助理物流师专业英语阅读翻译(部分)

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1、第一节 What is Logistics Management？1 The Definition of Logistics 物流的定义 After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer

2、process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. 在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程

3、中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。 Three major functions of logistics 物流的三大主要功能 (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It c

4、reates the time value for goods. (1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。 (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics. (2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因

5、所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。 (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processi

6、ng within logistics create added value for goods. (3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。 Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include

7、: 物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面: (1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics bas

8、e module of 600400mm, from the logistics module of 1,2001,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,5912,438mm-the size of highwide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships. (1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸

9、600400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸12001000MM,并将其放大至25912438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。 (2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists

10、 the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry. (2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。 2. Activities Included in Logistics Management物流管理的内部活动(1) Customer service. Customer service is defined “a customer-oriented ph

11、ilosophy that integrates and manages all customer interface within the lowest possible costs to achieve optimum results.” Customer services bind all logistics activities. Whether a customer receives the right product under all the right conditions will affect all other operations. 客户服务。客户服务的定义是：以客户至

12、上为宗旨，以最可能低的成本整合、管理所有客户管理的交界面以取得最佳效果客户服务将所有的物流活动连接在一起客户是否能在适当的情景收到合适的产品将影响到其他操作活动。(2)Order processing. “Order processing can be compared to the human bodys central nerve system, triggering the distribution process and directing the actions to be taken in satisfying order demand”. Order processing act

13、ivity may be broken down into three categories. Firstly, operating elements, such as order entry/editing, scheduling, order-shipping set preparation, and invoicing. Secondly, communication elements, such as order modification, order status inquiries, tracing and expediting, error correction, and pro

14、duct information requests; and lastly, credit and collection elements, including credit checking and accounts receivable processing/collecting. 订单处理。 订单处理可以比作人的躯体的中枢神经系统激发分销过程并指导各种活动得以进行，以满意订货要求。订单处理活动可以被分解成三个种类。 第一，操作部分，诸如订单录入与编辑，调度，订单航运单固定编制，并开具发票。第二，沟通部分，诸如订单修订，订货状况查询，跟踪，催促，错误修正以及产品信息要求等。最后，信贷与托收

15、部分，包括信贷核查和应收帐款处理和托收。Custom services plays an important part in the speed and accuracy of the order processing. Advanced systems can reduce the time between order placement and shipment. Orders are often done through computer systems. Advanced systems, although initially expensive to the company, can

16、 substantially improve accuracy and efficiency. Often, saving in other logistics expenses(such as inventory, transportation and warehousing) or increased sales from improved customer service will justify the cost of the system.客户服务在订单处理的速度与精确性方面扮演一个重要角色。先进的系统能够减少订单下达与发货之间的时间。 订单常常通过计算即系统来完成。先进的计算机系统

17、虽然起初对公司来说很昂贵，但它能大大地提高业务的准确性和效率。 通常，在节省其他物流费用（库存，运输和仓储），或来自客户服务提升了的销售的增长，将证明这一系统提升了的成本是非常值得的。(3)Communication in logistics. Success in todays business environment requires the management of a complex communications system. Effective communication should exist between:物流沟通 要取得当今商务环境的成功，就需要复杂沟通体系的管理。有效

18、的沟通应该存在于下面各项之间：(a) the company, its customers and suppliers; 公司及其客户和供应商；(b) major operations of the company such as marketing, manufacturing, logistics, and finance/accounting; 公司的主要运作，比如：市场，生产，物流，金融/会计；(c) logistics-related activities such as customer service, traffic and transportation, warehousin

19、g and storage, order processing, and inventory control;与物流相关的活动，比如：客户服务，交通运输，仓储与保管，订单处理和库存控制。(d)components of each logistics activity (within inventory control, for example, would be in-plant inventory, inventory in transit, and inventory in field warehouse).每项物流活动的组成部分.例如:内部存货控制是指企业内的存货、运输中的存货和区域仓库

20、存货）。Communication is the vital link between the entire logistics process and customers.沟通是全部物流和客户之间的极其重要桥梁。A firms communications system may be as sophisticated as a computerized management information system(MIS) or as simple as word-of-mouth communication between individuals. Whatever type of syst

21、em used, vital information must be available and communicated to individuals who “need to know”. 一家公司的沟通体系可以像计算机化的管理信息系统那么尖端的，也可以像个人间口头表达那么简单。 无论使用何种系统,重要的信息一定是可用的，并且一定能与“需要知道”的个人进行沟通。(4)Inventory control. The inventory control is important to ensure a sufficient supply of product to meet customer d

22、emand and manufacturing requirements. Inventory consumes space and capital. The cost of store inventory can be 14 to over 50 percent of the total cost. Successful inventory control involves determining enough inventories to satisfy customer demand and considering the cost of performing other logisti

23、cs activities.存货控制。 库存控制重要的是要确保有足够的产品以满足客户需求和生产要求。存货耗费空间和资本。存货的成本能够占总成本的百分之14到百分之50以上。成功的存货控制就是确保足够的存货来满足客户要求，并且考虑到执行其它物流活动的成本。 (5)Forecasting demands. Demand forecasting involves determining the amount of product and service that customers will require in the future. It is important to all operatio

24、ns such as marketing, manufacturing, and logistics.(5) 预测要求。需求预测涉及确定客户将来所需求的产品数量和服务它对于诸如市场营销、生产制造和物流之类的所有操作来说是非常重要的。* Marketing forecasts determine promotional strategies, allocation of sales force, pricing strategies, and market research activities. 市场预测决定促销战略，销售力量分配，价格战略和市场研究活动。* Logistics forecas

25、ts determine product transportation and storage.物流预测决定产品的运输和储存。Demand forecasting enables managers to allocate their resources(budgets) effectively to meet demands. 需求预测能够使经理们有效地分配资源（预算）以满足需求。Forecasting can be difficult given the market uncertainties. However, the company should undertake demand fo

26、recasting and communicate the results to other departments. Sophisticated computer models, trend analysis, sales force estimates or other methods can help develop such forecasts. 由于市场的不确定性，预测可能很困难。然而，公司还是应该进行需求预测并将那些结果传达给其他部门。尖端计算机模数，趋向分析，销售力量评估或其他方式都能有助开发这样的预测。(6)Transportation. The goods flow is d

27、epended on transportation process, it includes selecting the method of shipment(rail, water, truck, air and pipeline), choosing a specific path(routing); complying with various local, state and federal transportation regulations; and being aware of both domestic and international traffic requirement

28、s. (6)运输。货物流动取决于运输过程，它包括运输方式的选择（铁运，汽运，空运和管道运输），选择特殊的路径（线路）；对各种地方性的、州和联邦的运输规定的遵从； 熟知国内外交通运输要求Transportation is often the largest part in the logistics cost.运输常常占去物流成本的最大部分。 (7) Warehousing and storage. Products must be stored at any places unless consumers need them immediately. 仓储与保管。 除非消费者立即需要产品，否则

29、他们必须被储藏在某些地点。Warehousing and storage are activities that manage the space needed to hold the inventories. Specific Storageactivities include: deciding whether the storage facility should be owned, leased, or rented; warehouse layout and design; product mix considerations; safety and maintenance; sec

30、urity systems; personal training; and productivity measurement. 仓储与保管是管理所需空间以容纳存货的活动。特别储存活动包括： 决定储存设施是否自己拥有、租赁或租用；仓库布局和设计；产品组合的考虑；安全和维护；安全系统；人员培训，生产检测(8) Plant and warehouse site selection. The strategic site near the specific markets can improve the customer service levels and lower transportation

31、costs. When making a site decision, we need to research the product market,customer demands, location of raw materials, component parts and subassemblies. Other major considerationsinclude labor rates, transportation, taxes, security, laws, local community(such as the attitude towards a new industry

32、) land cost, and infrastructure.(8)工厂和仓库选址。在特殊市场附近的战略性地址能够提高客户服务水平，降低运输成本。当作出某一地址的选定时，我们需要研究产品市场，客户要求, 原材料、零部件和组件所在地。 其他主要的考虑因素包括劳动生产率，运输，税收，安全，法律，地方团体（比如对新行业的态度），土地成本和基础设施。(9) Material handling. It is concerned with handling of all raw materials, parts, fittings, inventory, and finished goods withi

33、n a plant or warehouse. Its objectives are物料搬运。 它涉及到所有工厂或仓库里的原材料、零部件、配件、库存和制成品。 它的目标是* Reduce handling possibly 尽可能地减少搬运装卸* Minimize travel distance 缩短搬迁距离* Minimize goods in process 搬运过程货物最小化* Provide uniform flow without any negative element 提供统一的没有任何消极因素的流程， * Minimize losses(damaged or stolen go

34、ods) 使损失(损坏或货物失窃)最小化Handling or carrying is the most frequent activities in the logistics, but generally adds no value to a product, these operations should be kept to a minimum. Material handling plays a vital role in reducing inventory, lowering costs, and increasing productivity. 装卸或搬运是物流中最频繁的活动，

35、 但是一般来说它不能给产品添加价值，这些操作应该保持在最小化。在减少库存、降低成本和提高生产方面，物料搬运扮演一个重要的角色。(10) Procurement. Procurement is the acquisition of materials and services from other companies. (10) 采购。采购是对来自其它公司的物料与服务的获得。Procurement includes selecting supply locations, determining forms of the material to be acquired, timing, price

36、, quality control, and many other activities.采购包括挑选供应地点，决定物料获得的形式,以及时间、价格、质量控制和众多其它活动。(11)Parts and service support. Logistics is heavily connected with many activities involved in repair and servicing of products. After sales service is usually part of the transaction. Such as replacing parts when

37、products break down or malfunction. Adequate supplies of spare and replacement parts should be available to customers in need. If the product fail to perform due to malfunction, the supplies of spare parts must respond quickly to avoid extra cost.(11)零件和服务支持。物流重要地连接着许多活动，使之参与到产品的维修和服务中。售后服务通常是交易的一部分

38、。如当产品损坏或发生故障时更换部件。足够的备件和替换部件应当给有需要的客户提供。如果产品因故障未能履行，备件的供应必须迅速作出反应，以避免额外的费用。(12)Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functionsmarketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge

39、of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics. 包装。包装执行两个基本的功

40、能营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。 (13)Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics c

41、ompany should arrange and move them to the reproduction and reprocessing locations. 废弃物处理。物流过程必须有效和迅速地处理、运输和储存废料产品。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。 (14)Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number

42、of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible an

43、d favorable return policies. 退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件做出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。 第五节 Introduction to supply chain management？2. Definition of Supply Chain Management 供应链管理解说The supply chain activities encompass all assoc

44、iated with the flow and transaction of goods, the flow of information from the raw materials supplier to the end user, as well as the reverse flow of materials and information in the supply chain.供应链活动包括所有与货物的交易和流动、来自原材料供应商到终端用户的信息流动、以及供应链中物料与信息的反向流动相关的一切活动。Supply chain management is the integration

45、 of these activities through improved supply chain relationships, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.供应链管理是通过提升了的供应链关系去谋求稳定的竞争优势的这些活动的整合。In this definition, the supply chain includes the management of information systems , sourcing and procurement , production scheduling , order processi

46、ng , inventory management , warehousing , customer service , and after-market disposition of packaging and materials . 在这个解说中，供应链包括信息系统、资源与采购、生产计划、订单过程、存货管理以及仓库、客户服务、包装和物料的售后处理。The supplier network consists of all organizations that provide inputs , either directly or indirectly , to the focal firm

47、.供应网络是由直接或间接向焦点提供投入的所有机构组成的。For example , an automotive companys network includes the thousands of firms that provide items ranging from raw materials such as steel and plastics , to complex assemblies and subassemblies . A given material may pass through multiple processes within multiple suppliers

48、 and divisions before being assembled into a vehicle . 例如 一家汽车公司的网络包括数千家的小公司，给它提供从诸如钢铁和塑料到复杂的装配和部件装配范围内的项目。一个特定材料在被装配到汽车上之前在多家供应商和公司之间，可能要经过多项工序。 A supplier for this company has its own set of suppliers that provide inputs(called second-tier suppliers) that are also part of this supply chain . The b

49、eginning of a supply chain can be traced back to “Mother earth”; that is , the ultimate original source of all materials that flow through the chain (e. g. , iron ore , coal , petroleum , wood , etc .). 这件公司的某个供应商也有自己的一组向其提供投入（被称为二级供应商）供应商，他们也是这条供应链的一员。供应链的开端可以追溯到“母亲地球”，即通过供应链流通的所有物料的最根本之源例如：（铁矿石、煤、

50、石油、木材等。）Supply chains are essentially a series of linked suppliers and customers ;本质上来说，供应链就是一系列相联系的供应商和客户。every customer is in turn a supplier to the next downstream organization until a finished product reaches the ultimate end user .在制成品到达终端用户以前，每一个客户依次是其下游的企业机构的一个供应商。3 . The Components of Supply

51、 Chain from the Focal Firms Perspective 从核心企业的角度来看供应链管理It is important to note that from the core companys perspective, the supply chain includes internal functions , upstream suppliers , and downstream customers .从核心公司的角度来看，供应链包括内部功能、上游供应商和下游供应商，关注这一点很重要。A firms internal functions include the diffe

52、rent processes used in transforming the inputs provided by the supplier network . In the case of an automotive company , this includes all of its parts manufacturing (e . g . , stamping , power train , and components) , which are eventually brought together in their final assembly operations into ac

53、tual automobiles . This coordination and scheduling of these internal flows is very challenging , particularly in a large organization such as an automotive company .一家公司的内部功能包括早转换由供应网络提供的投入时，所使用的不同工序。以一家汽车公司为例，这包括它的所有部件生产（冲压、锻压、构造）他们最终在最后的操作工序重被集中在一起装进现实的汽车。这些内部流动的配和计划非常具有挑战性，特别是在像汽车制造公司这样的大型企业里。Fo

54、r example , order processing managers are responsible for translation customer requirements into actual orders . In the case of an automotive company , these individuals work primarily with the extensive dealer network to ensure that the right mix of automobiles , spare parts , and service parts are

55、 available so that dealers can meet the needs of their customers . 例如，订单处理经理负责将客户的需求转化成现实的订单。就汽车制造公司来说，这些人主要与广泛的零售网络打交道，以确保汽车和备件恰当匹配和维修修件的有效利用，这样，零售商就能满足他们客户的要求。Order processing may also involve extensive customer interaction , including quoting prices , possible delivery dates , delivery arrangemen

56、ts , and after-market service . Another important internal function is production scheduling , which translates orders into actual production tasks . This may involve working with materials requirements planning(MRP) systems , scheduling work centers , employees , and maintenance on machines . 订单处理也

57、涉及到广泛的客户活动，包括报价、可能的交货日期、交货安排和售后服务。 另一个重要的内部功能是生产计划，它把订单转化成世纪的生产任务。这可能涉及到与物料需求计划（MRP）系统、计划工作中心、雇员和机器保养相关的工作。 The second major part of supply chain management involves the management of upstream external supply chain members . 供应链管理的第二个主要部分涉及到上游外部供应链成员的管理。In . order to manage the flow of materials bet

58、ween all of the upstream organizations in a supply chain , firms employ an array of managers who ensure that the right materials arrive at the right locations , at the right time . Purchasing managers are responsible for ensuring that (1) the right suppliers are selected , (2)they are meeting perfor

59、mance expectations , (3) appropriate contractual mechanisms are employed , and (4) a good relationship is maintained with these suppliers .为了管理供应链里所有上游企业间的物料流动，公司雇佣一大批经理人，他们确保在恰当地物料在正确的时间到达正确的地点。采购经理们负责确保：1、选择合适的供应商，2、他们与我们的业绩期望步调一致，3、合适的契约机制得以应用，4、与这些供应商保持有良好的关系。They may also be responsible for driving improvement in the supply base and acting as a liaison between suppliers and other internal members(engineering , accounting , etc.) . 他们也负责促进供应基础方面的提高，负责在供应商和其他内部成员（工程技术、财务）之间扮演一个联络人的角色。 Materials managers are responsible for planning , forecasting , and scheduling mater