2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷45（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题1. A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks and risk-taking.2. When Chinese and American students compared proverbs from their countries they agreed:Chinese proverbs generally advoca

2、ted greater risk-taking than did American proverbs.3. These results help explain earlier research that has found Chinese citizens are indeed more willingto take financial risks than are Americans, said Elke Weber, coauthor of the study and a professor of psychology at Ohio State University.4. “Prove

3、rbs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values,” said Weber. “Bylooking at proverbs, we were able to show that long-standing cultural differences are one reason that the Chinese are more risk-seeking than Americans when it comes to financial issues,” Weber said.5. Weber

4、 conducted the study with Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago and JoannaSokolowska of the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. The results were published in a recent issue of the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.6. Students from the two countries rated America

5、n proverbs such as “A bird in the hand is worth twoin the bush,” and Chinese proverbs such as “Failure is the mother of success.”7. The study also found some differences in how students from the two countries viewed proverbs.For example, Chinese citizens generally viewed proverbs as advocating more

6、risk in financial situations than in social situations. There was no such distinction made by American participants.8. Weber said the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial risks because citizens know their network of frie

7、nds and family will help them in a crisis. However, because of the importance of their social network, Chinese are less willing to take social risks in which they might alienate friends or family.9. In Americas individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financially because they donthave

8、 the “cushion” of a social network to fall back on, Weber said. On the other hand, Americans dont have to worry as much about their social network. “The proverbs of each country reflect these differing cultural values and concerns,” Weber said.10. In one study, 82 American and 87 Chinese college stu

9、dents were asked to rate 34 proverbs 17from each country that had some advice about dealing with risk. The proverbs were translated into the participants native languages and participants were not told which country the proverbs were from.11. The participants were then asked if each proverb promoted

10、 risk aversion or risk seeking in twodifferent situations, one financial and one social. They rated the proverbs on a five-point scale in which 1 was risk-averse, 3 was neutral and 5 was risk seeking.12. The participants from each country rated Chinese proverbs as more risk seeking in general thanth

11、e American proverbs, Weber said. For example, in one group of proverbs, American students gave the American proverbs an average score of 2.83, and the Chinese proverbs an average score of 3.07.13. However, Weber said the evidence was clear that Chinese people believe proverbs advocate morerisk seeki

12、ng in financial situations than they do in social situations.14. In addition, Chinese proverbs seem to deal more with the problems of social risk-taking than doAmerican proverbs, reflecting the countries differing values. For example, American students said 95 percent of American proverbs were appli

13、cable to financial decisions, but only 63 percent were applicable to social decisions. But Americans thought 78 percent of Chinese proverbs were applicable to financial decisions and 73 percent were applicable to social decisions.15. “The Chinese are much more interested than Americans in protecting

14、 their social networks.”Weber said. “These findings are consistent with the notion that China is, and has long been, a collectivist society and America an individualistic one.”16. A second study, which also included German proverbs, found that people rated German proverbsin between those from Americ

15、a and China but closer to Chinese in terms of risk seeking and risk aversion. That makes sense, Weber said, because German culture is quite collectivist in a social sense, much like Chinas, even though the country has an economic system that is more like Americas.17. Weber said this research is impo

16、rtant for several reasons. For one, it shows how researchers canuse cultural products such as proverbs, novels, or nursery rhymes to help explain cross-cultural differences in beliefs and behavior. These results also have a practical use in helping people involved in international negotiations to be

17、tter understand cultural differences. “When you are dealing with someone from another country, it is important to know if there are differences in perceptions or values that can affect negotiations. In this case, if you know the other person has different risk perceptions or risk preferences than yo

18、u, it is possible to develop an agreement that leaves both sides better off.”1.The study used proverbs because （ ）.2.Which of the following is TRUE of the proverbs A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush and Failure is the mother of success?3.The Chinese advocate more risk-taking in financial si

19、tuations because（ ）.4.Which of the following is true of a society that emphasizes individual values?5.Which of the following statements can be concluded from the passage?I. A person who enjoys good social relations tends to risk himself financially.II . A person who enjoys good social relations tend

20、s to be concerned about the problem therein.III. A person who doesnt care about social network tends to take more social risks.问题1选项A.China and America have approximately the same number of proverbsB.most proverbs deal with risk-takingC.the subjects had a large repertoire of proverbsD.proverbs are c

21、ulture-laden expressions问题2选项A.They are the most quoted proverbs.B.They reveal different attitudes toward risk-taking.C.They involve different images.D.They express the same proposition.问题3选项A.they are a headlong peopleB.they are financially disadvantagedC.they have the cushion of social networkD.th

22、ey have more financial opportunities问题4选项A.Its citizens tend to care about social network.B.Its citizens are family-oriented.C.Its citizens are risk-taking.D.Its citizens care more about themselves financially.问题5选项A.I onlyB.II onlyC.Both I and IIID.I, II and III【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节

23、事实题。根据题干中的proverbs可定位到文章第四段中，由Proverbs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values（谚语是一个民族文化的组成部分反映了该民族的信仰和价值观）可知D选项“谚语是文化的表达方式”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks an

24、d risk-taking（揭示中美两国公民如何看待风险和冒险的文化差异）可知B选项“它们揭示了人们对冒险的不同态度”符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干中的financial situations可定位到文章第八段中，由the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial risks because citizens know their network of friends and family will

25、help them in a crisis（中国的集体主义文化强调对家庭的承诺的文化允许人们承担更大的经济风险，因为民众知道他们的与朋友和家人之间的联系将在危机中帮助他们）可知人们可以在危险关头依靠他们的社交网络，因此C选项“他们拥有社交网络的缓冲”符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据题干中的individual values可定位到文章第九段中，由In Americas individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financially because they dont have the cushion of a social

26、network to fall back on（在美国的个人主义文化中，人们必须在财政上更加谨慎，因为他们没有可以依靠的社交网络关系）可知D选项“它的民众在经济上更关心自己”符合题意。5.推理判断题。通读全文，可知在集体主义文化中，人们因为可以依靠亲友这样的社会关系网，更愿意冒险，但也会因为怕失去亲友，而不会冒太大的风险；在个人主义文化中，因为没有可依靠的社会关系网，人们不会冒太大的金融风险，相比之下，他们会冒更大的社会风险。故题目中的三种说法都正确，因此选D。2. 单选题The small Jackson is not （ ）now, but he will be famous someda

27、y.问题1选项A.magnificentB.prominentC.dominantD.significant【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。magnificent意为“壮丽的，宏伟的”；prominent意为“突出的，杰出的”；dominant意为“占优势的”；significant意为“重要的”。句意：小杰克逊现在还不出名，但总有一天他会出名的。3. 翻译题Translate the following into ChineseDuring the past four decades the fishery scientists of the West have studied the d

28、ynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch.Clearly, science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in

29、a given area of study.Practitioners explicitly interpret what they observe, and often categorize their data after the data collection process is complete and from the perspectives of the people they observing.The subject of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. A search for these

30、regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.Wall Street is living on borrowed time. Since the October 1987 crash securities trading has been depressed, retail investors have hurried out of stocks and the issue of new share st

31、ocks has been decreased sharply.In fact, the collation of these lists has been enough to pull down our vanity; for the more one looks at what is available in an unfamiliar field, the more urgent, the desire one feels to abandon the affectations of the editor and assume the modesty the student.Of all

32、 the areas of learning, the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people.Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, e

33、very group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.If we accept the idea that we wont ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions.While populations we

34、re low and stable little permanent damage was done, but with a steady increase in the size and number of human communities the forest and soil have little time to recover.【答案】在过去的四十年里，西方渔业科学家研究了鱼类种群的动态，目的是确定渔获量与鱼类数量之间的关系。显然，科学不仅包括仔细观察，而且还要乐于创新；这可能需要超越现有的在某一特定领域管理研究的模式。从业者明确解释他们所观察到的内容，并且通常在数据收集过程完成后

35、，从他们观察到的人的角度对他们的数据进行分类。社会科学探究的对象是模式化的社会常规。对这些常规的调查显示了大多数人类的行为都是模式化的，从重大的行为到微小的行为。华尔街以借来的时间为生。自从1987年10月的证券市场崩溃以来，散户投资者纷纷撤出股票，新股发行大幅减少。事实上，对这些清单的整理已经足够消除我们的虚荣心了。因为一个人越多地看一个陌生领域中的东西，他就越迫切地想要放弃的编辑的装模作样，并承担起学生的谦逊。在所有学习领域中，最重要的是培养态度。情感反应和逻辑思维过程影响着大多数人的行为。文化是一个特定群体的所有传统、习俗、信仰和生活方式的总和。从这个意义上说，每一个群体都有一种文化，无

36、论在我们看来它是野蛮的、不发达的还是不文明的。如果我们接受我们永远不会完全了解另一个人的想法，它使我们能够更容易地处理如秘密和欺骗那些阻碍我们获得准确信息的事物。虽然过去人口少且稳定，可造成的永久性损害很少，但随着人类社区规模和数量的稳步增加森林和土壤几乎没有时间恢复。4. 单选题What impact can mobile phones have on their users health? Many people are worried about the supposed ill effects caused by（1）from handsets and base stations, d

37、espite the lack of（2） evidence of any harm. But evidence for the（3） effects of mobile phones on health is rather more abundant. Indeed, a systematic review（4） by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College, London, rounds up 150 examples of the use of text-messaging in the（5） of health care. T

38、hese uses（6） three categories: efficiency gains; public-health gains; and direct benefits to patients by（7） text-messaging into treatment regimes. The study,（8） by Vodafone, the worlds largest mobile operator, was published this week.Using texting to（9） efficiency is not rocket science, but big savi

39、ngs can be achieved. Several（10） carried out in England have found that the use of text-messaging reminders（11） the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%, for example, and the number of missed hospital appointments（12）33-50%. If such schemes were rolled out nationally, this wou

40、ld（13）annual savings of about 256m-364m.Text messages are also being used to（14）patients about blood tests, clinics, scans and dental appointments. Similar schemes in America, Norway and Sweden have had（15） satisfying results though the use of text-message reminders in the Netherlands, where non-att

41、endance rates are low, at 4%, had no effect other than to annoy patients.Text messages can also be a good way to disseminate public-health information,（16） to groups who are hard to reach by other means, such as teenagers, or in developing countries where other means of communication are（17） . Text

42、messages have been used in India to inform people about the World Health Organizations strategy to control tuberculosis, for example, and in Kenya, Nigeria and Mall to provide information about HIV and malaria. In Iraq, text messages were used to support a campaign to vaccinate nearly 5m children ag

43、ainst polio.Finally, there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. These involve sending reminders to patients to take their medicine at the fight time, or to encourage（18） with exercise regimes or efforts to stop smoking. The evidence for the effectiveness of such schemes is g

44、enerally anecdotal, however, notes Dr. Rifat. More quantitative research is needed which is（19） his team also published three papers this week associated with the use of mobile phones in health care in more detail. One of these papers, written（20）Victoria Franklin and Stephen Greene of the Universit

45、y of Dundee, in Scotland, reports the results of a trial in which diabetic teenagers treatment was carried out with text messaging.问题1选项A.radiationB.rationC.mediationD.magnetism问题2选项A.incredibleB.credibleC.credulousD.fabulous问题3选项A.beneficiaryB.profitableC.beneficentD.beneficial问题4选项A.were carried o

46、utB.are carried outC.carried outD.are being carried out问题5选项A.deliveryB.postC.transportationD.circulation问题6选项A.fall intoB.fallen intoC.are fallen intoD.falling into问题7选项A.incorporationB.incorporatedC.incorporatingD.incorporate问题8选项A.paidB.fundedC.madeD.given问题9选项A.stimulateB.boostC.correctD.reduce问

47、题10选项A.effortsB.tryingC.trialsD.attempts问题11选项A.increasesB.improvesC.reducesD.deduces问题12选项A.byB.atC.toD.for问题13选项A.add upB.accustom toC.come toD.contribute to问题14选项A.remindingB.remindC.be remindedD.reminder问题15选项A.fairlyB.considerablyC.comparativelyD.equally问题16选项A.largelyB.slightlyC.speciallyD.par

48、ticularly问题17选项A.availableB.unavailableC.accessibleD.unaccessible问题18选项A.denialB.refusalC.complianceD.complexity问题19选项A.whyB.becauseC.whenD.how问题20选项A.in the company ofB.in comparison withC.in contrast withD.in conjunction with【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A第6题:A第7题:C第8题:B第9题:B第10题:C第11题:C第12题:A第13题:C

49、第14题:B第15题:D第16题:D第17题:B第18题:C第19题:A第20题:D【解析】（1）考查名词辨析。radiation意为“辐射”；ration意为“配给量，定量”；mediation意为“调停，调解”；magnetism意为“磁性，磁力”。此处表示“来自手机与基站的辐射”，因此选A。（2）考查形容词辨析。incredible意为“不可思议的”；credible意为“可靠的，可信的”；credulous意为“轻信的，易受骗的”；fabulous意为“极好的，极妙的”。此处表示“尽管缺乏可靠的证据表明有任何伤害”，因此选B。（3）考查形容词辨析。beneficiary意为“受封的，臣

50、服的”；profitable意为“有益的，有利可图的”，主要指在金钱方面有利可图的；beneficent意为“行善的，慈善的”；beneficial意为“有利的，有益的”，指对健康、身心或事业有益。此处表示“手机对健康的有益证据”，因此选D。（4）考查分词作定语。carry out意为“实施，执行，进行”，carry out是主语a systematic review（系统性调查）的承受者，再根据空格后面的by，可知此处表示被动关系，故用carry out的过去分词，因此选C。（5）考查名词辨析。delivery意为“传送，递送”；post意为“邮政，邮递”；transportation意为“

51、运送，运输”；circulation意为“流通”。此处表示“提供医疗保健”，因此选A。（6）考查谓语动词。分析句子结构，主语为These uses，宾语为three categories，缺少谓语，B、D选项为现在分词，是非谓语动词，故排除；此处表示“短信的用途分为三种”，不需要用被动语态，故排除C选项，因此选A。（7）考查介词用法。incorporate意为“将包括在内，包含”。空格前的by为介词，介词后面接动名词，因此选C。（8）考查动词辨析。pay意为“付款，支付”；fund意为“为提供资金，拨款给”；make意为“做，制造”；give意为“给”。此处表示“这项研究由Vodafone资助

52、”，因此选B。（9）考查动词辨析。stimulate意为“刺激”；boost意为“促进，提高”；correct意为“改正，纠正”；reduce意为“减少”。此处表示“使用短信提高效率”，因此选B。（10）考查词义辨析。effort意为“努力，尝试”；trying意为“试图，想要”；trial意为“（对能力、质量、性能等的）试验，测试”；attempt意为“企图，试图”。此处表示“在英国进行的几次测试发现”，因此选C。（11）考查动词辨析。increase意为“增加，增大”；improve意为“提高”；reduce意为“减少”；deduce意为“推论，推断”。此处表示“减少26-39%的人错过与

53、家庭医生的预约”，因此选C。（12）考查介词辨析。此处的and the number of missed hospital appointments 32 33-50%与前面的the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%为并列关系，因此也用by，表示相差的程度。（13）考查词组辨析。add up意为“相加，加起来”；accustom to意为“适应，习惯于”；come to意为“涉及，共计，苏醒”；contribute to意为“帮助，贡献”。此处表示“每年将节省共计约256万至364万英镑”，因此选C。（14）

54、考查动词不定式。remind意为“提醒，使想起”，空格前面的to为不定式，后面接动词原形，因此选B。（15）考查副词辨析。fairly意为“适当，相当地”；considerably意为“相当，非常”；comparatively意为“比较上，相对地”；equally意为“平等地，同样地，相等地”。此处表示“在美国、挪威和瑞典的类似计划，取得了令人同样地满意的结果”，因此选D。（16）考查副词辨析。largely意为“在很大程度上，主要地”；slightly意为“轻微地，轻轻地”；specially意为“特别地”，指事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途；particularly意为“尤其，特别”

55、，指与同类事物不同的个别事物。此处表示“尤其是传播给那些其他方式难以接触的人群”，因此选D。（17）考查形容词辨析。available意为“可获得的”；unavailable意为“难以获得的，不能利用的”；accessible意为“易接近的”；unaccessible意为“难以接近的”。此处表示“或者在没有其他通信手段的发展中国家”，因此选B。（18）考查名词辨析。denial意为“否认，否定”；refusal意为“拒绝”；compliance意为“顺从，遵从”；complexity意为“复杂性，难以理解的局势”。此处表示“鼓励患者遵守锻炼计划”，因此选C。（19）考查逻辑关系。此处表示“这就

56、是为什么”，因此选A。（20）考查词组辨析。in the company of意为“在的陪同下”；in comparison with意为“与相比，与比较而言”；in contrast with意为“与相比，对照”；in conjunction with意为“与共同，连同，与协力”。此处表示“Victoria Franklin和 Stephen Greene共同完成”，因此选D。5. 单选题I dont think the building was well（ ） and constructed.问题1选项A.deceivedB.perceivedC.conceivedD.achieved【答

57、案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。deceive意为“欺诈”；perceive意为“意识到，察觉到”；conceive意为“想出，构想，设想”；achieve意为“取得”。句意：我觉得这栋建筑构思不太巧妙，也修建得不太好。6. 单选题They fear it could have a (an) （ ）effect on global financial markets.问题1选项A.sizeableB.adverseC.beneficialD.consequential【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。sizeable意为“相当大的”；adverse意为“不利的，有害的”；beneficial意为“

58、有利的，有益的”；consequential意为“随之而来的，重要的”。根据主句中的fear（害怕）可知此处应为具有负面含义的词，选B。句意：他们害怕它会对全球金融市场产生不利的影响。7. 单选题Peters body temperature has been（ ）for a week, the highest point reaching 39.5 degree centigrade.问题1选项A.abnormalB.disorderedC.uncommonD.extraordinary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。abnormal意为“反常的，异常的”；disordered意为“混乱的

59、”；uncommon意为“不常有的，罕见的”；extraordinary意为“非凡的”。句意：彼得的体温不正常已经持续一周了，最高温度达到39.5度。8. 单选题There are two main things that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as light as possible. The fact that an airplane is up in the

60、air and cannot stop if anything goes wrong, makes it perhaps a matter of life and death that its performance is absolutely dependable.Given a certain power of engine, and consequently a certain fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of an aircraft that can be made to fly. O

61、ut of that weight as much as possible is wanted for fuel, radio navigational instruments, passenger seats, or freight room, and of course, the passengers and aircraft themselves. So the structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as safety and efficiency will allow. The designers of it mu

62、st calculate the normal load that each part will bear. This specialist is called the stress man. He takes account of any unusual stress that may be put on the part as a precaution against errors in manufacture, accident damage, etc.The stress mans calculations go to the designer of the part, and he must make it as strong as the stress man say is necessary. One or two samples are always tested to prove that they are as strong as the designer intended