电子信息工程外文翻译--综合布线的未来（适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照）

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1、 毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:The future of structure cabling systems文献、资料来源: Cabling Installation & Maintenance Magazine 文献、资料发表出版日期: 2005.12.1 院部: 信息与电气工程学院 专 业: 电子信息工程 班 级: 姓 名: 学 号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2021.4.1 外文文献： The future of structured cabling systemsWhich technologies will meet speed and data-transmission

2、requirements in the future?To discuss the future of structured cabling systems, we should spend a moment looking at the past and present practices. Before early 1984, communications wiring systems, as they were then called, were not topics of much discussion. Data-transport speeds were comparatively

3、 slow, transmission bandwidth requirements were minimal, and others provided the design and installation of the cabling system. The telephone companies took care of the installation and maintenance of the telephone service. When data services became distributed, the cabling system was vendor-specifi

4、c, and the installation and maintenance of the cable plant was provided by the equipment vendors, or specialized independent contractors.In January 1984, the courts in the U.S. made several important rulings that changed the way telecommunications was provided and distributed. Outside of traditional

5、 suppliers of cabling systems, not much was understood about the cabling requirements for communications transport. The proliferation of media and connector interfaces, a lack of standard transmission specifications, and the introduction of cabling schemes by vendors added to the users confusion. Br

6、inging order to the confusion and creating generic cabling systems demanded the creation of a standards body whose output would focus on commercial buildings and communications cabling.Since the introduction of the first cabling standard in1991 by the Telecommunications Industry Association/Electron

7、ic Industry Alliance (TIA/EIA), that same group has issued a series of standards and specifications regarding most aspects of the structured cabling systems. These standards have provided guidance related to evolving high-speed information transport systems. The vast majority of past and present dig

8、ital communications, used in the commercial world, has been transported on unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling systems. UTP became the medium of choice because it was economical, perfectly adequate for the applications, and comparatively easy to install versus other available media types.With adva

9、ncements in network speeds, new transmission specifications for UTP cable and connecting hardware have been promoted by manufacturers and eventually endorsed by the standards community. In 1991, the highest rated bandwidth over UTP was 16 MHz; we are now faced with transport speeds demanding transmi

10、ssion bandwidths of 250MHz and beyond. Manufacturers have risen to the challenge and provided UTP components for todays transmission requirements in excess of 600 MHz. What media and connectors will be available that will be economically feasible at bandwidths of 1G MHz? At what point does UTP becom

11、e less easy to use and less economical than other media?Future directionsAs far as we can see into the future, commercial information transfer will consist of both low-speed and high-speed requirements. Applications such as voice, building automation systems, alarms, and security systems will still

12、use low bandwidths. Voice information may change from central office exchange delivery to intelligent peripheral, but bandwidth requirements wont increase by a large amount. The data packets, with which the voice packets ride, will increase bandwidth requirements. The requirements to transport large

13、 amounts of information in shorter and shorter periods of time are changing, and will continue to change. Applications such as graphical data (both schematic and pictorial), scientific modeling, desktop videoconferencing, multi-tiered relational databases and other data-intensive information will dr

14、ive up the bandwidth requirements.If history is any predictor of the future, we will see information transfer speeds increase at least one order of magnitude per decade. We have seen local area network speeds, on UTP, increase from 10 Mb/s in the mid 1980s to 100 Mb/s in the mid 1990s then to 1 Gb/s

15、 in the late 1990s. Today, standards are being written for 10 Gb/s. Where will we be in 2021 or 2021? Microsofts Bill Gates is quoted as saying, We will have infinite bandwidth in a decades time. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (Berkeley, CA) has projected its throughput needs for 2021 to be 40 Gb/s. W

16、hat will be its media of choice: UTP, coaxial, shielded twisted-pair, optical fiber, or wireless technology?The two major properties required for any cabling system to be the system of choice are its performance and its relative economics (which include ease of installation). Undoubtedly, fiber and

17、shielded twisted-pair (STP) systems are quite robust and provide greater signal headroom than UTP. However, they lag far behind UTP in customer acceptance for todays applications. But will UTP and other media systems provide the bandwidth for future applications? Will they provide economical solutio

18、ns? Lets look at the proposed solutions for future requirements. Unshielded twisted-pairCurrently, standards are being solidified to extend the transmission characterization of UTP to 250 MHz. Many manufacturers are advertising the availability of products that exceed yet-to-be-ratified specificatio

19、ns. Many technical hurdles have to be solved before a Category 6 standard is published. However, it is reasonable to expect that these hurdles - both technical and political - will be resolved. It is generally recognized that UTP has not yet been pushed to its theoretical limits. The question yet re

20、mains as to the continued viability of UTP as information speeds increase.If future technology does not improve the efficiency of band-width utilization, then the cost of the electronics, installation detail, and the testing requirements may diminish UTPs benefits relative to other potential options

21、. It should be noted that currently, there are no plans to develop a standard copper solution for 10 Gigabit Ethernet.Shielded twisted-pair Shielded twisted-pair is currently characterized at frequencies to 300 MHz. The International Organization for Standardization and International Electro-technic

22、al Commission (ISO/IEC-Geneva, Switzerland) is now studying STP for potential publication as a Category 7 standard. The spectral bandwidth will be characterized at frequencies to 600 MHz. Despite being an exception ally good transmission medium, its material and installation costs have restricted it

23、s use to special situations and certain countries. Undoubtedly, STPs bandwidth limitations have not yet been reached, but as is the case with UTP, economics could be the major stumbling block to its adaptation. The installation of STP requires highly trained installers. North American industry exper

24、ts doubt that end users or installation contractors will be quick to embrace STP. Fiber-optic WDM Wave division multiplexing (WDM) is a new technology that expands the data-carrying capacity of optical fiber rather than using a new media type for structured cabling systems. To increase the carrying

25、capacity of fiber, the laser light that carries data through fiber-optic glass can be split into different colors, or more precisely, wavelengths, each of which carries a discrete data channel. Today, the technology will support up to 40 different wavelengths. In the near future, 128 channels will b

26、e available. The best result of this technological development is that transmission facilities for new wavelengths can be retrofitted onto existing plants that connect to fiber already in the ground, which makes it the easiest way to increase bandwidth. This technology will obviate the requirements

27、of additional fiber and will use the existing optical fiber and connectors. Plastic optical fiberHistorically, plastic optical fiber (POF) has been relegated to low-speed, short-distance applications. Recent technical developments of graded-indexed POF have increased bandwidths to 3 GHz/100 meters.

28、But this medium is not endorsed by any standards body because the current technology is limited to a distance of 50 meters at the required bandwidth. Endorsement within a written standard is crucial for market acceptance. It will be perhaps five years before low-cost POF will be commercially availab

29、le. If and when a standards body sanctions POF, it should offer a more robust system for applications currently served by copper media, at a cost below that of glass optical fiber. Wireless technology Much has been written about the prospect of wireless networking replacing fixed-media structured ca

30、bling systems in the future. Currently, cost and low bandwidth have left wireless technology with approximately 1% of the number of deployed Ethernet ports. The features of wireless networking are beguiling to those who are involved with the design, installation, and maintenance of structured cablin

31、g systems. With wireless, there are no more concerns about running cable to inaccessible locations, and no more concerns about cable types. But for all the magic of wireless networking, there are downsides. Although a standard for wireless networking exists - IEEE 802.11b put out by the Institute of

32、 Electrical and Electronics Engineers - complete interoperability among all WLAN vendors remains unattained. IEEE 802.11b stipulates an 11Mb/s data-transfer rate. An Australian company has recently developed a wireless system that claims to support 54Mb/s. In an open office plan, propagation of the

33、radio waves may be limited to distances of 200 feet to 500 feet. In a closed-wall office environment, propagation may be limited to as little as 100 feet. Undoubtedly, the cost of wireless networking will be reduced and the bandwidth will increase. Wireless networking can serve admirably in numerous

34、 applications. Coaxial Coaxial cable has been the medium of choice for wideband applications ranging from high-fidelity audio to television to baseband and broadband communications. Coaxial cable was the primary media for 10-Base-5 and 10-Base-2 Ethernet. The advent of higher-bandwidth UTP cable and

35、 connector technology replaced coaxial cable in commercial networks and has relegated its primary use to legacy networks and cable television. Cost considerations Numbers being what they are, one cannot just look at the cost of materials when making a purchasing decision. The applications to be run

36、and the anticipated requirements must be factored into any decision. For instance, Category 5 cable is characterized at frequencies to 100 MHz, while Category 6 is characterized at 21/2 times bandwidth. Trying to double the bit rate of a signal using the same bandwidth will considerably increase ele

37、ctronics costs, as it will take more-sophisticated equipment to decipher the transmitted signal. Unless there is a need to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI), most users cannot justify the up to 300% price premium of STP over UTP. The use of fiber, at 4 to 41/2 times the cost of UTP, may be j

38、ustified on several levels: EMI cancellation, increased bandwidth, and longer distances. Shielded twisted-pair and screened twisted-pair media will also continue to find their use in high-EMI environments for a long time to come. Their cost premium and increased installation costs are a disadvantage

39、, but they offer solid performance at frequencies higher than those that UTP can accommodate. Wireless technology will undoubtedly advance and continue to support greater bandwidth requirements. It will probably see an even greater share of the market, especially in residential environments. Users s

40、hould be interested in the information-transfer system as a tool to provide productivity for their enterprise, rather than support one technology versus another technology. And, even though in terms of application protocol Gigabit Ethernet will be with us for awhile, and Category 5E and Category 6 w

41、ill support it just fine, we do know that in the next 5 to 10 years, 10-Gigabit Ethernet will require a totally optical-fiber infrastructure. Debate continues on employing the new multimode fiber versus single mode fiber, short wavelength (SX) versus long wavelength (LX) transmission, and using WDM

42、for new fiber installations. The development of a 1,300nm VCSEL will enhance single mode fibers chance of deployment in both backbone and horizontal usage. It seems that the ultimate solution will probably be a combination of many of the current optical-fiber options. In the final analysis, manufact

43、urers of structured cabling products must always be aware of new developments in electronic components, breakthroughs in materials technology, and innovations in signal transmission. They must also be cognizant of all new application protocols being developed. Lloyd Mariner is chief operating office

44、r of Molex Premise Networks (Hudson, NH). 中文译文：综合布线的未来哪种技术将会满足未来对速度和数据传输的要求？讨论未来的综合布线系统，我们应该花一点时间去回忆过去和现在的做法。在1984年初，当时被称为通信布线系统，并没有被过多的讨论。和其他区各种布线系统相比，数据传输速率低，对传输带宽的要求是很小的。 公司只负责 的安装和维修效劳。当数据效劳成为分散式的，有负责布线系统的厂商，有负责安装及维修电缆的设备厂商，或专门的独立承包商。在1984年1月，美国的法院公布的几个重要裁决改变了电信业务的提供和分配结构。传统的综合布线系统供给商，他们不太了解综合布线

45、对传输的需求。多媒体扩展连接接口缺乏标准传输标准，厂商介绍的各种布线方案给使用者造成了许多混乱。为了消除这些混乱就需要创立一种专注于商业大楼并有统一输出标准的通用布线系统。自从1991年电信行业协会/电子工业联盟，共同发表了一系列关于综合布线系统的标准和标准。一些组织也对综合布线的各个方面发布了一系列的标准和标准。这些标准有助于开展高速传输系统。用于商业界的绝大局部的过去和现在的数字通信系统，都已运用非屏蔽双绞线。之所以双绞线成为新选择的媒介，是因为它经济，非常适合应用，且相对易于安装与其他现有的媒体设备。随着网络速度的提升，制造商研发了双绞线和硬件接口技术，并促使标准化组织最终认可了这些标准

46、。1991年双绞线的最高带宽是16MHz，现在面临的是带宽超过250MHz及以上的要求。制造商已经开始研发带宽超过600MHz的双绞线。什么样的媒介和适配器能用较少的花费到达超过1GHz的带宽？为什么双绞线的经济性已不如其它媒介？新的方向在我们能预见的未来里，商业信息的传递包括低速和高速两种要求。仍继续使用低带宽的领域如，楼宇自控系统，报警系统及平安防范系统。语音信息可以从中央办公室传递到智能外设，但并不需要增加带宽。数据包，其中包括语音数据包，将增加带宽的要求。在越来越短的时间内传输大量信息的需求正在增加，并将继续扩大。一些应用如，图形数据包括原理图和图案，科学建模，桌面视频会议，多层次的关

47、系数据库及其他数据密集的信息会有提高带宽的需求。如果未来是可以预测的，我们将看到信息的传递速度每十年至少提高一个数量级。我们已经看到局域网的传输速度已从80年代中期的10Mb/s提高到了90年代中期的100Mb/s和90年代末的1Gb/s，如今已超过了10Gb/s。那么到2021年或2021年那？正如微软的比尔盖茨说过的“我们在10年内将有无限的带宽。劳伦斯伯克利实验室预测到2021传输速度将到达40Gb/s。要到达如此高的速度应选择哪种传输介质呢？是双绞线，电缆，屏蔽双绞线，光纤还是无线技术？系统性能和经济性是挑选布线系统的两项重要依据。毫无疑问，光纤和屏蔽双绞线比非屏蔽双绞线传输的信息量更

48、大。然而它们远远落后于非屏蔽双绞线在实际当中的应用。但非屏蔽双绞线能满足未来的需求吗？让我们看看有哪些方案可以解决这些问题。非屏蔽双绞线目前，非屏蔽双绞线的传输速度已到达250MHz。许多厂家都宣称其产品性能都超过了现有的标准。在六类标准出台之前，许多技术障碍都没有得到解决。但可以相信这些障碍，无论是技术方面的还是政治方面的，都会得到解决。人们普遍认为，非屏蔽双绞线的传输速率还尚未到达极限。非屏蔽双绞线的持续有效性能否跟随信息传输速率一起提高仍然是一个问题。如果未来的技术并不能提高带宽利用效率，那么电子产品的本钱，安装详图及测试需求本钱的可能会减少双绞线的优点相对于其它潜在的媒介。应该指出的是

49、，目前还有没有方案制定一个标准的万兆以太网。屏蔽双绞线屏蔽双绞线的特点是其频率目前在300MHz。国际标准化组织和国际电工委员会正在研究7类标准。其特点是光谱带宽的频率在600MHz。尽管屏蔽双绞线是一个良好的传输媒介，但原材料和安装费用较高，限制了其使用。毫无疑问，屏蔽双绞线还尚未到达传输极限。但相对于非屏蔽双绞线，屏蔽双绞线的花费较高是它的一个主要缺点。同时它还需要训练有素的安装人员。但北美的一些专家认为，用户和工程承包商最终都会采用屏蔽双绞线。光纤波分复用光纤波分复用是一种新兴的技术。光纤利用波分复用技术扩展了数据的传输能力，而不是为综合布线系统从新选用一个传输媒介。为了提高光纤的承载能

50、力，携带数据的激光通过光纤玻璃时可以被分成不同的颜色，或者更准确地称为波长，每个波长都是离散数据通道。今天，该技术已支持多达40个不同的波长。在不久的将来，可到达128通道。这一技术开展最好的结果是，一个新波长可以耦合到光线路的同一根光纤中进行传输。这样可以很容易的增加带宽。这项技术可没有额外的要求，利用现有的光纤连接器即可。塑料光纤纵观历史，塑料光纤已被应用到低速，短距离的传输系统当中。最新的技术已将塑料光纤的传输速度增加到了3GHz。但是塑料光纤并不被所有的机构所认可，原因是当前的技术仅局限于50米的传输距离。如今的市场只接受有书面认可的产品，而且低本钱的塑料光纤也不会被市场接受。如果要让

51、一个标准化组织认可塑料光纤，它应该具有比玻璃光纤本钱低且更加稳定的性能。同轴电缆同轴电缆被标准应用于有线电视系统的基带和宽带传输。同轴电缆可以组建10Base5和10Base2的以太网。但如今高带宽的非屏蔽双绞线和新的硬件接口技术的出现，使非屏蔽双绞线逐渐替代了同轴电缆在以太网和有线电视系统当中的应用。无线技术很多人指出，在综合布线系统中无线技术将会逐步取代传统的线缆。目前，高本钱和低带宽已经离开了无线技术，大约1%的以太网端口已经运用了无线技术。无线网络的特点，迷住了那些参与了设计，安装和维护综合布线系统的人。有了无线技术，他们不再关注电缆能不能到达地方，也不再关注电缆的类型。但是无线网络所

52、有的魔法都有缺点。虽然无线网络有一个由电气和电子工程师协会提出的IEEE 802.11b标准，但是该标准并没有在所有的无限局域网厂商中实现。IEEE 802.11b 到达11Mb/s的传输速率。澳大利亚一家公司最近开发出一种无线系统，称支持54Mb/s。在一个开放的办公方案中，传播的无线电波可能受限的距离为200英尺到500英尺。在密闭的办公环境中传播距离可能仅限于100英尺。毫无疑问，随着无线网络的本钱的减少和带宽的增加，无线网络可以被广泛的应用。本钱的考虑不能只考虑材料本钱而做出购置决定，还应考虑到到系统的需求。例如，5类电缆的特点是在频率为100MHz，而6类的特点是21/2倍带宽。在相

53、同的带宽中使用双比特率的信号将会大大增加电子产品的本钱，因为它会采取更复杂的设备去解密传输信号。除非有需要降低电磁干扰的要求，大多数用户都无法承受比非屏蔽双绞线高出300%价格的屏蔽双绞线。光纤的使用，费用超过非屏蔽双绞线4至41/2倍时，可能是有这几个原因：干扰消除，增加带宽和更长的距离。在很长的一段时间内屏蔽双绞线将在高电磁干扰的环境中继续使用。他们的缺点是本钱太高，但他们所提供的优良性能和较高的频率是非屏蔽双绞线所不能媲美的。无线技术无疑会促进和继续支持更大的带宽要求。它可能会是一个更大的市场份额，尤其是在住宅环境中。用户应该有兴趣将信息传输系统作为一种提高的企业生产力工具，而不是一个技术与其他技术的支持。而且，即使在千兆以太网协议来到我们之前一段时间里，用5类和6类将支持它就好了，我们知道在未来5至10年，10千兆位以太网将需要一个完全光纤根底设施。采用新的多模光纤和单模光纤，短波长与长波长传输，并使用波分复用的的争论仍在继续。一个1300纳米VCSEL的开展，将加强主干线缆和水平线缆使用单模光纤的时机。看来，最终的解决方法可能是将多种光纤组合使用。最后，综合布线产品制造商应始终关注在信息传输系统中电子元器件，材料技术的突破和开展。他们也应该了解到，所有正在研发的新标准。