2022年考博英语-中国社会科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解13

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1、2022年考博英语-中国社会科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题AAlthough pearls maybe formed by any shelled mollusk, the most valuable pearls are obtained from Bthe oysters. Except for Cimitation pearls, which are entirely man-made, all pearls are formed a secretion around an irritating body that enters the soft tissue

2、 of a mollusk. DIf the irritating body enters the mollusk by accident, a natural pearl forms.问题1选项A.AlthoughB.the oystersC.imitation pearlsD.If the irritating body【答案】B【解析】考查冠词用法。B 选项处oysters是复数形式，表示泛指，前面不应加定冠词the。2. 单选题Terrorism proves to be a more serious problem than anticipated, and it challenge

3、s both policymakers burdened with the design of countermeasures and social scientists who are called upon to explain it Terrorisms unique nature is revealed by two phenomena. First, public perception of threat and danger seems to be disproportionate to terroristsactual capabilities. Second, terroris

4、m, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals perceptions, on the “public mind”; in other words, it is a form of psychological warfare.The psych

5、ological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator of their effectiveness. One could argue, of cours

6、e, that terroristsability to sow widespread fear hardly needs proof as it is obvious that violence and particularly the terroristshallmark, randomly targeted violence, are anxiety inducing. It should be noted, however, that terrorism has claimed relatively few casualties to date, and that in most co

7、untries the actual probability of incurring harm from terroristic activity is only a fraction of, say, the risk of death or injury in vehicle accidents or common crimes. Hence, the power of terrorism to intimidate should not be taken for granted.Intimidation and the induction of fear are not the end

8、s of terroristsactivity but rather means to effect political change. Their violence is predicated on two assumptions: (a) Violent action can force the causes pursued by terrorists into the forefront of an indifferent publics awareness; (b) faced with the choice between continuing violence and accept

9、ance of the terroristsdemands, the public might opt for the latter. Thus, the attitudes that the targets of political terrorism develop toward its perpetrators, their objectives, and the actions that ought to be undertaken visrd-vis them constitute telling measures of the effectiveness of terrorism.

10、The present investigation sought to assess the psychological reactions of a public which has been exposed for a considerable length of time to the threats and actions of terrorist. Regarding emotional impacts, the data suggest that terrorisms ability to intimidate, to induce worry and concern, dispr

11、oportionally exceeds the actual damage it causes. According to the data gathered, the actual probability of being victimized by terrorist activity was extremely low; estimated at less than 1/20 of the likelihood of being hurt in a road accident. Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worr

12、y about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact. Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control whi

13、ch the potential victim of terrorism lacks.The survey results indicate that terrorism has failed to produce the change in attitudes sought by its perpetrators. Most respondents favored, instead, the reliance on extreme counterterrorist measures. The hardening of Israelis attitudes toward terrorists

14、and their objectives was also revealed by the respondentsunanimity of opinion. Taken together, the data concerning the emotional impact of terrorism and its effects on attitudes did not bear out the rationale which governs terroristic action. Despite the widespread concern and worry revealed by thes

15、e data, there was no evidence of any willingness to politically concede to terrorists. On the contrary, and as already noted, the majority advocated the adoption of harsh measures against terrorists. Thus, at least insofar as Palestinian terrorism and the Israeli public are concerned, proves to be c

16、ounterproductive.1.According to the author, which of the following is true about terrorism?2.The author states that injury or death is more likely to be sustained from automobile accidents than by terrorism, and from this we can conclude that（ ）.3.According to the author, fear of terrorism is intens

17、ified by（ ）.4.The author compares public perception of the threat of terrorism to the risk of vehicle injury or death in order to（ ）.5.Which of the following best summarizes the authors conclusions?问题1选项A.Public fear is inversely affected by terrorists capacity for destruction.B.Resolving the proble

18、m of terrorism requires cooperation between governments and terrorists.C.Terrorism incites fear in populations besides that targeted and on a greater scale.D.Terrorism is an inevitability and must be eradicated.问题2选项A.terrorism is irrelevant and more time and effort should be allotted to other socia

19、l demandsB.the efficacy of terrorism can be witnessed by the emotional response of the publicC.anxiety resulting from terrorism should be clinically treatedD.the psychological effects of terrorism are inferior to that of vehicle accidents问题3选项A.the seemingly haphazard and unsystematic attacksB.the i

20、ncreased risks of personal injury by terrorismC.ever-collapsing social order due to endless global terror attacksD.the inability of government to control terrorism问题4选项A.further evaluate the differences and similarities between the twoB.show that one is more likely to die from daily routines than by

21、 terrorismC.reveal the inability of a person to influence the outcome of a terror attackD.exemplify chaos theory and reveal the consequences of each act问题5选项A.The objectives of terrorists are met with public disdain and as a result the Israeli government and Israelis have adopted stringent action to

22、 counter terrorism.B.The Israeli public unanimously believed that the government should concede to terrorists demands, and the government should adopt policies in favor of terrorists in order to reduce violence.C.Terrorists should be punished strictly and swiftly with little regard for the terrorist

23、s autonomy when concerning imprisonment and torture.D.Israeli public perception of terrorism has not changed, and harsh measures for counterterrorism must be adopted; however, governments should try to work with terrorist groups where applicable to reduce casualties.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】

24、第1题:1.判断推理题。文章第一段提到“Second, terrorism, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals perceptions, on the public mind”，恐怖主义对目标群体的影响远远大于对直接受害者的影响，它是对

25、“民心”施加影响。C选项符合题意。第2题:2.判断推理题。文章第二段第一句说到“The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator

26、of their effectiveness.”由此可知恐怖主义的心理影响体现在每个人的情绪和态度反应上。B选项表示“公众的情绪反应可以证明恐怖主义的效力”符合题意。第3题:3.事实细节题。文中第四段说到“Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact.”大部分人很担心恐

27、怖主义带来的人身伤害风险，这加剧了恐怖主义对人们的心理影响。B选项符合题意。第4题:4.判断推理题。第四段最后一句说到了两者比较“Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks.”尽管交通事故比恐怖主义事件的危险大得多，但司机觉得自

28、己能控制车辆，而恐怖袭击事件却是不可控的。C选项“揭示了个人对恐怖事件的无能为力”符合题意。第5题:5.主旨大意题。文章最后一段做出了总结，没有证据表明会对恐怖主义做出政治让步的意愿，大多数人主张对恐怖主义分子采取严厉措施。以色列对恐怖主义及其目的的强硬态度与受访者观点一致。A选项符合题意。3. 单选题In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history,some of the factors which account for th

29、eir similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to（ ）.问题1选项A.refineB.discernC.embedD.cluster【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refine“精炼；改善”；B选项discern“觉察出；识别”；C选项embed“栽种；使嵌入”；D选项cluster“使聚集”。句意：在描述不同历史阶段美国不同地区的印第安人时，一些说明印第安人差异中的相似处的因素可以很容易地加以说明，另一些就难以。由此可知，我们需要找出的是account for的同义词

30、，选项中只有B选项意义接近，因此B选项符合题意。4. 单选题Alternatively, it can be presented by a careful arrangement of objective facts, where psychological development is described purely in terms of behavior, and where the readers subjective response is elicited by the minute descriptions of physical reality, as in the grea

31、test Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, which convinces the reader that through the novel he is seeing reality itself rather than an artfully contrived semblance of reality.问题1选项A.appearanceB.criticismC.occurrenceD.contrast【答案】A【解析】句中引用了红楼梦，说到它让读者相信自己通过小说看到的是现实本身，划线部分是对比，而不是现实的。可知semb

32、lance应表示“假象；表象”等含义。A选项appearance“外貌；露面”；B选项criticism“批评；考证”；C选项occurrence“发生；出现；事件”；D选项contrast“对比；反差”。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries Awhere youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to Bhigh society in Fra

33、nce, Italy, and Germany, Clearn about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience Dwith to be an influential member of society.问题1选项A.whereB.high societyC.learn aboutD.with to【答案】C【解析】考查并列结构。C选项的learn abo

34、ut是getting a rich exposure 的并列成分，形式应保持一致。6. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into good English.1.当前，世情、国情、党情继续发生着深刻变化，我们面临的发展机遇和风险挑战前所未有。全党一定要牢记人民的信任和重托，更加奋发有为、兢兢业业地工作，继续推动科学发展、促进社会和谐，继续改善人民生活、增进人民福祉，完成时代赋予的光荣而艰巨的任务。2.学生活动是美国大学的一个显著特点，每周都有数不清的由学生组织的各种各样的活动。这些活动涵盖了体育、文艺、文化、政治和社会等各个方面，其主要目的是为了娱乐。

35、新的学生活动组织不断涌现，而中国学生的参与使这一局面变得更加热烈，他们甚至在耶鲁大学上演了曹禺的话剧雷雨。3.中国是一个有五千年历史的文明古国，有着与外来文化取长补短、兼容并蓄的传统。 我们的祖先历来强调“以和为贵”。由此，中国人民选择和平发展的道路是基于中国的文化传统、是基于惨痛的历史与严酷的现实所做出的明智选择。【答案】1.At present, as the global, national and our Partys conditions continue to undergo profound changes, we are faced with unprecedented opp

36、ortunities for development as well as risks and challenges. The whole Party must bear in mind the trust the people have placed in us and the great expectation they have of us. We must aim higher and work harder and continue to boost the scientific development, promote social harmony, and improve peo

37、ples lives so as to complete the glorious and arduous tasks bestowed on us by the times.2.Student activities are another remarkable feature of American college life. Each week there are countless activities of all sorts organized by students athletic, artistic, cultural, political or social, all of

38、which are just for fun. New student organizations are constantly being created, and Chinese students contribute to this ferment. They even stage CaoYus play Rainstorm in Yale.3.China is an ancient civilization with a 5,000-year-long history, having the tradition of seeking mutual complementarities,

39、accommodation and integration with foreign cultures. Our ancestors have always emphasized the “cherishing of harmony”. Accordingly, the choice by the Chinese people to follow a peaceful path to development is a wise decision based on Chinas traditional culture, painful history and serious reality.7.

40、 单选题The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics.问题1选项A.collaborationB.worthC.triumphD.defect【答案】B【解析】merit“优点，价值，功绩”。A选项collaboration“合作，勾结”；B选项worth“价值，财产”；C选项triumph“生理，凯旋”；D选项d

41、efect“缺点，不足之处”。B选项与merit“价值”这一意思相近，因此B选项符合题意。8. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into good English.1.故宫雄伟、壮丽，是中国古建筑艺术的巅峰之作，其规模和独具特色的风格享誉世界。故宫内保存着大量珍贵、稀有的古物，它们对研究明、清两代历史和历史艺术具有十分重要的意义。1925年故宫改名为故宫博物馆，成为世界最大的博物馆之一。2.这一年，我们隆重纪念了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，举行了盛大阅兵，昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜的真理。我和马英九先生在新加坡会面，实现了跨

42、越66年时空的握手，表明两岸关系和平发展是两岸同胞的共同心愿。3.新西兰是发达的高福利社会，并以盛产高质量的水果、肉和乳制品著称于世。服务业，特别是旅游以及与教育相关的产业，也在经济发展中起着重要作用。每年有很多来自中国的游客和留学生来到新西兰享受它所提供的一切。【答案】1.The magnificent and splendid Imperial Palace, as the pinnacle of ancient Chinese art, is world-renowned for its scale and unique style. The Imperial Palace contai

43、ns a large number of precious and rare antiquities, which are of great significance to the study of the history and historical art of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In 1925, The Imperial Palace was renamed the Palace Museum, becoming one of the largest museums in the world.2.This year, we solemnly com

44、memorated the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese peoples war of resistance against Japanese aggression and the world anti-fascist war. A grand military parade was held to demonstrate the truth that justice will win, peace will prevail and the people be bound to win. When Mr. Ma Ying-jeou

45、 and I met in Singapore, we shook hands across 66 years of time and space. This shows that peaceful development of cross-straits relations is the common aspiration of people on both sides of the Taiwan straits.3.New Zealand is a developed society with high welfare and is renowned for its high qualit

46、y fruit, meat and dairy products. Services, especially tourism and education-related industries, also play an important role in economic development in New Zealand. Every year many Chinese tourists and students come to New Zealand to enjoy what it can offer.9. 翻译题Translate the following sentences in

47、to good English.1.两千余年来，丝绸之路作为中西交通的大动脉承载着中国与世界的交往、对话，彰显着古代中国开放的文化品格、不朽的文明成果。今天，“丝绸之路” 一词早已超越其历史含义，成为一种精神象征，为当今世界的和平与发展提供了价值典范。2.谈到美国文学时，不能断言它与欧洲文学截然不同。广义上说，美国和欧洲齐头并进。在任何时间，旅行者都会在两地发现同样风格的建筑、相同式样的服装，书店出售相同的书籍。思想如同人和商品一样会自由自在地跨越大西洋，尽管有时速度慢些。3.当人类逐渐了解自然，开始向自然索取并慢慢发展到企图征服自然，并愈演愈烈时，自然的和谐与平衡便遭到毁坏。荒漠化的地区出现

48、了，灾难性的洪水来临了，连空气和水质也常受到污染，人类赖以生存的环境基础受到了破坏。【答案】1.The Silk Road, as the traffic artery connecting China and the West, has borne the weight of dialogue and communication between China and the world, and has also demonstrated an open cultural character of ancient China and immortal civilization for over

49、 two thousand years. Nowadays the word of the “Silk Road” has already exceeded its historical meaning, and become a spiritual symbol, providing a model of value for the peace and development of the present world.2.To speak of American literature we cant assert that it is entirely different from Euro

50、pean literature. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have advanced side by side. At any time, the traveler could find the same styles in architecture, the same patterns in dress, the same books on the bookshops in two different places. Thoughts can span the Atlantic Ocean as freely as men and commo

51、dities, although sometimes the speed is slow.3.Human beings began to ask for something from nature and even tried to conquer it as they knew more and more about it. As the situation intensified, the harmony and equilibrium of nature were rudely demolished. There have been desertified zone and catast

52、rophic flood. Even air and water were often polluted. The environment which we depend on for a living was deteriorated.10. 单选题For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.问题1选项A.predictiveB.omniscie

53、ntC.unconscionableD.conscientious【答案】A【解析】划线词修饰的warnings about future crashes, crisis, and catastrophes，对于未发生事件的警告信息应表示“预知的，预测的”。A选项predictive“预言性的”符合题意。B选项omniscient“全知的，无所不知的”；C选项unconscionable“不合理的；昧着良心的”；D选项conscientious“认真的；本着良心的”。11. 单选题The ground broken by Freud and Breuers pronouncement, in

54、the “Preliminary Communication” concerning the psychogenesis of hysteria, that “hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences” brought to view the tangled roots linking the developing concept of a hidden and powerful unconscious with nineteenth century anxieties concerning memorys absence and excess. F

55、reuds later emphasis upon fantasy, rather than memory, in his revised writings on hysterias aetiology can be regarded, in part, as the vanquishing of memorys unbiddability by fantasys origins in unconscious wishes and anxieties.Two qualifying currents ran through this new emphasis upon fantasy and d

56、esire rather than upon involuntary memory. First, the issue of personal responsibility raised by this new emphasis on unconscious sexual and violent fantasies was mitigated by Freuds consolation to his earliest hysterical patients that “we are not responsible for our feelings”. Second, the possible

57、association only of fantasy with the determining force of unconscious inner processes.Hystories, which continues its authors earlier study of hysteria associates this return with the development of a divisive “survivor” culture characterized by blame and vengeful litigation. Showalters fundamentally

58、 Enlightenment critique of this culture suggests that only a renewed emphasis upon fantasy can rescue contemporary western culture from the distortions that threaten its stability and limit its capacity for healthy and democratically organized public life. In short, Showalter calls for the nurturing

59、 of a psychically enlightened culture within which collective or individual responsibility can be acknowledged for violent, fearful, or sexual fantasies.The thesis propounded in this polemical and accessible work is that hysteria, despite the views of the psychological establishment, is “alive and w

60、ell” in the late twentieth century western world, though in transformed guise. Hysterias domain has shifted, argues Showalter, from the clinic to the popular narrative, or “history”, in which various arguably “traumatic experiences” take centre-stage. TV, the popular press, and e-mail spread hystori

61、es with which growing numbers of troubled individuals are coming to identify. These hystories of ME, Gulf War Syndrome, recovered memory, multiple personality disorder, satanic abuse and alien abduction each provide explanatory narratives that allow somatic or psychical symptoms.The sub-title of the

62、 US version of Hystories and aspects of its argument foreground the part played by the speed and spread of contemporary electronic communications in the escalation of hystories. However, Hystories argument, in keeping perhaps with the books critique of hystories themselves, eschews direct accusation

63、. Nevertheless, the sharpest edge of Showalters cultural critique of hystories is directed against their crossing of the line from private narratives that enable therapeutic sense to be made of a life, to media-spurred, public, political and judicial “rituals of testimony” that involve accusation an

64、d persecution. In a final chapter that warns a little hysterically perhaps of the coming hysterical plague, Showalter likens the emergence and proliferation of these public discourses to the witch-hunts of the seventeenth century. She concludes that this development, demonstrates the “human propensity to paranoia”.At base, Hystories calls for a return to those insights and values arguably delivered by Freuds turn towards fantasy. For Showalter, hystories