非谓语动词精讲与练习

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1、第六章 非谓语动词1一、 动 词 不 定 式1I. 动词不定式的句法作用21.1 EXERCISE5II. 特殊不定式短语61.2 EXERCISE8III. 动词不定式的时态和语态91.3 EXERCISE11二、 分 词13I.分词的句法作用132.1 EXERCISE16II分词的时态和语态172.2 EXERCISE19III. 分词复合结构202.3 EXERCISE21三、 动 名 词22I. 动名词的句法作用233.1 EXERCISE27II. 动名词的时态和语态293.2 EXERCISE30III. 动名词复合结构313.3 EXERCISE32EXERCISE（非谓语动词

2、综合练习）33第六章 非谓语动词一、 动 词 不 定 式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加原形动词构成，动词不定式保留着动词的一些特征：(1)带宾语或表语。例如：I want to watch TV.I hope to be an outstanding student.(2)可由状语修饰。例如： I expect you to study hard.(3)有时态和语态的变化。例如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting.（完成时）The questions to be answered are on page 10.（被动式） 动词不定式和它的宾语，状

3、语，或表语一起构成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语具有名词，形容词，和副词的性质，因而可以在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语，和状语。在不定式符号to前加上not构成不定式的否定式。例如：He told me not to touch the wire.I. 动词不定式的句法作用1.作主语To master a foreign language is very important.Not to smoke will do you a lot of good.To obey the laws is everyones duty.动词不定式作主语时，常常用先行词it作形式主语，放在句首，将不定式移到谓语

4、之后作实际主语。例如：It is difficult to answer such a complicated question in English.It has been possible to send man to space.It takes the electronic computer only a few seconds to solve the problem.Example:_ only five minutes to finish the task.a. It took myself b. It required me c. It should be needing d.

5、 It took me2.作表语Our main task is to carry these building materials to the work site.The most common way of getting heat is to burn fuel.Our goal is to accomplish the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defence, and science and technology.Example:My job _ these children.a. was to look af

6、ter b. was looking c. is to looking after d. has looked after3作宾语在及物动词begin, cease, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hope, intend, like, love, manage, mean, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, try, want, wish 等后边常用不定式作宾语。例如：When did you begin t

7、o learn English?Once you turn off the switch, electricity ceases to flow.He promised to keep the secret for you.Example:Galieo planned to _ the problem, but failed to do so.a. solving b. have solved c. be solved d. have been solvedIf you promise _ angry with me, Ill tell you what I broke.a. get not

8、b. not get c. not to get d. not getting注意：当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用it 作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。例如：I found it difficult to identify mistakes. 我发现辨认错误很难。Do you consider it wise to ignore him? 你认为不理睬他是明智的吗？Example:I found _ to answer all the questions within the time given.a. no possibility b. there was

9、impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible动词不定式也可作介词but, except, save（除.以外）的宾语，但在词组can not but （不由得，只好）, cannot help but（不得不）, do nothing but（别无它法只有.）后面，接不带 to 的不定式。在except, save 后可带to也可不带 to。例如：The National Guardsmen were given no choice but to shoot over the heads of the unruly mob.She does noth

10、ing but cry all day.We cannot but believe in the youth who is always trying to improve himself.He did nothing except play all day long.There is nothing for it but to wait for an opportunity.Example:He was no alternative but _ to see him.a. go b. went c. going d. to go I _ at our teachers remarks.a.

11、cannot but wonder b. cannot help but to wonder c. cannot but wondering d. cannot help but wondering4作宾语补足语有些动词如allow, advise, ask, beg, believe, cant bear, call, choose, cause, command, determine, enable, expect, fail, feel, find, force, get, have, hear, help, know, invite, lead, let, like, make, no

12、tice, order, prove, request, set, see, teach, tell, think, want, warn, watch, wish等后面常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。注意：在make（使）, let（让）, have（使，叫）等使役动词后；在see（看）, watch （观看）, look at（看）, behold（看）, observe（观察，看见）, perceive（看见）, feel（感觉）, hear（听）, listen to （听.）, notice（发现，注意）等表示感官的动词后及在know（了解）, please（请）等后面省去动词不定式符号

13、“to”。在动词find与 help 之后的“to”可省也不可省。例如：I asked him to tell me the results of the scientific research.Can you help me (to) clean the windows?Ask her to wait for me at the gate.Her mother never has her do that heavy work.Example:Professor Black had us _ compositions every Friday.a. to write b. written c.

14、 write d. wroteMy boss asked me to answer the phone, to take all messages, and _ some letters.a. to type b. typing c. type d. typewriteMy teacher told me _ so careless.a. not be b. dont to be c. not to be d. wont be有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟“宾语 + t

15、o be”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：We found him (to be ) dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。We all know him to be dead. 我们都以为他死了。Example:We _ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer.a. accept b. receive c. think d. regard5作主语补足语如果把动词不定式作宾语补足语的句中的谓语由主动语态改为被动语态，则宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。要注意作宾语补足语时在某些动词后省去的不定式符号to, 此时一般不能省去。例如：Plastics are found to be g

16、ood insulators.Water power can be made to produce electricity.The laboring people of the world are called on to unite.号召全世界的劳动人民团结起来。Example:Children should be allowed _ their own decisions.a. making b. to make c. make d. having made6.作定语My father didnt have any chance to go to school before liberat

17、ion.Energy is the ability to do work.Please give me something to drink.Example:The order _ pumps will come from the control room.a. stopping b. to stop c. stopped d. stopsHave you any other question_?a. ask b. for ask c. to ask d. asking注意：当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系时（即为逻辑宾语），不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉。例如：At las

18、t we found a room to live in.I havent got a chair to sit on.Example:Im not sure which restaurant _.a. to eat on b. eating at c. to eat at d. for eating“I want to buy a camera.” “We have several models_”a. for you to choose from b. for your choice c. for the choice of yours d. for you to choose at7.作

19、状语表示目的，结果，原因等，常有以下几种情况：(1) 用to + 原形动词，in order to + 原形动词或so as to + 原形动词引起不定式短语表示目的，结果，原因。例如：To meet the needs of our industry, we must produce more coal.为了满足我国工业的需要，我们必须生产更多的煤碳。（表目的）The temperature is so high as to change water into steam.温度高到可使水变成蒸汽。（表结果）They were glad to hear from you. 收到你的信他们很高兴

20、。（表原因）Example:Send him to the bakers _ the bread.a. to buy b. in order he buys c. for to buy d. for buyingGrace advised us to withdraw _.a. so as to get not involved b. as not to get involvedc. so as not to get involved d. so that not to involve(2) 用在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, good等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形

21、容词后，是存在谓语所表示的情况，不定式要用主动式。例如：Electricity is easy to transmit over long distances.This question is hard to answer.Example:Most college students want to be _ to choose their favorite subjects.a. freely b. freedom c. free d. freed(3) 在 “too.to”句型中，不定式含有否定意义，表示“结果”。He was too busy to help me at the momen

22、t.He was too exited to speak.Example:They were _ to go any further.a. too frightened b. as frightened as c. so frightened as d. too frightened for注：一般情况下，句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语，要注意它们的一致。Example:To learn to speak English well, _.a. much practice is needed b. one needs much practicec. much practice is in nee

23、d d. much practice one is needed 1.1 EXERCISE1. Please let me know what you intend _.a. will do b. do c. to do d. doing2. Would you be _ to step this way, please?a. too kind b. so kind c. so kind as d. as3. They have made the oil and water _ from each other.a. to separate b. separate c. to be separa

24、ted d. to have separated4. It is very important _ our teaching methods.a. to improve to b. improve c. improved d. to improve5. I have warned you time and again _ the wire.a. not touch b. not touching c. not to touch d. touch not6. “Where should I send my application?”“The Personnel Office is the pla

25、ce_.”a. to send it b. send it to c. to send it to d. for sending it7. Would you please _ the door for me?a. holding b. not to hold c. hold d. held8. My brothers wish is _ an engineer.a. becomes b. to become c. become d. becoming to be9. Have you heard him _ about his former teacher?a. spoke b. to sp

26、eak c. speaks d. speak10. Can you let me _ the truth of the matter?a. to know b. knowing c. know d. known11. _ for the people is weightier than Mount Tai.a. Die b. Dead c. To death d. To die12. If you ask your mother, she will probably _.a. let you to go b. allow you to go c. allow that you go d. le

27、t you go13. Did you notice the girl _.a. cross the road b. across the road c. to cross the road d. having cross the road14. Comrade Li is known _ an advanced worker.a. being b. is c. be d. to be15. Seeing an old man getting off the train, she hurried over _ things for him.a carrying b. to carry c. c

28、arried d. for carrying16. Wed really like you _ to the party tonight.a. come b. to come c. will come d. should come17. It is a teachers duty _ the rising generation.a. educate b. educating c. to educate d. educates18. The best way _ this principle is to see how it actually works in practice.a. under

29、standing b. to understand c. being understood d. to have understood19. If the maid comes today, please have her _ my shirts.a. washed b. washing c. to washing d. wash20. We can do nothing but _ the experiment.a. to repeat b. repeat c. repeating d. repeated21. Such a thing should never have been allo

30、wed _ in the first place.a. happens b. happen c. to happen d. happening22. In the days _, Chinas atomic energy industry will better serve the needs of the national economy and the peoples livelihood.a. will come b. come c. came d. to come23. Have you got any thing _ about this matter?a. saying b. to

31、 say c. said d. say24. He was not _ try it again.a. such a fool as to b. so a fool as to c. a fool such as to d. a fool so as to25. He was too excited _.a. to go to sleeping b. to slept c. to go to sleep d. going to sleep26. We cant have him _ like that all day.a. to work b. working c. to be worked

32、d. work27. This will enable us _ the problem quickly and accurately.a. solving b. to solve c. to have solving d. solve28. All he wanted was _ his job well; he never sought personal gain.a. do b. in doing c. to do d. to doing29. I spoke so slowly and clearly as _ fully understood.a. making myself b.

33、to make myself to be c. to make myself d. to make me to understand30. To die for the peoples sake is _ a worthy death.a. dead b. dying c. to die d. haveII. 特殊不定式短语1. 不定式复合结构：for + 名词（代词）+不定式（短语）一般说，句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式（短语）的逻辑主语。但是有时它还有自己的逻辑主语，由介词for引出。动词不定式加上自己的逻辑主语一起构成复合结构。这种复合结构在句中句法作用与不定式基本相同。如果句中的形容

34、词既指行为的性质又指行为的人，则用of引出这一结构。例如：(1)作主语It is necessary for us to catch up with the worlds advanced levels.It is very kind of you to send us so many books.(2)作表语 The question is for me to answer.The school regulations are for every student to observe.(3)作宾语 The development of the rocket makes it possible

35、 for man to enter space.Closed-circuit television makes it easy for a large number of students to see everything a teacher demonstrates.(4)作定语 In doing research work, there are often a lot of difficulties for the scientists to overcome.(5)作状语He speaks too quickly for me to understand.For a machine t

36、o do work, we must do work on the machine.Example:Is it necessary _ the book immediately?a. for him to return b. that he returns c. his returning d. to him returnThe problem is _.a. very difficult for me to solve b. too difficult for I to solve itc. too difficult for me to solve d. very difficult, I

37、 cant solveIts very kind _ invite me.a. form you to b. of you to c. by you to d. that you2. 疑问词+动词不定式疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后面加上动词不定式，构成具有名词作用的短语。(1)作主语How to solve the problem will be discussed at the meeting.Who to be elected chairman remains unknown.(2)作表语What we discussed is w

38、here to store these materials.The question is what to do and how to do next.(3)作宾语Do you know how to answer the question?Weve learned what to do in face of difficulties.(4)作定语Nobel began to seek ways in which to make nitroglycerin safer to handle.Example:Do you know _ the repairs?a. to do b. how to

39、do c. to make d. how to makeThere isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _.a. where to choose b. which to choose c. to choose what d. to choose whichThe problem we are discussing now is _ harness the great power from within the earth.a. how can b. when can c. how to d. what to3. 独立动

40、词不定式独立动词不定式具有插入语的性质，表示说话人的态度或看法。例如：To tell the truth, that is all I know about him.To be frank with you, I dont like the color of your shirt.To begin with, you must move all the equipment into the laboratory.To be sure, hes rather old for such an important work.Example:_, he studied very hard these

41、days.a. Being fair b. To be fair c. Fair enough d. To be enough fairTo _ with, I wound like to talk about my new plan.a. take b. get c. make d. begin4. 动词不定式符号to后动词的省略在并列句或复合句中，如果前一个分句与后一个分句或主句与从句用同一个动词，则后一句中可省去动词而保留 “to”。例如：He will begin his research work as soon as possible if he is allowed to.We

42、shall do that test again if we are required to.He refused to take a rest, though we had asked him to.Example:“will the Smiths be going abroad this summer?” “No, they finally decided _.”a. not going b. not to c. not to be d. not to goingHe does not plan to learn German, but _.a. so do I b. I do so c.

43、 I so want d. I want to 1.2 EXERCISE1. To _the truth, I forgot all about my promise. a. remark b. speak c. talk d. tell2. My home town has changed too much _. a. I cant recognize b. for me to recognize c. to recognize d. to me to recognize3. I want to learn more about the American political system,

44、but I dont know _ theinformation.a. where to get b. how get c. when d. what to get4. The great secret of success is to know _. a. how learn b. how learning c. how to learn d. to learn how5. It was a bolt from the blue, so _. a. speaks b. it speak c. to speak d. speaking6. _ has not been decided yet.

45、a. To start when b. Why to start c. When to start d. Start to where7. What I thought of was _ the difficulty.a. where to tide over b. how over to tide c. which to over tide d. how to tide over8. _ there must be air and water.a. For there is life b. For there to be life c. For to be life there d. For

46、 life is there9. _, you would think he was a millionaire.a. To hear talk b. To hear he talking c. To hear him talk d. Hearing he talk10. Do you think it difficult _? a. for me to do so b. for my to do so c. for I to do so d. for me doing so11. Is it possible _ at the present time? a. for weather to

47、control man b. for man to control weather c. to control weather for man d. for man control weather12. Yet it took another thirty years _ an industry. a. TV to became b. TV becomes c. for TV to become d. to TV for coming13. A man who really knows _ will always be successful. a. how to eat b. how to p

48、lay c. how to learn d. how to count14. She keeps telling us _. a. what to do b. doing what c. what is doing d. do what15. I think it impossible for anyone _ in advance what the results of the test will be.a. tell b. telling c. tells d. to tell16. It is only a suggestion and you can do _. a. you like

49、 to do what b. what you like to do it c. what you like to d. what to you like17. It is hardly possible for him _ this article without using a dictionary. a. translated b. translating c to translate d. translates18. The general principles of TV are not difficult _. a. to us to understand b. to unders

50、tand for us c. for us understood d. for us to understand19. The most important problem is _ and how to serve. a. who to serve b. who serves c. whom to serve d. to serve who20. _ is not known. a. Whom to begin the running test b. When to begin the running test c. When the running test begin d. How be

51、gin to the running test21. _ the job alone is impossible.a. To him to do b. For him doing c. For him to do d. For he to do 22. _, they will overtake us before long. a. Making sure b. To be sure c. Sure enough d. To make sure of23. _ it should be made clear. a What to do b. Why to do c. Whom to do d.

52、 When can do24. A machine makes it possible _ a large force with a small one.a. people overcome b. to people for overcoming b. for people overcoming d. for people to overcome25. I wanted very much to lie down and rest, but I _.a. dont dare b. dont dare to c. didnt dare to d. darent toIII. 动词不定式的时态和语

53、态 动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。 1动词不定式的时态和语态形式（以make为例）语态 时态 主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态 一般时 to make to be made 进行时 to be making 完成时 to have made to have been made 完成进行时 to have been making2. 一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在起之后发生。例如：I saw him climb up the tree.Be quite. Our monitor has a pi

54、ece of good news to tell us.We hope to build up a modern laboratory before long.我们在I.中所运用的动词不定式均为一般式的主动语态，这里不再多举例。3. 进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。例如：The water seems to be boiling.She was found to be teaching the pupils to make model planes.Example:If you are traveling forwards in a train, the th

55、ings around you outside seem _ backwards.a. having moved b. to have moved c. to be moving d. to moving4. 完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：They are known to have come to a decision on the matter.It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.如果动词不定式的完成式用在表示“需要”，“希望”，“打算”等意义的动词如hope,

56、wish, expect, intend, mean 后以及用在情态动词should, could, ought(to), might和be to的过去时后，则说明动作没有实现。例如：We meant to have had a meeting to discuss this problem.我们本来打算开个会讨论这个问题。（但结果却没有开）You should have switched off the light when you left the classroom.你离开教室的时候应该把灯关掉。（实际上没有关灯）We were to have built a laboratory be

57、hind the lecture building.我们原来要在教学大楼后边盖一座实验室。（但后来没有盖）Example:Some people were reported _ flying saucers that same evening.a. to b. to have seen c. to have been seen d. having seenThe elephants ought _ hours ago by the keepers.a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed5. 完成进行式：不定式表示的

58、动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行。例如：He is said to have been working in this factory for more than twenty years.She seems to have been writing a scientific treatise.Example:He considers it a pleasure _ in the capital of our country.a. to have been working b. working c. to be worked d. to have worki

59、ng6. 被动式：表示被动的意义。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时，则用被动形式。例如：Water is known to be composed of hydrogen and oxygen.It was the first computer to be designed by Chinese engineers.She was the first woman to have been chosen as an astronaut.The mother seems to have been repaired.Example:There is nothing important

60、_.a. to discussing b. to being discussed c. to discuss d. to be discussedHis works appears _ into several languages already.a. having been translated b. to be translatedc. to have been translated d. to translated1.3 EXERCISE1. He suddenly saw a waterfall. It was an impressive sight: the water seemed _ straight out of the clouds. a. to drop b. dropped c. to be dropping d. to have dropped2. He intended _ an accurate calculation last week. a. to make b. to be made c. to have been made d. to have made3. I am sorry to _ the book for such a long time. a. kee