2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解27

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1、2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farme

2、rs than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developm

3、ents were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitm

4、ent to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Con

5、gress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supre

6、me Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt

7、Administration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.1. What brought

8、 about the decline in the demand for American farm products?2. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was_.3. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to_.4. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believe

9、d that the Act_.5. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at_.问题1选项A.The impact of the Great Depression.B.The shrinking of overseas markets.C.The destruction caused by the First World War.D.The increased exports of European countries.问题2选项A.to increase

10、 farm productionB.to establish agricultural lawsC.to prevent farmers from going bankruptD.to promote the mechanization of agriculture问题3选项A.reduce their scale of productionB.make full use of their landC.adjust the prices of their farm productsD.be self-sufficient in agricultural production问题4选项A.mig

11、ht cause greater scarcity of farm productsB.didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough powerC.would benefit neither the government nor the farmersD.benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others问题5选项A.reducing the cost of farmingB.conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation

12、C.lowering the burden of farmersD.helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第一句In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity programs

13、to reduce their imports.“在1920年代对美国农产品的需求下降，欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复和制定紧缩项目以减少进口”，第二步综合理解，由此可知是欧洲对从战后恢复过来了对美国的农产品需求减少了，所以B选项“海外市场的萎缩”正确。A选项“大萧条的影响”，定位到第一段最后一句话These developments were made worse by the Great Depression“大萧条使这些发展变得更糟”，从这里大萧条使情况变糟，这不是美国农产品对外出口减少的原因，这里属于出处错误；C选项“第一次世界大战造成的破坏”，见正确解析，是一战的影响导致欧洲需要

14、进口美国的农产品从而美国农业发展起来了，而不是一战造成的破坏使美国农业出口量下降，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“欧洲国家出口的增加”；文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。2.推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第二段第二句话It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers“它确立了直接干预供求关系的原则

15、，并代表了第一个为农民提供更大经济稳定性的国家承诺”，第二步，寻找上下文线索，经济稳定性就暗含着国家兜底保护农民免于破产之灾，所以C选项“防止农民破产”正确。A选项“增加农业生产”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“制定农业法律”，见文章正确选项分析，从这里可知美国政府的主要考虑是为了保障农民的经济的稳定性而不是为了立法，立法只是实现经济稳定的手段，所以B选项错误，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“推进农业机械化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第三四句This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power

16、 to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices.“这项法律赋予农业部长通过与农民自愿达成协议来减少产量的权力，这些农民收取费用让他们停止使用自己的土地。故意造成农产品短缺是为了提高价格”，第二步，综合理解，从这里可知农业调整法案鼓励美国农民减产，所以答案选A选项“减少他

17、们的生产规模”。B选项“充分利用他们的土地”，见正确选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“调整农产品价格”，见正确选项，让农民减产的目的是造成粮食紧缺的现象，从而通过供求关系用市场这只看不见的手达到调整农产品价格的目的，不是鼓励农民自己调整农产品价格，这里属于张冠李戴；D选项“农业生产实现自给自足”，定位到第一段第三行This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient.“这一时期对农民来说比以前更糟糕，因为农民不再

18、自给自足”，这里虽然有提到self-sufficient但是这里指的是农民不能通过买卖自己的农产品获得足够的收入养活自己，不是农产品歉收的意思，这里属于偷换概念。4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第三段第五、七句话This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of peopleThe Roosevelt Administration believed t

19、hat rebuilding the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens.“最高法院宣布这项法律违宪，理由是征收一般税是为了支付给一个特殊群体罗斯福政府认为，重建国家土地符合国家利益，而不仅仅是牺牲其他公民的利益来帮助农民的计划”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知，最高法院驳回法案的理由是这个法案是为了一个特殊的群体而立的是不符合宪法精神的，而罗斯福政府却认为农业很重要，立法的目的并不仅仅是牺牲其他人的

20、利益来支持农民，所以答案选D选项“以牺牲他人为代价使一部分公民受益”。A选项“可能会导致更严重的农产品短缺”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；B选项“没有给农业部长足够的权力”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“对政府和农民都没有好处”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。5.推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到第三段第六句话However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures

21、, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation.“然而，新的法律立即通过，达到了同样的休养土壤和提供防洪措施的结果，但这些是基于土壤保持的原则”，第二步，寻找上下文线索，从这里可知新法的目的是为了保护土地，所以B选项正确。A选项“降低农业成本”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；C选项“减轻农民负担”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；D选项“帮助农民而不将负担转嫁给其他纳税人”，定位到第三段第七句The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding

22、the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens.“而罗斯福政府却认为农业很重要，立法的目的并不仅仅是牺牲其他人的利益来支持农民”，根据关键词not simply“不仅仅是”，说明帮助农民这个负担其实已经转移到别人头上了但是因为农业的重要性毋庸置疑所以罗斯福坚持立法帮助农民，所有D选项错误，这里属于反向干扰。2. 单选题Less than two months into her breast cancer

23、 treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by

24、her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didnt really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of rad

25、iation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify theemergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs (肋骨) buckling beneath their chests debilitating injuri

26、es suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive sc

27、reening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops c

28、ancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient

29、Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food

30、 and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose regist

31、ries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDAs regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And ev

32、en compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper by the Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer_.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles chest was caused by_.2. What does the author want to explain by exemplif

33、ying Jn-Charles?3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?4. What does the word “ramp up” mean?5. The author thinks FDAs solution to reduce radiation exposure is_.问题1选项A.breast cancerB.advanced technologyC.over-radiationD.treatment methods问题2选项A.There is no need to waste so much money for to treat bre

34、ast cancer.B.Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C.There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D.There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.问题3选项A.It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B.It has been argue

35、d in the medical profession.C.It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D.The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.问题4选项A.Heat up.B.Draw out.C.Intensify.D.Put up.问题5选项A.ineffectiveB.looseC.harmfulD.unnecessary【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第一句话The skin lesions

36、 on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy session but at this point it didnt really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at

37、 least three times the prescribed amount of radiation“他们说：她胸部的皮肤损伤不是因为她的病而是因为应该治好她的机器。这位32岁的患者接受了近30次放疗但在这一点上，没有真正的意义去计算它们，因为一个程序错误导致每个装置提供了至少三倍于规定的辐射量”，第二步，综合理解，由此可知答案选C选项“过度放疗”。A选项“乳腺癌”，见正确选项解析，可知选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“先进的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句话Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more co

38、mprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?“技术的进步、治疗方法的改进和更全面的筛查方案是否导致了对患者的系统性、过度照射？”文章虽然有提到先进技术，但这不是Jn-Charles胸部受伤的原因，这里属于出处错误；D选项“治疗方法”，见正确选项解析，是因为程序错误导致患者接受了三倍的辐射，所以才造成患者出现灼伤，如果按照规定辐射来可能不会出现这种情况，所以不能选D选项，属于曲解文意。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句话Jn-Charles, who d

39、ied two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals.“在这次会议结束两年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最终成为美国医院意外过度辐射的典型例子”，由此可知答案选D选项“在美国也有病人接受过度照射的案例”。A选项“没有必要浪费这么多钱去治疗乳腺癌”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选；B选项“到目前为止，乳腺癌在世界范围内仍是一种不治

40、之症”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选；C选项“越来越多的年轻人患癌症”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段第二句For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer.“例如，CT扫描在应对不断上升的癌症发病率时已变得司空见惯，但它本身被认为会增加一个人患癌症的

41、可能性”，第二步综合理解，从这里可知，在检测是否患癌症时，医生一般会用CT，但是CT会让使用者更容易得癌，所以说CT是把有利有弊的双刃剑，正确答案选A选项“对于癌症来说，这是一把双刃剑”。B选项“医学界对此一直争论不休”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，不选；C选项“用于治疗乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒数第二句话The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely.“这种扫描产生的辐射量是X射线的数

42、百倍即使严格遵循指导方针和剂量”由此可知C选项错误这里属于反向干扰；D选项“辐射剂量很容易控制”，虽然这里有提到剂量，但是没有提到剂量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因为过度辐射而造成的，所以文章暗含着其实剂量不容易控制，这里属于无中生有。4.词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息连接，ramp up前面接的是一个机构后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文语义推测，整段的大意是一个令人吃惊的案例发表之后获得很大的关注，然后某机构出来推动限制使用辐射，避免患者过多暴露在辐射中，由上下文意可知，该机构在收到反馈之后是加大自己的努力，从这里可知答案选C选项“增强，强化”。A选项“加热，升温”，不符合文章意思，属于无中

43、生有；B选项“拟定，导致”；D选项“提供；建造”。5.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到文章最后一段一二句But the FDAs regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients“但FDA的监管机构一般只关注设备制造商，无法保证州一级的合规。即使是符合规定

44、的医疗机构也有对病人进行过度辐射的风险”，由此可见作者对FDA所采取的措施有效与否是持否定态度的，所以答案选A选项“无效的”。B选项“松散的”，文章并没有提及FDA在实施这些措施的时候是否严格，所以B选项不能选，属于无中生有；C选项“有害的”，文章没有提到有害之处，属于无中生有；D选项“没必要的”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3. 单选题One of industrial agricultures biggest GMO crops may have just backfired (产生事与愿违的后果). Scientists have confirmed that corn-destroyi

45、ng rootworms have evolved to be resistant to the Bt corn engineered to kill them.Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis (苏云金芽孢杆菌), the name of the genetically modified corns “donor” organism. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to cer

46、tain receptors in the rootworms intestine (肠), killing it. For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides. Bt corn accounted for three-quarters of all corn planting in 2013. That may have to change.After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated (大幅度下

47、降)by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn, Iowa State University entomologist Aaron Gassmann and his team began to study the pests interactions with the genetically modified organism (or GMO) corn in a lab. Their study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienc

48、es, describes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it. Except now theyll need to use pesticides to protect their crop from rootworms. As entomologists warned the E

49、nvironmental Protection Agency in 2012, rootworm resistance means that the environmental advantage of Bt corn that it could be raised pesticide-free may disappear.“Unless management practices change, its only going to get worse,” Gassmann told Wired. “There needs to be a fundamental change in how th

50、e technology is used.”Scientists have predicted for years that this could happen, but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option. Instead, the authors of another study on

51、 rootworm Bt resistance, which focuses on Nebraska, take a biodiversity approach.“Crop rotation is the best tool,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln entomologist Lance Meinke told Farm & Ranch Guide. “Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that popula

52、tion. The beetles will lay eggs that hatch, but when larvae (幼虫)try to feed on soybean plants, they dont find the nutrients they need and they die.”Crop rotation can suppress rootworm populations over time, reducing the threat posed by their new Bt resistance.But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cor

53、nell University told Wired, rootworm is just one symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shields, “and the insect will win.”1. What can we know about Bacillus thuringiensis?2. What inspired Aaron Gassmann to start his study?3. Which of the following is true, acc

54、ording to the passage?4. Lance Meinke thinks the best approach to the problem of rootworm Bt resistance is_.5. What is the problem with the GMO seed industry, according to Elson Shields?问题1选项A.It is a genetically modified organism.B.It is an alternative to spraying insecticides.C.It is a natural bac

55、terium that kills rootworm.D.It protects rootworm from being killed by bacterium.问题2选项A.The great reduction of output of a cornfield in Iowa.B.The aim of boosting corn yield by 75% by 2011.C.The significance of corn rootworms rapid evolution.D.Aaron Gassmanns finding of a large number of rootworm.问题

56、3选项A.People have not expected rootworm Bt resistance before.B.Bt resistance has a fundamental change in modern technology.C.It is economically impractical to entirely abandon Bt corn.D.Farmers prefer to use pesticides rather than plant Bt corn.问题4选项A.planting soybeansB.raising beetlesC.adding fertil

57、izerD.rotating crop问题5选项A.Most of the entomologists failed to predict its future destiny.B.The GMO seed industry lacks long-term considerations.C.People mistakenly consider rootworm as the biggest trouble.D.It is very difficult for the GMO seed industry to win insects.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解

58、析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），第二步，综合理解，这里是B选项的同意替换，B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。A选项“是一种转基因生物”，定位到第二段第二句Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals th

59、at bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine, killing it（苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌，它能产生蛋白质晶体，与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合，杀死根虫），由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌，是细菌的一种，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”，见A选项解析，是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡，不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”，见A选项，是侵害不是保护，这里属于反向干扰。

60、2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn（2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田，尽管种植了Bt玉米，但却被根虫摧毁）。第二步，综合理解，从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的，由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”，见正确选项分析，2

61、011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”，定位到第三段最后一句话Their studydescribes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.（他们的研究描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。），由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“Aaron Gassmann发现大量根虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六段第一二句but warnings

62、were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option（但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元，所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择）， 从这里可知，因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发，种子公司不会那么轻易放弃，所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃，所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际

63、的”正确。A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的，所以A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”，定位到第五段第二句There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used（在如何使用这项技术方面需要有

64、根本性的改变），这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时，这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作，所以不能选，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it（但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力，所以农民可能会继续种植它），从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米，所以D选项属于反向干扰。4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第三段第一句Crop rotation is the best tool（轮作是最好的工具）， 从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”；A选项“种黄豆”，定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally, one year of soybeans in a fi