2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第1期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are _.问题1选项A.notoriousB.anxiousC.noxiousD.delicious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项notorious“声名狼藉的、臭名昭著的”；B项anxious“焦虑的”；C项noxious“有害的、有毒的”；D项delicious“美味的”；句意：汽车排气管排出的烟雾是有害的。因此该题C项正确。2. 单选题For the past several years, the Sunday newspap

2、er supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn Vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analog

3、ies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck

4、and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How mu

5、ch of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in

6、two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and childrens version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Super high

7、 scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) an

8、d the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional

9、tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leader

10、ship skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess

11、or what questions to skip.1. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?2. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?3. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savants because _4. We can conclude from the last paragraph that_5. What is

12、 the authors attitude towards IQ test?问题1选项A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the difference between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.问题2选项A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence

13、.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.问题3选项A.the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B.creativity rather

14、 than analytical skills is emphasized now.C.Vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.问题4选项A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C.testing involves a lot of gu

15、esswork.D.traditional test are out of date.问题5选项A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要？”。A项“回答哲学问题”，B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”，C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”，D项“选择与所给相似的词或图”。第一段第三句提到IQ test ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envisio

16、n paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.（智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及其他类似的项目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, com

17、ponents also critical to problem solving and life success.（传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素），由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项与题意不符，文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出？”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式，斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有

18、成人和儿童测试类型；由于测试价格昂贵，通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知，儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”，第三段最后一句提到Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.（其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面），因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多

19、的IQ测试版本”，第三段第四行提到although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.（尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行），可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种，而非更多的测试版本，B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同”正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为？”。第三段第四行有提到Super high

20、scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.（得到像Vos Savant这样的超高分数再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划

21、分智能年龄），由此得知，人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合；B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，内容与题意不符；C项“Vos Savant的案例是一个极端的案例，不会重演”和 D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出？”。文章最后一段指出，有专家认为，标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，随后解释了这种观点，指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，

22、而且一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确，并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意；B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反；C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词；D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的？”。A项“支持的”，B项“怀疑的”，C项“公平的”，D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的话，IQ test do not necessarily predict so well onc

23、e populations or situations change（一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确），以及后面提到IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite（如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测领导才

24、能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的），由此可以看出作者对IQ测试是持有怀疑态度的。A项与作者态度相反，因此错误；D项和C项不符合作者态度，因此只有B选项正确。3. 单选题Although he is very rich, his undutiful children are the _ of his life.问题1选项A.torchB.tormentC.topicD.topper【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项torch“火把、火炬”；B项torment“折磨、痛苦”；C项topic“主题”；D项topper“第一流人物、

25、大礼帽”；句意：虽然他很有钱，但他那些不孝顺的孩子是他生活中的折磨。因此该题B项正确。4. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in about 200 words under the following title.Environmental protection and Sustainable Development【答案】Environmental protection and Sustainable DevelopmentAlong with the economic develop

26、ment, living standards enhancement, the environment question becomes a focal point which gradually attracts peoples attention. In China, this problem is rather different because of our heavy population and rapid development. Therefore, our government put the environmental protection up as a basic st

27、ate policy. And then, I would like to talk about the environmental protection of our country.In my opinion, the protection of environment is a step-by-step progress, we need patient and care. There are the ways and suggestions of protecting the environment. The first one is to make a synchronization

28、 of the build and protect of environment. Protect the animals, plants, forests and water together instead of merely deal with the damaged ones. This can make our environment sustainable and provide continuous recourses. Secondly, improve peoples enthusiasm of protecting the environment. Peoples sens

29、e of environmental protection and their attendance are the most important parts. We can do more advertisements and let people know more about this. Thirdly, make the laws of this part more complete. If we want to make a difference in the protection of environment, we need the support of laws, and th

30、ey can be our guarantee.We should know the importance of environmental protection and keep it clear. It is in relationship with the development of our economic, the progress of the society and the health of people. With the responsibility of our society, we should do it well and make our environment

31、 more clean and comfortable.5. 单选题Hot metal _ as it grows cooler.问题1选项A.contractsB.reducesC.condensesD.compresses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项contract“收缩、订约”；B项reduce“减少”；C项condense“浓缩、凝结”；D项compress“压缩、压紧、精简”；句意：热金属一变冷就收缩。因此该题A项正确。6. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning

32、tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close

33、.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mech

34、anical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far g

35、reater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “Whi

36、le we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a s

37、pell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to mode

38、l thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environmen

39、t. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kin

40、d of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human

41、 labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous

42、 and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human being verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with huma

43、n interventionC.improve factory environmentD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4

44、题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在”。第一段第一句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，

45、第一段最后一句And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没有实现，所以不选；B项“机器在制造业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。2.【试题解析

46、】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.（现代世界越来越多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是

47、一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句Dave Lavery说we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省

48、劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以”。第三段第二句Dave Lavery说while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到they have built robots that c

49、an recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还可以处理一些错误。A项“自己做决定”，第三段第一句提到But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with to make

50、 at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”，文中没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是”。最后一段第一句提到the human brains roug

51、hly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬间识别出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of abili

52、ty（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题C项正确。7. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.C

53、ontrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。8. 单选题Due to an _by bank, there was less money in my account than there should have been.问题1选项A.intentB.oversightC.indecisionD.engagem

54、ent【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“intent”，意为“意图，含义”；B选项“oversight”，意为“负责，疏忽”；C选项“indecision”，意为“犹豫不决，优柔寡断”；D选项“engagement”，意为“约会，契约”。句意：由于银行的疏忽，我银行里的钱比应有的少了。因此，B选项符合题意。9. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.Gi

55、venC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。10. 单选题At one time, marriages were always_ by the church, but this is not the case now.问题1选项A.sanctifiedB.underpinnedC.scannedD.appr

56、eciated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“sanctified”，意为“认可的，批准的，神圣化的”；B选项“underpinned”，意为“加固的，被加固的”；C选项“scanned”，意为“扫描的”;；D选项“appreciated”，意为“受欢迎的，赞赏的”，句意：过去，婚姻总是受到教会的约束，但现在不是这样了。因此，A选项符合句意。11. 单选题After winning the Championship the team members _the head coach to their shoulders in shouting triumph.问题1选项A.tilted

57、B.hoistedC.hauledD.accompanied【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“titled”，意为“授予称号，加标题于”，B选项“hoisted” ，意为“提起，升起”，C选项“hauled”，意为“拖，拉”，D选项“accompanied”，意为“陪伴，伴随”。句意：赢得冠军后，队员们把主教练举到肩膀上欢呼胜利。因此，B选项符合句意。12. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given

58、a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of E

59、mory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above a

60、ll, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for foo

61、d. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world

62、of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a tall, the

63、other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of