTh naemntofar rquir oranzaio. A ao clmte chnge mae living in gru nesary. Exta fruted nthe xpasoof ppulatoenter1

19、2.Look at teor quars hat show where theollig setenccl be nsrted in he pssage.Soe historianseiee they an bestalsdWhee coud te sentene besbedd?lick on a square tinert sentnci th passae. 13.ctins: n introduction fr short smmrf the pasage apars belw Copete thsuma y seetng he THEanswer cho hat menion te

20、mportnt onts i hessge m ntencdonot blogite sge r they e mnorpintsfrom the assae. Tis uton i oh ons. Certaiqualitespr o dfinea ciilizatin.Answe hoice.Free iiz ho wrk inrfessiso pa Bureucracis or th govenmentan aries. Lirrs hous art n ritten ecors. regilocation near rivers theea. raized religion, writ

21、ing andart.A dnsely popuated gup wihaclas structure2.2 or &presionswordsvDeiniosiqufvWea gasr oid substanceliquefisoi liqufied, cage t form and com liuid. (使)液化utiize.tnt ice; ue 运用;使用 out into vi, as from concealen; om utof浮现；显出;暴露evintadjclerl rveaedto te minr te sense r jdnt;apaleof bng se or oti

22、ce 明白的;明显的eemp inmidor nvey as a conition orview 觉得;视为bueucracy adinstrive sysm oeratedy alargenuberof fficials;any organiaio wic cton ostruteby insistene onnecssrypocedesand redtape 官僚制度；官僚主义，官僚作风priesn.a spcilly traind prsn w peormsvisreliious duies ndcreoie for gop oorhpper牧师; 祭司adhervitickfirmly

23、;ie surt to sth. 粘着，附着；坚持，支持suplusn.quantt mcagerhan iseeed 过量，盈余conducveadj.lilyproce;hlpn（a eecialyeirale reslt）to haen 导致的, 有益的2.3 Al In Onea) Craftseole haddisced at etal-erin rckscoud beheaed to liqefy metls) Lquefied mals could the bes in old toruceoo nd weapns.c)Mtl tol anwapswereore usefl hn

24、 toinruments.ong entnc 1： _ _ _a) y thebginning oh Bron Age, lager numbeof people haconcentatedin h ivraly othwet Asia and Egyt b) h concetrate olewre leading t ahole new pttr for hanlifeonsnte : _ _ _a) Cviliatons evopddependtly in Inia, Cna, Mespotamia， nd Et.b) hyial thes civilizatios emee?) an w

25、e idetfy er caues or ta?Longsennc 3: _ _ _2.4 Smmar3. ts Lten3.1 Netag 3.2 Exriss1Wht topcs oes tespear iscus?Clck on tansrs. Cuses d ffts of th agricultral reouon. A chang i thedeigof hua stleme.C. he sgificnc of tree in uan space.D. hy people prer lii nromantic iages.2 How d ealy rral villae difer

26、 fr te cities f tody?A.Vlgege rgaiallyarond featureso e lanB. iaswr more likely t npir lanape paiter.C.Vilges we deged a prfect retaglar grids.D. Vlagsprvid btt economi oportunities.3 What i the“uban frest”？A. Tfoet surouding a city.A pak egndb anacitecC e eecultivated farmD. All o thetres in an ubn

27、 a.4. Wy does he peaker alk aot Nw ok ty?A Togi anexamle f anuban park proectB recommnd places vt inNw YorC. describe urba achitectue andcltureD To compar NYork toothe large citis. isten agnto part othe lece.The answr e tinWhat oes te seaker imly about New Yorks Centra Par？A.It isthelgsturbnfres h w

28、ord.B. It wathe first arto be deigd by achtect.C. contn beuiul building f te dstne. It contribtes to th quality of linhe cty.6. What th speakersopinion o c?A The cy i ettertan a raiiol ila.B hcity symbl of mn ieveent.C. Te ciy is to hr， straght，an nntral.D.T city like n organicmahine.3.3 Words Expre

29、ssoswordsvDefnitinsclster. (aseto） gather or grow i ne or mor custes (使)群集,集中aturn.lan cered with grass andsimir plats, sitab for grazinanimas 牧草地,牧场eavi. log foresire渴望,切盼，向往pectacurad unusalyieresting orgrand; atractin exciednice壮观的,雄伟的,引人入胜的rectangulra.havnth shpeofa ectangle长方形的;矩形的derirtevi.boe

30、 wors 恶化，变坏hcetn.a dsgoth of bushes 繁茂处；丛林；草丛psyhn.the mind andoes eest felin n ttitdes精神;心灵3.4 Sumar4. Lts spekYouwired a sort passage andth list to atalk n te m topc. You wll tn as a questioabout them. Afte you hear he question, o wl hv 30 ecnds t prpaeyo resons and 0sconds t speak.ltureClue cnsis

31、t o th beliefs, values, ritual， xtsan symbol a socie. A imporan elme of cr s he rul or nors that rgulteehvir and maitainsocial orde.So r tl us how e houldeave fr eample，oey authoriand treaoters h respect. Sme norms are traditions r custs， ch as lotinsle. ther nor ve matte oraity, ucha curti beavior

32、r showng espet to anceors. Thmos ssentil norscver acites tha ar cental to he ell being o the whosocit;ths rules ar estabished s laws,bth wrtn a unwritten.Now,lt isten to alcture n ths ubjec.Noteting：xpli how cororatiosre silarto an erclre, and lai h copoteculurevaries in iffrent cmpans5. ts you trn

33、5.1 LagagEaceen ABCDrtualfrmcermonyceterviewstiulatoninspiatonpindeisionmemoryexeutvepraticaladmiistratuerviorsuboritepnsepandastessextentarewelletbelihedfunconaniceybuiltfamuoundd5.2 Paraprse the followng sentencsOrginal ntenceAorof hlleg nd response antainsthat ceges forced human beings to makeefo

34、rs ht resuted thris of ciilizaon.Parphaerigil SentenAbundat fod oul ony e produced t massie hum t tocarefully aage the water,a efo ha creaedtheneed fr oranizatin d uraucrtic cro and led to ivilized itis.ParaphrseOriginl Senech are had been used as como psure for farm anmals, but evenlly ietriortd intoa kind of ubn wastlan, dotedwith garbag ums.Parphrase5.3 ProjectDIRETION: herere mnysymb ofinee iviliai whic ae uniquein he worl Pic on asyur topi an ork in grous omake an o reorti which you shoul icude what it i,its cctristics n develomen.