2080 DN1000一分加热器的结构设计
2080 DN1000一分加热器的结构设计,dn1000,一分,加热器,结构设计
附录 A2译文汽车服务的设备TranX2000rM 是为为自动传输服务的一个有效和灵活的工具。单位是便携式的,并且汽车使用在车和在长凳。 TranX 用微处理器设计了,给它能力举行信息驱动并且分析所有传输类型。 当新的传输来模子市场 tranX 设计允许简单的周期性升级与唯一接通设备。这个设备回来容易接近的 Al TranX2000 的 控制器,并且可以迅速被替换。请登记您的 TranX2000,因此生产商能通知您,当更新变得可利用。TranX2000 有二个主要成份、thy 控制器和接口箱子。 所有电子开关、螺线管司机和测量,电子位于接口箱子。 这做了,因此他们控制 TranX 的所有电子元件是离电子螺线管较近。 您能塞住您的电源线入控制器或接口箱子提供力量给 TranX。 每当可能,生产商推荐使用接口箱子,与电池适配器 cahle 一起在您的成套工具,供给 TranX 动力。 请务必跑黑夹子到电池被研和红色夹子到电池 12 伏特。每 TranX2000致力了鞔具集合包括二缆绳。 你连接到车传输和其他到车具。 这两台适配器附上到接口箱子。如果您在长凳,工作你只需要使用传输边适配器。 防止用户错误,所有 FXU (鞔具) 旁边缆绳有男性别针,缆绳有女性别针的所有传输边。热忱的鞔具集合是列出的在传输试验用纸样,与连接器图画和导线图一起。使用原始设备连接器,每当经常提供可能和新的鞔具集合。如果您需要连接器设置生产商不此时提供,他们将是高兴架线您必须使用与您的 TranX2000 为小费的所有连接器。 请叫他们获得更多信息。您的成套工具也包含一个小袋子用 1 红色测试点主角、1 黑测试点主角和一根 10 安培保险丝。 确定您的 TranX2000将持续很长时间,使用测试点主角,每当您使用一个多用电表(或其他商店设备)与您的 TranX。他们在您的TranX 被设计对容易地适合入测试点插口。10 安培保险丝在那个在您的电源线吹的模子事件提供。简单地松开更轻的插座的末端并且替换保险丝。 用 3 杯贴水快速的吹动总替换保险丝 10 安培保险丝.TranX2000 控制板TranX2000 控制板包含 5 个部分。图 4-1,这些部分在以下解释。第 1 部分: 选择代码每传输有一个 3 个数字代码,在瓦片试验用纸样的右上角清楚地被标记。 可以提供所有测试编码索引。 按代码入键盘(数字将气馁) 并且按 ENTER/C1.EAR按钮,如果您犯键入代码的一个错误,持续键入代码,直到正确数字被显示,然后推挤进入。 TranX2000 现在被编程正确地驾驶模子螺线管为您测试的传输。第 2 部分: 选择测试TranX20001M 可此时执行 3 (特别测试为未来传输是后备的)。 按 SEI.KCT 测试 hutton 选择您想要将执行的试飞。 这个指南的操作部分促进细节如何进行测试。螺线管测试允许您隔绝每条螺线管,并且快检查开始并且短缺。 总进行 uiis 测试用引擎。 Ynu 可能进行这个测试对长凳或在车。转移测试提供模子能力驾驶绕过车计算机 (ECU)的车。 当您键入了传输代码,所有转移的信息被编程了。 通过分离传输从 ECU,您将迅速确定问题是否在传输或在 ECU。 您能也进行对长凳的这个测试。聘用显示器计算机测试, TranX 被动地监测信号由 ECU 送到传输。 这些信号被解码,并且齿轮在 vehiele 与所有特别 funetions (锁住、传动器, 等,)。第 3 部分: 传感器模块 A传感器测试是简单的与 TranX2000TM。 传感器渠道 1 至 4 使用监测压力开关象那些在模子 4I/J0E。 列伊) 征兆有 3 个状态: 红色表明正面电压,绿色不表明地面和表明电压。传感器渠道 5-8 为小孩传感器,或者您希望检查的其他传感器使用。 塞住您的欧姆 niKtpr 入插口,使用试铅包括有您的成套工具,测量读书从传感器。 使用传感器夹子集合附有通过案件连接器没连接的传感器。这个单位介绍 Bosch MOT 240, 250 和 251 Motortesters 与数字式燃烧被堆积的和多示波器。 Fig.4-2 是 Bosch MOT 250.MOT 240 的图片 与液晶显示,扼要(poweredby 车电池)的便携式和独立。 testerfeaturing 一项数字式记忆示波器 formobile 服务的理想的引擎。MOT 240 -用扼要适配器,设备台车, DIN A4 打印机和尾气单光束贝克曼气体分析仪- Motortester 为废气分析 (AU)驻地也设计。MOT 250 -方便,流动 Motortester 用缆绳景气、可锁定的工具柜和宽敞内阁。MOT 251 紧凑 Motortester 完全与节省空间设备台车和旋转的显示器。MOT 240, MOT 250, MOT251,清楚地通知了关于品牌、类型和系统。所有 MOTs 是与排气分析兼容由于 RS 232 接口。Motortesters 240, 250 和 251 与数字式示波器加上测量的单位与连接的缆绳和传感器。 示波器有图片记忆以能力召回 32 张显示图片。 因此Motortesters 是普遍测量设备为所有必要的测量在引擎和电子系统期间测试。 这使能有选择性的麻烦- 射击,即。 在各种各样的燃烧和燃料管理系统。这些 Motortesters 可以是被升级和网络与其他 Bosch 测试者(PDR 记录打印机, ETT 008.21/* 8.42 排气测试器,输入键盘为排气分析)。通过 3 个连续(RS 232)接口。 使用一个附加接口开关,连接 RTT 100/110 排气烟米也是可能的。当与适当的排气分析仪或烟米结合,这些时 MOTs 可能为排气分析也使用 在 火花点火和柴油引擎。所有测量作用在特别测试程序适当地被编组为使用实践上: 引擎,唯恐 燃烧 多测试 被堆积的示波器 排气(包括排气分析) 多示波器 射入测试测量值和示波器样式在数字式屏幕显示。 多达 3 个测量值显示与一个小示波器样式或示波图的大表示法显示以发动机速度。所有测量值和示波器样式能他打印了。 以清楚,顾客友好的形式在 DIN A4 大小用 PDR 200 记录打印机。传感器和连接的缆绳在测量的单位的框架在托架和插入式插口清楚地被安排。力量是从扼要和自动地适应所有电压从 100 到 240 V 在 50/60 赫兹。 MOT 240可能从车电池也供给动力。 引擎测试管理与 7 hardkeys (钥匙与固定,作用)和6 softkeys (钥匙以一个易变的作用)。hardkeys 有以下作用: 永久短路(燃烧镇压),测量值、操作报告打印机,信息关键干旱的回车键为分支从现行程序和转换存贮和读出在操作为示波器和测量之间起作用。 根据选择的节目,每一个模子 6 功能键有由标志在屏幕表示的一个不同的作用。信息钥匙“我 ”可以由操作员使用到通入信息和指示为各自测量或操作,即。 关于与车的连接或测量的作用的范围。所有经营和系统软件在是容易接近的从外面的程序模块被存放。 万一要求变动测试新的车和内燃机发火装置,这意味着高灵活性。 测试 引擎用 12 个圆筒以柱面数和内燃机发火装置的自动识别。 范围从联络受控燃烧的内燃机发火装置与一两经销商对充分地电子内燃机发火装置与唯一引起点火线圈(EFS)或双重引起点火线圈控制。 3 个测量值同时显示与一张小示波图一起。 示波图的大表示法与发动机速度一起。 测量的作用 发动机速度通过 TDC 传感器,没有。 1 个圆筒或信号从终端 1。 燃点用 TDC 传感器(以自动识别 )或频率观侧器。 居住角度 % 或程度经销商轴和关闭时间在女士。 射入时间或其他次,被测量在阀门或适当的测量点。 自动; 圆筒比较,绝对或者相对下落在发动机速度。 动态压缩测量据库 )在起始者潮流。 电压与地面关连或 lambda 传感器 漂浮,电压和在终端 1,动态或者静态。 1000 A 潮流或 20 A 与当前测量的搭便车, 500 mA 与当前测量的分流器(bodi - 特别辅助部件) 。 抵抗从 milliohni 到兆欧水平。 温度通过油温传感器, 主要和次要燃烧,显示作为游行、光栅或者各自的显示,在内燃机发火装置与或没有经销商。 信号从车电子和电子系统作为电压和潮流曲线。 这把您的 MOTs 变成富于特色的实验室示波器。 记忆方式以图片记忆 (32 显示) 为审查的不规则性在 detad (分散瑕疵)。下列是在 12 实际上显示的有些测试 屏幕(MOT 240 : 10 屏幕)和代表 MOTs的广泛的能力的一种小选择; 唯恐测量值示波器显示支持的节目。 引擎测试 电池电压或点火线圈的电源电压的测量 电流的测量,即。 起始者力量或者温度 发动机速度 交流发电机波纹内容在示波器或示波器: 主要旁边燃烧主要边 联络电压的测量或在终端 1 (-)点火线圈 居住角度的测量在程度经销商轴(_ DS)或 % 关闭时间在女士 发动机速度 示波器; 主要边测量形成弧光每条燃烧电路执行在内燃机发火装置以二经销商或直接烧。燃点的测量 绝对燃烧前进 亲戚或三角洲燃烧前进 发动机速度 示波器; 次要旁边圆筒比较 温度和发动机速度的测量 开关 示波器: 次要旁边测量 ; 加速在 RPM 和% 有和没有三角洲 HC 动态: 压缩测量根据起始者潮流的依据测量每条燃烧电路进行在内燃机发火装置以二经销商或直接烧。 Multitest 与电压相关的测量 (相对引擎地球 ) ele 的测量 ctric 潮流 无潜力电压测量的缆绳和电流测量 电阻的测量 温度的测量 零的定标 电压或潮流的测量使用示波器射入测试 温度的测量 Lambda 传感器电压 射入的期间 脉冲义务 因素 电压的排气分析的测量使用示波器排气测试或过程 排气组成部分显示在依照 与 使用的分析仪 引擎具体数据的油温和发动机速度调整的测量 引擎的圆筒的类型或数字 各种各样的内燃机发火装置 各种各样的 TDC 传感器系统以标记的位置 自动识别 引擎 类型 记忆为标准引擎类型基本的调整调遣 车间地址输入 测量单位转换 选择打印机驱动程序为报告司机和语言 报告头输入为车间地址 排气分析检验机构输入 打印输出的选择 (测试纪录或屏幕内容 ) 车间地址输入对于 PDR 200 报告打印机信息 信息为每次测量数字式燃烧示波器以游行, 被堆积的和单独显示和多示波器,其中每一台以图片记忆(32 显示) 和曲线测量为精确信号分析。 燃烧示波器主要和次要燃烧电压,显示作为游行,堆积或个体显示在内燃机发火装置有或没有经销商。 多示波器信号录音从电和电子车系统被显示作为电压曲线或当前,射入信号用红色多夹子测量了TZ-I 内燃机发火装置的主要潮流测量了与 a 钳位在搭便车交流发电机波纹通过正面(红色)电池终端( B+) 测量了 记忆信号曲线的方式和测量 记忆方式、信号曲线的测量和调整菜单是可利用的在燃烧示波器和多示波器。记忆方式以向前和回归图片记忆(32 显示) 为审查的范围显示详细,即。 为评估的瑕疵。信号曲线的测量在记忆方式期间。 这里,即。燃烧期间和燃烧电压的测量在次要 oseillogram。 调整菜单变动 X 和零位线的 Y 偏差和位移为信号的更加准确的研究。显示开始转移排列信号曲线的,即。 在屏幕的中心。确定当的各种各样的触发器设施的选择测量是开始时( 信号大小,上升或者下落的倾斜等等。 ).附录 B1外文文献Variational Surface modelingWe present a new approach to interactive modeling of free-from surfaces. Instead of a fixed mesh of control points, the model presented to the user is that of an infinitely malleable surface, with no fixed controls. The user is free to apply control points and curves which are then available as handles for direct manipulation. The complexity of the surfaces shape may be increased by adding more control points and curves, without apparent limit. Within the constraints imposed by the controls, the shape of the surface is fully determined by one or more simple criteria, such as smoothness. Our method for solving the resulting constrained variational optimization problem rests on surface representation scheme allowing nonuniform subdivision of B-spline surfaces. Automatic subdivision is used to ensure that constraints are met, and to enforce error bounds. Efficient numerical solutions are obtained by exploiting linearities in the problem formulation and the representation. The most basic goal for interactive free-form surface design is to make it easy for the user to control the shape of the surface. Traditionally, the pursuit of this goal has taken the form of a search for the “right” surface representation, one whose degrees of freedom suffice as controls for direct manipulation by the user. The dominant approach to surface modeling, using a control mesh to manipulate a B-spline or other tensor product surface, clearly reflects this outlook.The control mesh approach is appealing in large measure because the surfaces response to control point displacements is intuitive: pulling or pushing a control point makes a local bump or dent whose shape is quite easily controlled by fine interactive positioning. Unfortunately, local bumps and dents are not the only features one wants to create. For example, almost anyone who has used a control mesh interface has had the frustrating experience of trying to make a conceptually simple change, but being forced in the end to precisely reposition manyeven allthe control points to achieve the desired effect.This sort of problem is bound to arise whenever the controls provided to the user are closely tied to the representations degrees of freedom, since no fixed set of controls can be expected to anticipate all of the users needs.The work we will describe in this paper represents an effort to escape this kind of inflexibility by severing the tie between the controls and the representation. The model we envision presenting to the user is that of an infinitely malleable piecewise smooth surface, with no fixed controls or structure of its own, and with no prior limit on its complexity or ability to resolve detail. To this surface, the user may freely attach a variety of features, such as points and flexible curves, which then serve as handles for direct interactive manipulation of the surface.Within the constrains imposed by these controls, surface behavior is governed not by the vagaries of the representation, but by one or more simply expressed criteriathat the surface should be as smooth as possible, should conform as closely as possible to a prototype shape, etc.Our choice of this formulation is motivated by the desire to present a simple representation-independent faade to the user, however, maintaining the faade is anything but simple. Formally, our approach entails the specification of surface as solutions to constrained variational optimization problems, i.e. surfaces that extremize integrals subject to constraints. To realize our goal of forming and solving these problems quickly enough to achieve interactivity, yet accurately enough to provide useful surface models, we must address these key issues:We require a surface representation that is concise, yet capable of resolving varying degrees of detail with no inherent limit to surface complexity; that is capable of representing surfaces (in practice we are usually content with continuity) nC 1Cand that supports efficient solution of the constrained optimization problems we wish to solve. On the other hand, since the representation is to be hidden from the user, we do not require the surface to respond in an intuitive or natural way to direct control-point manipulation.We must be able to accurately and efficiently impose and maintain a variety of constraints on the surface, including those requiring the surface to contain a curve, or requiring two surfaces to join along a specified trim curve. Such constrains raise special problems because the constraint equation involves an integral which must be extremized. Subject to the constraints, we must be able to extremize any of a variety of surface integralsto create fair surfaces, minimize deviation from a specified rest shape, etc.To create surfaces that reflect the variational solution, without letting the limitations of the representation show through, the resolution of the surface representation must be automatically controlled. Ideally, subdivision should be driven by a measure of the error due to the surface approximation. As constraints are added, additional degrees of freedom must be provided to allow all constraints to be satisfied simultaneously without ill conditioning. Unlike point constraints, which can be met exactly, integral constraints require subdivision to bring their approximation error within a specified tolerance. Additional subdivision should be driven by estimates of the error with which the constrained variational minimum is approximated.In this paper we report on our progress to date in pursuing the substantial research agenda that these requirements define. Following a discussion of background and related work, we will address each of the issues outlined above. First, the need to compactly represent arbitrarily detailed surfaces leads us to consider schemes for locally refinable representations. Although many have been developed, none meets all of our requirements. We describe a surface representation based on sums of tensor-product B-splines at varying levels of detail. Next we consider the constrained optimization problem itself. We give formulations for several quadratic objective functions, and discuss linear constraints for controlling arbitrary points and curves on the surface. We then turn to the problem of automatic surface refinement based on two kinds of approximation error: objective function error, and constraint error. Finally, we describe a preliminary implementation and present results. The limitations of control meshes as interactive handles have been noted before. To address them, Fowler and Bartels present techniques that allow the user to directly manipulate arbitrary points on linear blend curves and surfaces: the curve/surface is constrained to interpolate the grabbed point. As the point is moved interactively, the change to control points is minimized subject to the interpolation constraint. Parametric derivatives are also presented to the user for direct manipulation, to control surface orientation and curvature at a point. Moving beyond point constraints, Celniker and Welch presented a technique for freezing the shape along an embedded curve, although the issues involved in having the surface track a moving control-curve were not addressed.One of our key requirement is the ability to represent smooth surfaces with no a priori limit on the detail that can be resolved. Although a number of nonuniform refinement schemes have been developed, no existing one meets all of our needs. Most of these fail to provide continuity we require. In computer graphics, Bezier 2Cpatches have been widely used for nonuniform refinement. In general, however, higher-order continuity between Bezier patches is not preserved if they are manipulated after subdivision, though formulates adaptive Bezier patch refinement with continuity. Triangular patch, which support topologically irregular meshes, 1Gare widely used in finite element analysis, but have been restricted to first-order continuity. Recent developments point to triangular B-spline patches as a way of constructing a surface with high-order continuity across a triangular mesh, although a computationally efficient refinement scheme for such a representation has not yet been presented.Forsey presents a refinement scheme that uses a hierarchy of rectangular B-spline overlays to produce surfaces. Overlays can be added manually to add detail 2Cto the surface, and large- or small-scale changes to the surface shape can be made by manipulating control points at different levels. The hierarchic offset scheme may be well-suited to direct user manipulation of the control points, but it does not meet our need for a refinable substrate for constrained variational optimization. One of the fundamental advantages of conventional tensor product surface is linearity: surface points and derivatives are linear functions of the control points. Under Forseys formulation linearity is lost because unit normals are used to compute offsets. We depend heavily on linearity in later sections; use of the hierarchic offset representation would have a devastating impact on performance.Variational constrained optimization plays a central role in the formulation of so-called natural splines, piecewise cubic plane curves that interpolate their control 2Cpoints. The proof that natural splines minimize the integral of second derivative squared subject to the interpolation constraints frequently appears as a demonstration problem in the calculus of variations.Surface models based on variational principals have been widely used in computer vision to solve surface reconstruction problem, in which a surface is fit to stereo measurements, noisy position date, surface orientations, shading information etc. Similar formulations have been employed in computer graphics for physically based modeling of deformable surfaces. All of these are based on regular finite difference grids of fixed resolution.Constrained optimization based on second-derivative norms has been used in fairing B-spline surfaces. Moreton minimizes variation of curvature to generate surfaces which skin networks of curves while seeking circular or straight-line cross-sections. Such schemes can give rise to very fail surfaces, but the nonlinearity of their fairness metrics prevents them from being used for interactive surface design.Celniker proposed a physically-based model for interactive free-form surface design, in which the surface is modeled using a mesh of triangular patches, and 1Cposition and normal may be controlled along patch boundaries. Interactivity is possible because the surface fairing problem is formulated as a minimization of a quadratic functional subject to linear constraints. Our approach is closely related in this respect, although we consider more general formulations for both surface functionals and shape control constraints.We require a representation for smoothly deformable surfaces, which has no a priori limit on the detail that can be resolved. Further, we require that points on such a surface be linear functions of its shape control parameters, yielding a more tractable control problem.Tensor-product B-splines conveniently represent piecewise polynomial nCsurfaces as control-point weighted sums of nonlinear shape functions, and they form the basis of our representation scheme. Unfortunately, the standard tensor-product construction does not allow detail to be nonuniformly added to the surface through local refinement. We instead represent such a locally refined region as a sum of the original surface and smaller, more finely parameterized surfaces. Surface patches at various levels are evaluated and summed to compute the nonuniform surfaces value. This is related to Forseys overlay scheme for B-spline surface refinement 10, but the formulation is much simpler because there is no notion of hierarchic offsets for overlays. The nonuniform surface is a simple sum of sparse, uniform surface layers, which may overlap in arbitrary ways. Further, the resulting surface shape remains a linear function of the control-points, leading to a tractable surface control problem.附录 B2外文文献Automobile Servicing EquipmentTranX2000rM is an effective and flexible tool for servicing automatic transmissions. The unit is portable and car be used both in the vehicle and on the bench. The TranX has been designed with a microprocessor, which gives it the capability to hold information to drive and analyze all transmission types. As new transmissions come onto die market the tranX design allows simple periodic upgrades with a single plug in device. This device is accessible al the back of the TranX2000 controller and can be replaced quickly. Please take a moment to register your TranX2000 so the producer can notify you as updates become available.The TranX2000 has two main components, thy controller and the interface box. All the electronic switches, solenoid drivers and measurements, electronics are located in the interface box. This was done so all the electronic components of the TranX would be closer to the electronic solenoids they are controlling. You can plug your power cord into either the controller or the interface box to provide power to the TranX. Whenever possible, the producer recommends using the interface box, along with the battery adapter cahle in your kit, to power up the TranX. Be sure to run the black clip to battery ground and the red clip to battery 12 volts.Each TranX2000 dedicated harness set consists of two cables. One connects to the vehicle transmission and the other to the vehicles ECU harness. Both these adapters attach to the interface box. You only need to use the transmission side adapter if you are working on the bench. To prevent user error, all FXU (harness) side cables have male pins, all transmission sides cables have female pins.Dedicated harness sets are listed on the transmission test sheets, along with connector drawings and wire charts. Original equipment connectors are used whenever possible and new harness sets are constantly being offered. If you need a connector set that the producer does not offer at this time, they will be glad to wire any connectors you have to use with your TranX2000 for a small fee. Please call them to get more information.Your kit also contains a small bag with 1 red test point lead, 1 black test point lead and a 10 amp fuse. To make sure your TranX2000 will last a long time, use the test point leads whenever you use a multimeter (or other shop equipment) with your TranX. They are designed to easily fitted into the test point sockets on your TranX. The 10 amp fuse is provided in die event the one in your power cord blows. Simply unscrew the end of the lighter plug and replace the fuse. Always replace the fuse with a 3 AGIO Fast Blow 10 Ampere fuse.TranX2000 Control PanelThe TranX2000 Control Panel contains 5 sections. See Fig, 4-1. These sections are explained on the following.Every transmission has a 3 digit code, wh
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