书面表达分析与教学建议

《书面表达分析与教学建议》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《书面表达分析与教学建议（42页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、威海一中讲座内容3 高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议高考：稳中求新，无偏题怪题，呈现基础性、交际性，梯度把握好，利于高校选拔人才，利于指导高中教学。高考英语书面表达的能力要求：学生应具有在真实语境下，为了真实的语用目的，运用所学的基本英语词汇和语句结构，根据所给材料，进行英文书面表达的能力。 第一部分 高考英语书面表达分析一、书面表达考查学生进行真实表达的能力12004年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华在报上看到北京电视台今年七月将举办外国人“学中文，唱中文歌”才艺大赛，给自己的正在北京一所大学学习中文的美国朋友Peter写信，建议他去参加比赛，并表示可以为Peter提供帮助

2、。 比赛时间为7 月18日；报名时间截止到6月30日；报名地点为北京电视台。语用对象：美国朋友Peter 2. 2005年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了李华的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。李华给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。 语用对象：英国旅行社3. 2006年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华应英国朋友Bob的要求，写一封短信介绍所在学校图书馆的基本情况。内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息。 语用对象：英国朋友Bob。4. 2007年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特

3、征：语用目的：中国学生李华希望通过外籍教师Peter找一个英语笔友，因此要写一封短信，描述自己理想中笔友的条件（年龄、性别、爱好），并说明为什么选这样的笔友。语用对象：外国教师Peter。 5.2008年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：喜爱熊猫的中国学生李华三年前开始关注在美国圣迭哥动物园出生的大熊猫“苏琳”和她的母亲“白云”，“苏琳”三岁生日快到了，李华给美国动物园工作人员写信祝贺“苏琳”三岁生日，并索取“苏琳”的照片。这是一个非常真实的国际交流活动。语用对象：美国动物园的工作人员。6.2009年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华正在英国接受英语培训，住在一户英国人

4、家。今天房东Mrs Milson不在家，李华要外出，给Mrs Wilson写一张留言条，内容包括：1.外出购物 2. 替房东还书 3.Tracy来电留言：1）咖啡屋（Bohon Coffee)见面取消 2）此事已告知Susan3）尽快回电语用对象：英国房东Mrs Milson。7.2010年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国育才中学学生会主席李华的学校将举办一次英语演讲比赛（speech contest）,想要邀请附近某大学外籍教授Smith女士来做评委，参考以下通知，给她写一封信：主题人与自然。时间：6月15号下午2点至五点。地点：501教室。参赛选手：10名学生。联系人李华电话：

5、44876655。欢迎大家光临。语用对象：某大学外籍教授Smith女士。7.2011年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（Learning Center）的帮助。根据学校规定，李华须书面预约，请按下列要点写一封信：本人简介； 2.求助内容； 3.约定时间；4.你的联系方式（Email:lihua;Phone:12345678）语用对象：英国学校辅导中心（Learning Center）。8.09山东卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华曾在美国学习半年，现已回国。他想联系他的美国老师Mr.Smith,但没

6、有其联系方式。请根据以下要点给他的美国同学Tom 写一封信：感谢Tom对他英语学习的帮助；询问Mr.Smith 的近况并索要其联系方式；邀请Tom在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。语用对象：美国老师Mr.Smith。9. 2010年山东卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国新华中学的学生李华和在上海上学的英国朋友Tom约好下周末去北京旅游，但他因故不能赴约。请根据以下要点用英语给他写一封电子邮件：1.表示歉意；2.解释原因：3.另约时间。语用对象：英国朋友Tom。10. 2011年山东卷书面表达试题语用特征：语用目的：中国学生李华的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。七月份李华将去北京参加暑期中学生

7、英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，在资料搜集、语言运用等方面遇到了困难。请根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件：1询问Tom的生活和学习情况；2谈谈困难并请Tom帮忙；3告诉Tom打算赛后去看他。语用对象：美国朋友Tom。显然，这些作文的语用目的是很合理的，语境和语用都是很真实的。综合而言，高考英语书面表达的能力要求是：学生应具有在真实语境下，为了真实的语用目的，运用所学的基本英语词汇和语句结构，根据所给材料，进行英文书面表达的能力。山东省2011年考的题目符合了我们在作文课上经常讲解的典型的“写作背景+内容要点”式的提纲作文+书信（电子邮件）“外衣”的考察形式，结构上以第二段为“主

8、体段”，内容上延续了对“校园生活话题”的考察，所以我们对于2012年山东省高考作文命题趋势的预测也会八九不离十。 下面，我们对命题特点和命题趋势做一个简略的分析。 2005年山东省开始独立命题以来，对英语作文的命题形式进行了3次大胆尝试，分别在05、06、07年尝试了“提纲作文”、“图画作文”、和“主题作文”，并从2008年开始将“提纲作文”的考试基本固定下来，从此，提纲作文以其独有的特点（如结构清晰便于老师阅卷、内容开放便于学生发挥），成为我省高考英语作文的主要命题形式。 另外，我们多次强调，为增加对文体、语体的考察力度，常常在提纲作文身上套上一层应用文的“外衣”，看看大家是否掌握了应用文的

9、写作规范和用语习惯而书信就是生活中最常用应用文体，当仁不让地成为了命题专家的最爱，而这也符合了高考“重考察深度更重考察广度”、“贴近生活”的趋势特点。 此外，为限制字数，减少考生应试写作中的重复劳动及阅卷老师的命题负担，不必每段都写成完整、详细的段落，而是采用“主体段”的考察方式，既“第一、第三段从简，第二段作为主体段详写”的形式这样既能够考察对篇章结构的把握，又能够考察对段落结构理解，同时减少了考生和阅卷老师们的负担，一举四得。而这个题目又一次验证了这个命题规律。 从内容角度，考察的是典型的“校园生活话题”，2009年山东卷感谢Tom对他英语学习的帮助；2010山东卷周末和Tom另约时间去北

10、京玩；2011年山东卷李华参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛寻求帮助等。二、书面表达考查学生的基本表达能力高考考纲对书面表达的能力规定是：考查学生是否能够“准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。”显然，这一题型要求学生具有准确使用一定句型、词汇进行表达。其最高分的要求为：完全完成了试题规定的任务；覆盖所有内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；词法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；完全达到了预期的写作目的。我们通过分析2008年全国I卷的作文范文，可以看出书面表达的能力要求：Dear Sir/

11、Madam,Greetings from China!Im Li Hua, a student in Sichuan. Ive been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and Ive been watching her grow on your website. Now shes going to be there. Id like to wish her a happy

12、birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US. By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance. Yours truly, Li Hua表 2008年高考英语I卷书面表达语言构成项目低难度中等难度高

13、难度词汇Im, a, student, in, Ive, panda, lover, was, child, about, three, year, ago, to, gave, her, daughter, and, watching, grow, on, your, now, shes, going, be, there, Id, like, happy, birthday, express, my, thanks, you, for, hard, work, because, of, which, parents, are, living, life, the, US, by, way,

14、 could, have, photo, of, third, very, muchbeen, healthy, since, that(连词), birth, wish, taken, advancedelighted, learn(得知),website语句结构4个简单句1个状语从句、1个宾语从句1个定语从句时态一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时现在完成时现在完成进行时以上范文使用的词汇都是比较简单的、高一学生完全掌握的，语句结构也不复杂，主要使用的是简单句，语句结构和时态都是高中生可以运用的。我们统计了1998-2011年全国I卷的高考英语书面表达范文的用词，发现所用词汇不仅数量只有37

15、4个词，而且全部都是比较简单的常用词汇。这些词汇为：a/an, a.m., able, about, according, advance, after, against, ago, all, along, also, and, another, any, anything, appearance, around, as, ask, at, away, bathroom, be, beautiful, because, become, bed, bedroom, been, before, behind, believe, besides, better, big, birth, birthd

16、ay, book, borrow, bring, building, bus, but, buy, by, can, car, care, center, chair, chance, change, charge, chess, child, Chinese, city, classroom, close, come, common, could, country, cover, crop, crossing, cry, dance, daughter, day, delighted, desk, different, discussion, divide, do, dog, doubt,

17、drive, driver, during, each, early, east, elderly, end, English, enjoy, entrance, even, every, experience, express, fact, fall, far, farm, favor, February, fee, few, find, flat, food, for, foreigners, forward, free, Friday, friend, from, front, full, fun, game, garden, gate, get, girl, give, glad, g

18、o, good, goodbye, great, grow, hand, happy, hard, harm, have, he, head, healthy, hear, help, her, hit, hold, home, hope, hopefully, hospital, how, however, I, idea, if, improve, in, include, information, inside, interest, into, it, joke, July, June, just, keep, kind, kitchen, know, last, later, lear

19、n, lesson, let, letter, library, life, like, list, living, London, long, look, lot, lover, low, lunch, magazine, make, man, many, me, meet, meter, mind, mine, minute, moment, Monday, money, month, more, morning, much, my, near, necessary, need, new, newspaper, next, no, noon, not, notice, now, numbe

20、r, of, off, old, on, one, only, open, opinion, or, other, our, out, own, Oxford, p.m., panda, parent, park, pass, pay, pen, people, per, period, pet, photo, picnic, place, plant, plate, play, playground, pleased, prepare, price, public, question, quickly, quite, read, really, rent, rest, return, rig

21、ht, road, round, rule, say, schoo1, see, September, share, she, shelf, shopping, short, should, show, side, sign, similar, since, sing, small, so, sofa, some, someone, something, song, soon, special, speed, square, stand, station, stop, store, story, straight, street, student, subject, such, suggest

22、, sunshine, swimming, table, take, talent, television/TV, tell, tennis, than, thank, that, the, them, themselves, then, there, they, think, third, this, three, time, to, today, together, tour, towards, traveling, trees, try, turn, twenty, two, university, up, us, US, used, vegetable, very, visit, wa

23、lking, wall, want, warm, watch, way, we, website, weekend, welcome, well, west, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, while, who, will, wish, with, woman, work, worker, would, write, year, yellow, you, young, your, yourself其中最常用的10个词分别是（括号内为11年的使用词数）：be (66)， the (62)， a/an (48+2)， to (45)， I

24、 (37)， you (33)， of (27)， have (21)， for (18)， it (15)， on (14)。这些词汇说明高考书面表达所考查的是运用基本词汇进行书面表达的能力，而不要求学生运用很难的词汇进行表达。由此我们可知，我们的英语写作教学应该注意以下两个方面：1我们应该重点培养学生运用常用词汇、常用结构进行准确、全面表达的能力，这是高考的要求，也是我们的学生在高中毕业阶段运用英语进行真实写作的基本能力要求。我们的高中学生不是没有话要写，而是没有能力用英语表达自己的观点和想法。所以我们应该重点培养学生运用所学词汇进行表达的能力。2写作应该有层次要求，我们关注基础学生的书面

25、表达能力，更应该鼓励优秀学生写出非常有文采、非常得体的文章。 第二部分 高考英语书面表达教学建议一 写作易犯问题及对策要想把书面表达写好，首先要掌握考纲和新课标对高中生写作方面的要求要了如指掌。（一）写作要求1、内容表达清楚，体现活跃的思维和清晰的逻辑。2、句式和词汇丰富，语法和用词准确。3、语篇连贯，交际得体。（二）写作存在的问题1、词汇量少，造句能力差，很多学生写不出一些最常见的词汇。2、对常用词汇的基本用法不了解，不会运用常用的动词短语。至于用词不当的情况则更多。3、句子结构意识较差。写出的句子语义不明，或者句中无明确主谓结构或主谓不一致或出现连动词现象。4、语言连贯性差，缺少语言变换，

26、如句与句之间缺少衔接，缺少逻辑关系，甚至出现一连串的雷同句式。5、篇章结构差，想一句写一句，缺乏整体的谋篇布局和前后呼应；格式、语气也有不当之处。6、文章立意差，往往对自己要表达什么和怎样表达没有清晰的思维，而想要表达的内容又词不达意。7、使用的词语、句子结构不符合英语习惯，出现一些的中式英语。二、如何让学生的文章写得更好？1）TPST：TenseP:PersonS:Structure2）24字：注意审题，确定要点；扩展要点，连句成篇；全面检查，书写规范。3）“1234口诀”一审（审题）二圈（圈要点）三注(注短语)四定（定时态、人称）五写（组词成句，组句成文）六改（使用合适的高级词汇和复杂句型

27、润色修改）七誊（书写规范美观漂亮）要学会使句子丰满，就要学会正确的使用定语、状语、定语从句，状语从句，就是修饰语。所以，学会使用高级词语和高级句子就显得十分重要了。1、用高级词语替换一般词语，用复合句代替简单句，用非谓语代替从句。He is very busy with work.He is extremely occupied with work.After he finished his work, he was very tired. Having finished his work, he was always extremely exhausted. My sister studie

28、s very hard. It helps her make great progress every day. My sister puts her whole heart into study, which helps her make great progress every day.2、用高级句子代替一般句子(1)He didnt come to the meeting yesterday because he was ill(一般)His illness accounted for his absence from the meeting yesterday(高级)(2)When h

29、e was a child，he wanted to learn everything(一般)When he was a child，he had a strong desire for knowledge(高级)(3)Ill thank you if you think about my application(一般)Ill appreciate it if you can take my application into consideration(高级)(4)Many people are worried about the problem of air pollution(一般)The

30、 problem of air pollution has caused wide public concern(高级)4、句式要多样化He works very hard.He makes his efforts to work.He does everything he can to work.He puts his heart into his work.He tries his best to work.为了让书面表达得高分，书面表达要尽量具有如下六大特性。1.条理性。2.准确性。3.流畅性。4.简洁多样性。5.思想性。6.美观性。因此，我们的教学建议是：1）进行语义真实、语境真实、语

31、用真实的书面表达训练，要有明确的、真实的写作目的。2）加强常用词的真实写作运用训练。威海一中讲座内容4-高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议（下） 第三部分 高考英语书面表达试题预测练习 1.假设你是新华中学的学生李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去英国作10天观光旅游。请你给英国网友TOM写封电子邮件，咨询以下事情： 1、不随旅游团的食宿、交通等问题。2、必看景点与时间安排。3、邀请他到中国观光。格式如下：Dear Tom, Hows everything going? _ _ Im looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua学生作品：Dear

32、 Tom,Hows everything going? Im allowed to go out for a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. Now, Im writing to ask you to do me a favor by telling me something of vital use in advance.Here are several questions related to my journey. For one thing, could you t

33、ell me, if I dont attend the local touristry,the information about my board and lodging and the traffic situation of England? For another, I cant wait to be acquainted with the must-see tourist attraction? Meanwhile, if it doesnt trouble you, could you please help me arrange the time properly so tha

34、t I can completely enjoy myself then? I shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to England as Im an entire stranger there.In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest. I believe I could be a distinguished guide!Im

35、 looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua老师修改意见：（红色部分是修改的地方，紫色是删掉的地方，括号内为批语，大家一定要耐心地一个字一个字地读完啊！）Dear Tom,(1)Hows everything going? (2) Im allowed to go out for (这三个词不如改成 enjoy) a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. (3) Now, Im writing to ask you to d

36、o me a favor by telling me something of vital use in advance. （首段“咔咔咔”三句话，表达了礼貌的问候，并清晰地交代了写信的背景和目的，看上去相当的老练！完全没什么地方可改嘛！）(4) Here are several key（关键） questions related to my journey. （鲜明的主题句中，使用了“Here are”的倒装结构，还用了“过去分词作后置定语表被动”这一神话中的英语语法） (5)For one thing, could you offer me, if I dont attend the lo

37、cal touristry (按照高中水平，“参加旅行团”是没有办法直译的吧！所以这样翻译出来往往也是不对的喽！那么怎样才能解决这个问题呢？当然是用课上讲的那句话：“换一种方式来表达” 如果我不找旅行社 if I dont turn to any tourist agency，或者把逻辑和时态都升级一下，写成：since Im not turning to any tourist agency，由于我不打算找任何旅行社，也行。大家都想想还有别的方式可以把这个意思“表达”出来吗？这可是个小小的挑战哦！) ,the information about my board and lodging an

38、d the traffic situation of England （这里赠送一个简单的升级表达: 一些自助的在英国的食宿及交通信息some self-help accommodation and transportation information in England）? (6) For another, I cant wait to be acquainted with （这里就是阅卷评分标准里所谓的“少许语言错误但因尽力使用复杂结构所致，不扣分”的情况，be acquainted with这个词组的确很“高档”，但是搭配上有个习惯，就是后面一定要加“人”，表示“认识某人”。所以不如改

39、成visit 甚至 look around）some must-see tourist attractions. (7) Meanwhile, if it doesnt trouble you much, could you please help me arrange the time properly so that I can completely enjoy myself then? （这句太好了if和so that两大“尾巴句型”如此熟练地掌握，天衣无缝，鬼斧神工，看得我眼泪都快下来了） (8) I shall thank you if you will kindly let me

40、have one or two letters of introduction to England （这块儿有点乱啊，改成introduce me one or two websites on your local culture and custom 绝对就厉害了，值得一提的是，小状语位置的kindly堪称神来之笔！）as Im an entire stranger there. （漂亮的“表原因的尾巴句型”）In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest.

41、I believe I could be a distinguished guide! （完美的高级词汇！）Im looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua完整的修改背诵版：Dear Tom,(1)Hows everything going? (2) Im allowed to enjoy a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. (3) Now, Im writing to ask you to do me a favor

42、 by telling me something of vital use in advance. (4) Here are several key questions related to my journey. (5)For one thing, could you offer me, since Im not turning to any tourist agency, some self-help accommodation and transportation information in England? (6) For another, I cant wait to visits

43、ome must-see tourist attractions. (7) Meanwhile, if it doesnt trouble you much, could you please help me arrange the time properly so that I can completely enjoy myself then? (8) I shall thank you if you will kindly introduce me one or two websites on your local culture and custom as Im an entire st

44、ranger there. In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest. I believe I could be a distinguished guide! Im looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Li Hua2假设你是李华，你在读美国中学生Jack的博客时了解到他即将作为一名交换生来北京学习，希望能够寄宿在一名擅长英语的中学生家里，以便更好地了解中国文化。请根据以下要点给Jack写一封电子邮件： 1欢迎

45、他来中国学习； 2介绍你个人情况； 3邀请他住在你家并愿意为他提供帮助。 注意：1词数120150； 2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 DearJack, ImverygladtolearnthatyourecomingtoBeijingasanexchangestudentandwanttostayinalocalhomewithamiddleschoolstudentwhocanspeakexcellentEnglish. Imahighschoolstudent,anditsmysincerehopethatyoucanstaywithme.IamgoodatEnglishandcanc

46、ommunicatewithforeignersfluently.Besides,Ilikereadingandtravelinginmysparetime,soifyouarewithus,IcantakeyouaroundBeijingandletyouknowmereaboutourbrilliantChineseculture.BothmyparentsandIarefriendlyandenthusiasticinpersonality.SoIbelievewecanbegoodfriends.ImsureIwilldowhatIcantohelpyouwithyourChinese

47、.Imlookingforwardtoyourcoming. Bestwishes. Yours, Li Hua总结：1、物称主语(宾语做主语) 避免用I we做主语，体现客观性。I love English.English is loved by me.（被动语态）（烂）English attracts/ fascinates/ interests me a lot.(换谓语动词)（佳）A heated discussion was held.2、非谓语动词；（1）做修饰；主动用ing，被动用ed，要做去做用to do;一个人做两件事，用分词短语；两个人分别做两件事，用独立主格结构；(非谓语

48、动词做状语)当汉语中用“动词+的”修饰名词时，英语中用定语从句或非谓语动词；（非谓语动词做定语）a man （riding a bike）an unfolded bookan old man (taking a book)a young lady (using a laptop)The tree growing toward the sun is brave and optimistic.He is the proper person to do the job.Crying, he walked in.Beaten, he walked in.He walked in, beaten.The

49、 earthquake happening, Oldfish cried.Tom beaten badly, Oldfish cried. Tom Walking in the street, a brick fell on his head. 独立主格结构:“分词短语”有独立的逻辑主语；Crying, Oldfish walked in.太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，我背上书包上学校。The sun shining in the sky, the flowers smiling to me, I , carrying my school bag, go to school.看完这个句子，我们再看另

50、外一个句子。Finishing reading this sentence, lets take a look at another one.This sentence finished reading, lets take a look at another one.第一个句子够好了，第二个句子就更好了。The first sentence being good enough, the second one is better.学完这个方法之后，同学们造的句子会非常高级,得高分很容易。(The method mastered), the sentences (made by the stud

51、ents) would be splendid and a high grade would be easily acquired.（2）替换“从句”；The man who is driving a car is my uncle.The man driving a car is my uncle.When he heard the news, he cried.Hearing the news, he cried.The news coming, tears filled his eyes.（3）构词；“动宾构词法”Climb a mountain=I love mountain-clim

52、bing.I am a mountain-climber.I am a mountain-climbing fan.Drive a car-Car-drivingCar-driverCar-driving rulesA tool which can be used to draw a circle.Draw a circleCircle-drawingA circle-drawer.A circle-drawing tool3、倒装句；（1）否定；Little/seldom/not/never/at no time/ by no means/NothingEg:Nothing can we f

53、ind in the room.（2）唯一；Only in this way.Only then.Only when we have mastered English, can we chat with foreigners freely.=We should master English. Only in this way can we chat with foreigners freely.Only when we all protect the environment, can our country be flooded with harmony and happiness.（3）修饰

54、；English is easy.So easy is English that anyone who can speak Chinese have the chance to master English.It is a fine day today.So fine is it today that we cant hide our passion to go out and play. Never lose my passion.Never should I lose my passion.4、强调句；(1)强调谓语动词；I love you.I do love you.让我证明我曾真心爱

55、过你。Let me prove that I once did love you.(2)强调其他成分；It is/was+被强调部分+that/who +句子剩余部分I read English loudly in the open air every morning.It is we Chinese young generation who are undertaking the future of our motherland.5、省略句；（1）并列；andbutoras well as thanI got up early today and had my breakfast on th

56、e way.（2）状语从句；当从句主语跟主句相同，且从句中有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词同时省略。When visiting Xian, we enjoyed YRPM.6、It家族（逻辑主语 逻辑宾语）(1)It is clear +that从句 It is a pity +that从句 It is a painstaking task to do sth.（客观评价句型）(2)I believe/ regard /insist/ consider it+adj/n/ +that从句（主观评价句型）It is a painstaking task to prepare for the N

57、MET.I consider it a painstaking task to prepare for the NMET. (3)make it句型（6123句型）良好的环境使我们更加容易集中注意力。A nice environment makes it easier for us to concentrate on our study.A nice environment makes it easier that we concentrate on our study.安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。How can I unwillingly serve the noble, which

58、 makes it hard for me to gain/pursuit/obtain a happy smile?7、尾巴家族：（1）原因,because. ,for.,considering that.You, a good boy, are supposed to deeply understand your mom, considering that she gave birth to you, has brought you up and expects your success in the future.（2）结果,so,as a result,therefore,consequently,accordingly,（3）目的,so that,in order thatso as to doin order to doWe have to protect our environment so that the next generation will develop continuously.We have to protect our environment so