2022年考博英语-山东大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第98期

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1、2022年考博英语-山东大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it co

2、ntends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In sh

3、ort, driven by careerism, “the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials （文凭）than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of c

4、ommon learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very

5、 little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.” Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate h

6、alf of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure （终身任期），promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally

7、, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”1.When a college tries to be “all things to all people”（Line 1，Para. 1） it aims to _.2.By saying that “in

8、too many academic fields, the work has no context” （Lines 4-5, Pare. 1）the author means that the teaching in these areas_.3.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.4.American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree

9、candidates because _.5.It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for_.问题1选项A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academ

10、ic rather than productive ends问题2选项A.ignores the actual situationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students问题3选项A.a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB.studen

11、ts dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials问题4选项A.most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.there are not enough incentives

12、for students to study hardD.they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching问题5选项A.putting academic work in the proper contextB.a commitment to students and effective teachingC.the practice of putting learning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of

13、 knowledge【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推理题。根据文章第一段第四句，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context”,可知问题是给学生们提供了太多的学术领域，也就是太多的专业课程可以选择。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means

14、, have become ends.”，这种教育涉及了很多专业领域，但是没有内容，技能没有变成方法，而是成为一种目的，所以这种教育的角度是错误的。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.”，可知美国大学当前面临危机的原因是越来越迎合狭隘的事业心，没有培养学生的全球视野。选项A符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“yet facu

15、lty know that research and publication matter most.”，可知他们认为研究和出版是最重要的事。选项D符合题意。 5.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.”，可知教学生们基本知识，产生跨学科联系，并且将知识应用于学校之外的生

16、活是他们承诺努力的方面。根据第二段第一句，“Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching.”，可知高素质的教师和好的教学也是他们关注的方面。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a _ character.问题1选项A.graciousB.

17、suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。gracious “有礼貌的，优美的”；suspicious “可疑的”，unique “独一无二的，唯一的”；particular “特别的”。句意：我一直不相信他，因为我觉得他是一个可疑的人。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot（ ）his office.问题1选项A.obtainB.secureC.haveD.retain【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。obtain “获得”；s

18、ecure “保护”；have “拥有”；retain “保留”。句意：如果下个月没有做一些实质性的工作，他将保不住他的职位。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Scientists are searching for the oldest tree _ because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.问题1选项A.livelyB.aliveC.livingD.live【答案】B【解析】同根词词义辨析。lively “活泼的，充满生气的”；alive “活着的”；living “现

19、存的”；live “生动的”。句意：科学家正在寻找活着的古老的树，因为可以教他们许多有关于气候变化的问题。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now _ much of their food.问题1选项A.deliverB.importC.produceD.develop【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。deliver “交付，递送”；import “输入，进口”；produce “生产，引起”；develop “发展，进步”。句意：由于岛上的土壤多年来一直

20、贫瘠，当地人现在必须进口大多数食物。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as a factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them f

21、oresaw that the more we are together the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who

22、said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds，catarrhs （黏膜炎）and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lung

23、s. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy （中风）. Thesudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equa

24、lly famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours

25、 outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open truc

26、ks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few modes except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic （滑稽的）press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday

27、buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second- and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the

28、world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1.All boys and girls in large families k

29、now that_.2.According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except_.3.According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but_.4.We may safely conclude that_.5.What is the tone of this passage?问题1选项A.a boy and a girl usually fight when th

30、ey are togetherB.people tend to be together more than they used to beC.a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD.railway leads the world to peace问题2选项A.the railway enables people to travel fastB.the railway brings comfort to peopleC.the railway makes the world peacefulD.the railway leads t

31、he world to war as well问题3选项A.tunnels are dangerous to public healthB.the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect peoples nervesC.the rapid speed through the air does damage to peoples lungsD.to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die问题4选项A.the autho

32、r belongs to the anti-railway groupB.the author belongs to the for-railway groupC.the author speaks highly of the railwayD.the author may never take train because of its potential dangers问题5选项A.Practical.B.Satirical.C.Humorous.D.Exaggerated.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句，“the m

33、ore we are together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.”，可知男孩女孩们都知道，大家越是团结在一起，发生战争的机会就越大，选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“None of them foresaw that the more we are together the more chances there are of war.”，可知没有人预见到铁路是发生战争机会越来越多的原因。选项D符合题意。 3.细节理解题。

34、根据文章第二段第二句，“would be most dangerous to public health”，可知火车对人体健康是最危险的。选项A可排除。根据文章第二段第三句，“The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves.”，可知噪音和眩光对人的神经有影响，选项B可排除。根据第二段第四句，“would do grave injury to delicate lungs.”，可知对人体肺部也有影响，选项C排除。选项D符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Th

35、ey did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies.”，可知人们没有预见铁路是敌军快速移动的一种方式，可推断出作者提出了火车的不好，表明了自己反对铁路的立场，所以他是反铁路组织的一员。选项A符合题意。 5.作者态度题。文章第二段提到了火车会对身体健康等各方面带来危害，最后一段还举到了一位作家对火车描述的例子，可见作者是运用了讽刺的语气来描写的。选项B符合题意。 7. 单选题The destruction of the Twin T

36、owers in New York City _ shock and anger throughout the world.问题1选项A.temptedB.provokedC.summonedD.enveloped【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。tempted “引诱”；provoked “激起”；summoned “召集”；enveloped “包围”。句意：纽约双子塔的毁坏在全世界激起了震惊和愤怒。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a（ ）in the economy or a recession.问

37、题1选项A.concessionB.boomC.transmissionD.submission【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。concession “特权”，boom “繁荣”；transmission “传输”；submission “屈服”。句意：很难判断我们将来的经济将会呈现繁荣的景象还是衰退的面貌。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Too much（ ）to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.问题1选项A.exposureB.disclosureC.contactD.connection【答案】A

38、【解析】考查固定搭配。exposure to “暴露于”；disclosure “揭发”；contact “接触”；connection “联系”。句意：过多暴露在X射线下对皮肤有伤害，也可能导致癌症或者其他伤害。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Despite almost universal _ of the vital importance of womens literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.问题1选项A.confessionB.identifi

39、cationC.acknowledgementD.compliment【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。confession “坦白，供认”；identification “鉴定；身份证”；acknowledgement “承认，确认”；compliment “赞美”。句意：尽管女性文化的重要性成为统一承认的事情，但是在世界的许多国家，教育仍然是许多女性的梦想。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题It is ironic that the _ insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere_.问

40、题1选项A.original. clichesB.banal. beliefsC.dubious. habitsD.philosophical. questions【答案】A【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。original “原始的，最初的”；banal “陈腐的，平庸的”；dubious “可疑的，暧昧的”；philosophical “哲学的，冷静的”。cliches “陈词滥调”；belief “信仰”；habit “习惯”；question “问题”。句意：讽刺的是，这些伟大思想家最初的真知灼见经常被提及，以至于他们只不过变成了一些陈词滥调。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题The disc

41、ussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for refreshments.问题1选项A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random【答案】B【解析】介词词组辨析。at large “整个地”；at intervals “不时”；at ease “不紧张”；at random“随机”。句意：讨论太长并且令人筋疲力尽，以至于说话的人时不时停下来吃点点心。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题The study of genetics has given rise to a

42、 profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name （1）, it combines biology and modem technology through such （2 ） as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, （3 ） in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent （取得专利）seeds that give a high yield

43、（产量），that （4 ） disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. （5 ）such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised （6 ） about genetically engineered crops. “In nature, genetic diversity （多样性）is created within certain limits,” says the boo

44、k Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose, but a rose will （7 ）cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to （8 ） a desired p

45、roperty or character. This could mean, （9 ）, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes（10 ） from bacteri

46、a, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. （11 ）, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that（12 ） species. Like the green revolution, （13 ） some call the gene revolution（14 ） to the problem of genetic uniformity （千篇一律）- some say even more so （15 ） geneticists can employ tech

47、niques such （16 ）cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly（17） copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new（18 ）, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a

48、 new （19 ） of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential（20）,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 问题1选项A.suggestsB.recallsC.concernsD.advises问题2选项A.conceptsB.viewsC.techniquesD.courses问题3选项A.participateB.focusC.specializeD.involve问题4选项A.treatB.avoid

49、C.opposeD.resist问题5选项A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.As问题6选项A.demandsB.topicsC.concernsD.lessons问题7选项A.sometimesB.neverC.frequentlyD.eventually问题8选项A.conveyB.transferC.selectD.collect问题9选项A.for exampleB.for one thingC.on one handD.in any case问题10选项A.resultedB.evolvedC.injectedD.taken问题11选项A.In contrastB.In tha

50、tC.In caseD.In essence问题12选项A.separateB.formC.createD.vary问题13选项A.whatB.whereC.asD.so问题14选项A.combinesB.contributesC.commandsD.breaks问题15选项A.thatB.becauseC.ifD.when问题16选项A.likeB.for exampleC.asD.is问题17选项A.resemblingB.alikeC.similarD.identical问题18选项A.issuesB.heightC.difficultiesD.goals问题19选项A.spotB.er

51、aC.deadlineD.scheme问题20选项A.navigationsB.mysteryC.outcomesD.destinations【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:A第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。根据文章第一句，可知the name 指代第一句中的biotechnology，所以这个名字暗示了它是生物和现代技术的结合，选项A符合题意。（2）查上下文语义。根据上文，such指代前面提到的生物和现

52、代技术，所以只有technique技术能概括前面的信息，选项C符合题意。（3）动词词组辨析。participate in “参加，分享”；focus on “集中于”；specialize in “专门研究 ”；involve in “参与，涉及”。句意：一些新的生物科技公司，专门研究农业方面的问题。选项C符合题意。（4）动词词义辨析。Treat “治疗，对待”；avoid “避免”；oppose “反对，对抗”；resist “抵抗”。句意：能够抵抗干旱、疾病和霜冻，并且减少对化学用品需求的种子。选项D符合题意。（5）逻辑关系。空格的这句和下一句应该是假设关系，if引导条件状语从句，句意：如

53、果这些目标能够实现，那么将会是最大的好处。选项A符合题意。（6）固定搭配。concern about “对担心”，句意：一些人对转基因农作物越来越担心。选项C符合题意。（7）考查上下文语义。上文提到基因多样性是在特定范围内创建的，“A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose”，玫瑰可以和其他不同种类的玫瑰杂交，后面空格应该是表示转折，句意：但是玫瑰不能和土豆杂交。选项B符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。convey “运达，传输”； transfer “转移”；select “选择”； collect “收集”。句意：从一种物种上

54、获取基因，然后将其植入到另一物种中，尝试转移一种希望得到的特性。选项B符合题意。（9）考查上下文语义。根据上下文，用北极鱼防冻基因植入草莓土豆，使其也具有防冻特性的例子来说明了基因转移的过程。选项A符合题意。（10）动词词组辨析。resulted from “起因于”；evolved from “演变而来”；injected from “从注射”；taken from “从取出”。句意：现在用从病毒、细菌、昆虫、动物乃至人体中提取的基因来改造植物是可能的。选项D符合题意。（11）词组辨析。in contrast “与此相反”；in that “因为，由于”；in case “万一，假使”；in

55、 essence “本质上”。句意：假使生物技术允许人类打破基因墙。选项C符合题意。（12）动词词义辨析。separate “分离，分开” ；form “构成，形成” ；create “创造，造成” ；vary “改变，使多样化”。句意：生物技术使人们打破分隔物种的基因壁垒。选项A符合题意。（13）考查语法。空格应该是主语从句的引导词，句意：如同绿色革命一般，我们所说的基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。有what引导主语从句。选项A符合题意。（14）固定搭配。contribute to “有助于”，句意：基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。选项B符合题意。（15）逻辑关系。空格前后构成了

56、因果关系。句意：因为遗传学者能采用技术，所以有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题选项B符合题意。（16）固定搭配。空格后面是举了克隆和器官培养的例子，所以用such as “比如”，选项C符合题意。（17）形容词词义辨析。resembling “像”，不是形容词，可排除 ；alike “相同的” ；similar “相似的”；identical “同一的，完全相同的”。文中是指完全相同的基因复制和克隆。选项D符合题意。（18）名词词义辨析。issues “问题”； height “高度”； difficulties “困难”；goals “目标”。句意：转基因植物可能带来新的问题。选项A符合题意。（1

57、9）名词词义辨析。spot “地点”；era “时代，年代”；deadline “最后期限”；scheme “计划”。句意：我们正盲目地飞向农业生物科学技术的新时代。选项B符合题意。（20）名词词义辨析。navigations “航海”；mystery “神秘”；outcomes “结果”；destinations “目的地”。句意：不知道会带来什么样的潜在结果。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题She is too shy to ask a stranger the time, （ ）speak to a room of people.问题1选项A.much lessB.much moreC.s

58、till moreD.more or less【答案】B【解析】副词词组辨析。much less “更不用说”；much more “更加”；still more “更何况”；more or less “或多或少”。句意：她十分害羞以至于不敢询问陌生人时间，更何况是和一屋子的人说话。选项B符合题意。15. 单选题Henrys news report covering the conference was so（ ）that nothing had been omitted.问题1选项A.comprehensiveB.comprehensibleC.understandingD.understa

59、ndable【答案】A【解析】近义形容词词义辨析。comprehensive “完全的，无所不包的”；comprehensible “能懂的，可以理解的”；understandable “（行为）可以理解的”；understanding“善于理解的”。句意：亨利对于这个会议的报道是相当全面的，没有什么漏掉的信息。选项A符合题意。16. 单选题Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies （雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士）”. They contend th

60、at Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics （健身操）or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket （高档消费人群）retailing network that helped push sa