2022年考博英语-东华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第16期

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题According to legal provisions, the properties will either _the original owners or else be sold at auction.问题1选项A.commit toB.take toC.romp toD.revert to【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“commit to”，意为“交付，把投入，对作出承诺”，B选项“take to”，意为“带到，养成（做）的习惯”，C选项“romp to”，意为“轻松”，D选项revert t

2、o，意为“回复，归还”。句意：根据法律规定，这些财产要么归原有者所有，要么被拍卖。因此，D选项符合句意。2. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capa

3、bilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor

4、. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-

5、mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to op

6、erate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to rel

7、iably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the

8、year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They

9、 have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the sid

10、e of a forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most p

11、robably means _.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of ma

12、chines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human being verballyC.have a little

13、 common senseD.respond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediat

14、elyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在”。第一段第一句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, bo

15、ring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，第一段最后一句And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没

16、有实现，所以不选；B项“机器在制造业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。2.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we bare

17、ly notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.（现代世界越来越多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句Dave Lavery说we cant yet give a robot enough common

18、sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以”。第三段第二句Dave

19、 Lavery说while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到they have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还

20、可以处理一些错误。A项“自己做决定”，第三段第一句提到But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此

21、项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”，文中没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是”。最后一段第一句提到the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力

22、还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬间识别出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题

23、C项正确。3. 填空题Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or detect a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word on the answer Sheet. If you add a word

24、, put an insertion mark () in the correct place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and be sure to put a slash (/) on the Answer Sheet.【答案】1.【试题答案】 more改成most2.【试题答案】employed改为converted3.【试题答案】derived from后面添加定冠词the4.【试题答案】than改为that5.【试题答案】shortage改为storage6.

25、【试题答案】constantly后面加being7.【试题答案】把up去掉8.【试题答案】is split改成are split9.【试题答案】把oxygen改为hydrogen10.【试题答案】把an改成the【解析】1. 【试题解析】考查形容词最高级的用法。这里是一个最高级，the +形容词的最高级+ of表“最的”。2. 【试题解析】考查词义。employ是雇佣，与原文意思不搭，且上文有提到crops and trees, which are the most efficient converters of sunlight into energy，所以这里应该把employed改成co

26、nverted, be converted into表示“被转化成、转换成为”。3. 【试题解析】考查定冠词。sun-warmed surface water这里是特指，要用定冠词the。4. 【试题解析】考查连词。than用于比较级，需要有比较的两个方面，显然原文没有比较的另一方，且than后面的句子will drive electric power generators是做定语修饰heat，因此应该使用that引导定语从句。5. 【试题解析】考查词义。 这一句的意思是“交通运输和太阳能储存仍然是一个严重的问题”，前面提到了transportation，既然要运输那肯定要储存，所以用stor

27、age。6. 【试题解析】考查时态。constantly表持续性的，时态用进行时，这里热量是被产生，要用被动语态的一般现在进行时，所以是is constantly being produced。7. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。come up to表示“达到（标准/水平）、等于、符合（预期）”，句意：有时热量以熔岩和间歇泉的形式出现在地表；所以应该去掉up。8. 【试题解析】考查单复数。atoms of uranium这里atom用的复数，所以be动词应该用are。9. 【试题解析】考查词义。只有氢能才能聚变成核能，所以这里应该改为hydrogen，句意为：另一种正在发展的能源是某些氢原子的核聚

28、变。10. 【试题解析】考查定冠词。原文这句话的意思是：此外，电力可以通过改进电池来提供，其中一些将使电动汽车在2000年以前成为经济上的可能。这里不是使一辆电动汽车而是所有的，所以要用定冠词the。4. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of th

29、e firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen i

30、n the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decision

31、s and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training th

32、eir work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more nar

33、rowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to ope

34、rate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and cre

35、ates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can t effectively staff the processes that have to

36、be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American fi

37、rms put in training mainly goes to_.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competition advantage is_.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own b

38、usiness.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financi

39、al executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the r

40、ational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management

41、.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“is not traditi

42、onally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States”。第三句说到“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己的事”符合，因此B 选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at

43、 the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys materials or equipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力，就跟购置材

44、料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“the head of human-resource management”定位到原文第一段的“The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.， The executive who holds it is never

45、consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，从来没有人会咨询人力资源管理者。因此，答案为选项D。3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是美国的企业用于培训的资金主要在哪个方面。根据关键词training、money定位到原文第二段的“The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional

46、and managerial employees.”，因此答案为选项B。选项A和C,，根据原文中的“And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.”可得知，美国企

47、业在缺乏基本技能以及能操作新设备的员工培训方面花费的资金非常少。选项D原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为B。4.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是保持公司竞争力优势的决定性因素是什么，根据关键词decisive factor, competition advantage定位到文章首句，“If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem.”可推断出员工技能对于公司竞争力优势很重要。因此，正确答案为选项B。选项A新工艺的引进，文章虽然有提到，但并无依

48、据表明它可以保持公司竞争力优势。选项C文章并没有提及，为无关选项。选项D文章末尾虽有提到bottom half的群体技能可能会影响优势群体的工资，但与公司竞争力优势并无关系。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。本文的主题是什么，从文章首段首句可知，如果可持续的竞争优势取决于员工的技能，那么美国企业是有问题的，下文也有提到美国企业对于人力资源管理缺乏重视，从而影响了竞争力。 由此可知，答案为选项D。选项A说的是美国的人力资源管理和日本、德国是不同的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文。选项B说的是广泛的再培训对于有效的人力资源管理来说是必不可少的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面

49、不足以概括全文；选项C说的是“人力资源管理的主管必须处于公司级别的中心位置”，说法太过于绝对。5. 单选题Robert had taken it for granted that his verbose and_ explanation of the facts would convince the jury of his innocence.问题1选项A.flabbyB.flimsyC.greasyD.glib【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“flabby”，意为“（肌肉）松弛的；肥胖的；软弱的；无力的”；B选项“flimsy”，意为“脆弱的；浅薄的；易损坏的”；C选项“greasy

50、”，意为“油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的”；D选项“glib”，意为“油腔滑调的；不诚恳的；肤浅的”。句意：罗伯特想当然地认为，他对事实的冗长而_圆滑_的解释会使陪审团相信他是清白的。因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题The proposal he put forward two days ago has been supported by people on all sides of the political_.问题1选项A.spectrumB.ambitionC.expectationD.strength【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“spectrum”，意为范围，幅度，B选项“amb

51、ition”，意为“抱负，志向”，C选项“expectation”，意为“期望，期待”，D选项“strength”，意为“力气，力量”。句意：他两天前提出的建议得到了政治力量各方面人士的支持。因此，D选项符合句意。7. 单选题I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my idea to prove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradi

52、ct“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。因此该题C项正确。8. 单选题The measures are little more than_ that will fade fast once investors take a hard look at them.问题1选项A.blind faithB.window dressingC.good impressionD.winning image【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“blind faith”，意为“盲目的信念”；B选项“wi

53、ndow dressing”，意为“装点门面”；C选项“good impression”，意为“好的印象”；D选项“winning image”意为“赢者的形象”，句意：这些措施不过是装点门面，一旦投资者仔细观察，它们很快就会消失。因此，B选项符合句意。9. 单选题My advice is that youll have to overcome your_ if you want to become a nurse.问题1选项A.humanitarianismB.loftinessC.squeamishnessD.compassion【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“humanitari

54、anism”，意为“人道主义”；B选项“loftiness”，意为“高尚，骄傲”；C选项“squeamishness”意为“易恶心的，神经质”；D选项“compassion”，意为“同情，怜悯”。句意：如果你想成为一名护士，我的建议是你必须克服你的易恶心，因此，C选项符合句意。10. 单选题If a couple are divorced and their child lives with his mother, he is said to suffer from lace of _ love.问题1选项A.maternalB.fraternalC.paternalD.parental【答案

55、】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项maternal“母亲的、母性的”；B项fraternal“兄弟般的、友好的”；C项paternal“父亲的、父亲般的”；D项parental“父母亲的”；句意：如果一对夫妇离婚了，他们的孩子和他的母亲住在一起，那么他被认为缺乏父爱。因此该题C项正确。11. 单选题After deliberating for seven hours, the jury reached a majority_ of 10 to 3 in favor of the defendant.问题1选项A.declarationB.conclusionC.opinionD.verdict【

56、答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“declaration”，意为“公告；宣告；申报（单）”；B选项“conclusion”，意为“结论；结局；推论”；C选项“opinion”，意为“意见；想法；（群体的）观点，信仰”；D选项“verdict”，意为“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，裁断”。句意：经过7个小时的商议，陪审团以10比3的多数_裁定_被告胜诉。本句表示“由陪审员经过商议后得出的结论，所以应该是裁定、裁决”。因此D选项符合题意。12. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in about

57、 200 words under the following title.Environmental protection and Sustainable Development【答案】Environmental protection and Sustainable DevelopmentAlong with the economic development, living standards enhancement, the environment question becomes a focal point which gradually attracts peoples attentio

58、n. In China, this problem is rather different because of our heavy population and rapid development. Therefore, our government put the environmental protection up as a basic state policy. And then, I would like to talk about the environmental protection of our country.In my opinion, the protection o

59、f environment is a step-by-step progress, we need patient and care. There are the ways and suggestions of protecting the environment. The first one is to make a synchronization of the build and protect of environment. Protect the animals, plants, forests and water together instead of merely deal wit

60、h the damaged ones. This can make our environment sustainable and provide continuous recourses. Secondly, improve peoples enthusiasm of protecting the environment. Peoples sense of environmental protection and their attendance are the most important parts. We can do more advertisements and let peopl

61、e know more about this. Thirdly, make the laws of this part more complete. If we want to make a difference in the protection of environment, we need the support of laws, and they can be our guarantee.We should know the importance of environmental protection and keep it clear. It is in relationship w

62、ith the development of our economic, the progress of the society and the health of people. With the responsibility of our society, we should do it well and make our environment more clean and comfortable.13. 单选题Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full _.问题1选

63、项A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项capacity“能力、容量、资格”；B项strength“力量、力气”；C项length“长度”；D项possibility“可能性”；句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇感觉家务活不能让她们完全施展自己的能力。work to ones capacity“充分发挥才能”；因此该题A项正确。14. 单选题Faced with the _ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.问题1选项A.satisfactoryB.attributableC.innocentD.intangible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项at