可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译

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1、可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation出处:Environmental Geology 34 2/3 May 1998Springer-Verlag作 者:F. VillarroyaC. R. Aldwell Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitationAbstractIn evaluating groundwater development both the p

2、ositive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved. Examination o

3、f the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regulations that e

4、nforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the present and fut

5、ure generations.Key wordsGroundwater development , Aquifer overexploitationAre future groundwater resources at risk?To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water surface and groundwater is

6、 one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwater withdrawals pe

7、rcent by sectors are: domestic, industry and agriculture Shiklomanov 1991. Margat 1991 stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries. His list places the first fifteen countries as follows in km3 per year: India 150, U

8、SA 101, China 74.6,USSR former 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany 9.5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9.The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater quality protection is the

9、 key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA 1991 summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The current practices in all th

10、e EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless water and land resourc

11、es are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past”.Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable developmentWhat does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed for our life-support systemThe ge

12、neral conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other industrial, ecological, etc. functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial core regions of the EU.Sust

13、ainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aquifer development easily leads to exten

14、sive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.Aquifer exploitation and sustainable developmentMargat 1993 speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio 1993, “intensive aquifer exploitation is a source of weal

15、th, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”.Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes affects on wetlands, salinity problems, etc, reduct

16、ion of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and Malthusian forecstsm under the heading of o

17、verexploitation” Custodio 1993. On the other hand, intensive exploitation or overdraft are mainly points of view, referring to the consequences of intensive groundwater use, as perceived by environmentalists, the news media and the public in general, and place emphasis on the adverse or detrimental

18、aspects.Therefore, in order to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate over detrimental ones in most practical situations” Cus

19、todio 1993. According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data needed to evaluate the hydrogeological and economic situation correctly. Another harmful effect is the irresponsible overreaction of water

20、 authorities, especially when they are poorly informed or lack the scientific and technical skills to evaluate current problems correctly.The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining terms. Any exploitation of water resources that is not man

21、aged in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable.Regulatory issues related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexploitationThe introduction lists several recent conferences

22、which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings, there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation. Spanish Legislation Royal Decree 849/1986 defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms: “An aquifer shall be considered to be overexploited, or in d

23、anger thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or very close to, the volume of the average annual recharge renewable resource or which give rise to serious deterioration in the quality of the water”.Accord

24、ing to Dijon and Custodio 1992, exceeding the limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoided and the beneficial effects enhanced.Llamas 1992 suggests eithe

25、r the elimination or a very restricted use of the term. In brief, he defines overexploitation “sensu stricto” as all extraction of groundwater which has effects physical, chemical, economic, ecological or social which are negative for human life, now or in the future. This type of overexploitation s

26、hould be avoided for moral reasons. For exploitation based on the extraction of water greater than the average recharge of the aquifer he suggests the term “overexploitation sensu lato”.In the papers presented at the 23rd International Congress of IAH, it was stated that in many cases, overexploitat

27、ion is synonymous with in efficient exploitation of an aquifer Villarroya 1994; Villarroya and Rebollo 1993. During this congress numerous examples of “excessive exploitation” Custodio 1991 from all over the world were presented, and a summary can be found in Dijon and Custodio 1992.How can a lack o

28、f water resources affect land-use planning?As already described, the overexploitation of an aquifer has a marked influence on the planning and uses of land. Water users associations will play a very important role in regulating the exploitation of natural resources in general, and especially of wate

29、r resources. The participation of citizens through NGOs such as the water users associations has been shown to be very effective and, on many occasions, has alleviated serious problems concerning the exploitation of the water resources of a region. The associations have also been shown to be effecti

30、ve as watchdogs to ensure that restrictions and regulations are being complied with. In this sense water authorities should treat them as allies and not opponents.In some situations groundwater has an strategic role at an international level. Some authors emphasize the important role groundwater can

31、 play in securing at least a temporally independent supply. Good examples of this type of supply are found in the near-eastern countries. Margat 1992, distinguished three types of situation:1. Countries with renewable resources therefore independent of others: Lebanon, Yemen , The Cisjordan and Magr

32、eb states.2. Countries without renewable resources which mine water; the Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Sooner or later, they will become dependent on other states.3. Countries which depend heavily on others for water; Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Israel and Jordan. Margat foresee

33、s a future of “exchanging water for oil” between these near-eastern countries, and the establishment of new relations forced by lack of water. Shamir 1993 goes even further and considers water to be an extremely important factor in peace negotiations. Thus, water is not only a valuable resource but

34、can also be an instrument in leading to peace or war? between neighbouring countries.ConclusionsIn the short term, groundwater quality problems will be more serious than those of quantity. Between now and the end of the century the implementation of measures to prevent pollution of groundwater from

35、diffuse and point sources will be the main issue.Besides the networks for quantity or quality control, a water users association can be effective in solving and watching over the correct working of proposed development plans.The definition of aquifer overexploitation is unclear and controversial. In

36、 the majority of cases it refers to the incorrect use of an aquifer, in others it is planned. To evaluate groundwater exploitation not only positive effects have to be considered, but also negatives ones; otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached.Spanish legislation lays down the steps to be taken

37、 once an aquifer is declared overexploited, giving special importance to the compulsory formation of a water users association and the preparation of a working plan for abstractions. At the same time the water authorities can de lineate protection zones with restrictions on the use of an aquifer. Th

38、e application of this approach is controversial and can be of great political importance.Only with solidarity, subsidiarity and involvement can sustained groundwater development be achieved. Their practical application demands a parallel effort in education and information for the general public. Sc

39、ientific associations like the IAH and the NGOs should be involved in this process.译文:可持续发展和地下水资源的开采 摘要:在评价地下水开发时,无论是正面的还是负面的影响都必须加以考虑,否则得出的结论可能会具有片面性。只有相等地关注当前和今后几代人的共同需要,公平交换国家间的技术和广大用户的参与才能实现地下水的可持续发展。对含水层过度使用的调查表明,对其定义没有达成一致意见。在大多数情况下,他们关注过度使用的含水层问题,但在其他情况下,他们正计划着过度使用地下含水层。在西班牙,进行垦殖需按照当时的水处理法和水使

40、用实施条例,并严格按照条例实施。经验表明,如果没有用户的配合,不可能取得良好的效果。对市民进行有关教育是迫切需要的,对于那些决策者来说,他们需对自己定下的地下水资源使用政策的正确与否向当代和子孙后代负责。关键词 含水层地下水开发 过度开发未来的地下水资源的使用是否存在风险? 要回答未来的地下水资源是否受到威胁这个问题,有必要对地下水的存量和质量这两个方面进行研究。水(地表水和地下水),是地球上最普遍的物质之一。全球水总体积约140000.00万立方公里,但只有2%是淡水。而且当前以每年3500立方公里的速度消减,约2100立方公里的水用于日常使用,而1400立方公里的废水返回到河流中。地下水的

41、使用百分比按部门分为是:居民用水(8%),工业用水(23%)和农业用水(69%)。(1991年调查结果)。 Margat强调,要改善一些使用地下水泵的国家的水的使用数量和质量。他调查的前15个国家每年的使用量如下:印度150立方公里,美国101立方公里,中国74.6立方公里,前苏联45立方公里,巴基斯坦45立方公里,伊朗29立方公里,墨西哥23立方公里,日本13.1立方公里,意大利12立方公里,德国9.5立方公里,沙特阿拉伯7.4立方公里,法国7立方公里,西班牙6.3立方公里,土耳其5立方公里和马达加斯加4.9立方公里。 今天主要威胁地下水安全的是污染源扩散。因此,地下水水质的保护是工业化国家

42、的水资源政策的关键问题。许多对地下水风险的来源分析表明,对地下水所讨论的研讨会,大多为欧盟国家举办。 RIVM和RIZA(1991)总结了相关问题和威胁地下水资源来源。当前的做法是,所有欧盟国家的做法导致地下水系统不可持续的利用。更戏剧性的是,都柏林声明强调不可持续利用的地下水,那么人类的健康和福利,食品安全,工业发展和它们所依赖的生态系统都在风险,除非水和土地资源的管理在本世纪的几十年及以后的比他们已经在过去的更有效地利用。 二、地下水资源开发与可持续发展 可持续发展意味着什么?事实上,我们要考虑的仅仅是是否我们明智地使用了生活所需资源。 欧盟国家环境研究院研讨会讨论的结论是,许多国家的饮用

43、地下水和工业,生态等用水的可持续利用功能正受到威胁,尤其是在欧盟农业和工业的核心区域。 可持续发展必须能满足他们目前的需要而又不损害子孙后代的利益。过度开发可能会在一段时间内,更好地使用其他资源,或者其他技术的发展。不受控制的开发含水层容易导致更为广泛的含水层开采,甚至导致过度开发的严重形式。 三、含水层的开发与可持续发展 Margat(1993)谈到在对含水层的不足时,谈到了Malthusian地区的探明和开发的。而Custodio研究意见表明(1993年),集约开发含水层是财富的来源,它促进区域发展,并有助于保证水的供应,直到其他来源的到来以支撑当地形成经发达济体。 地下水的过度开发具有消

44、极后果,例如增加水的成本,环境变化,一系列的环境问题(如湿地,土壤盐度问题),盐渍化和水质量的损害其他水源减少的问题已经出现。最然而终的结果可能是积极的或是消极的。积极的成果,可能出现在区域水平上,但负面结果可能触发像过度开发Malthusian地区而导致严重后果那样的警钟。 另一方面,深度开发或透支的主要观点,指的是集约使用地下水,如提高环保认知,新闻媒体和广大公众的关注,并提高对不利或有害的方面的重视。因此,为了评价地下水的开采,不仅要考虑负面影响,而且还必须考虑积极因素,否则可能得出有偏见的评价。一般来说,实践经验告诉我们,最有利的方面起决定作用。根据作者的观点,对含水层开采最严重的后果

45、源于盲目的开发,并疏忽了进行生产需要的水文地质条件和经济形势的正确数据。另一种有害的后果是不负责任的向水力行政主管部门过度反应消极因素,特别是当他们不熟悉或缺乏必要的科学技术和技能以正确地评估当前的问题之前就将问题反映给上级部门。最重要的行动是为了解决问题,所以也就没有必要在下定义方面浪费时间和精力。任何水力资源不是以综合的方式管理资源的开发的,同时只考虑到目前和未来几代人的需要,会把水资源置于危险之中。那么,这种发展就是不可持续的发展,摒弃要。 四、有关含水层过度开采的监督管理问题 引言列出了几个最近关于含水层的过度开采会议。在会议记录内,也不存在单一对过度开发的定义。西班牙的立法(皇家法令

46、849/1986)定义文章中下列用语的171.2它:“一个含水层如果在超过或非常接近储备限度或超过平均每年的补给量来开采的话,会导致在水的质量严重恶化,应当被认为是过度开发,或危险物。 根据Dijon and Custodio 1992提出的, 超过了可再生资源的限制并不一定是过度捕捞。相反,在相同的限制,并不一定意味着住所有的不良后果正在避免产生有利的影响增强。 Llamas 1992 建议要么取消使用要么限制地下水。总之,他定义过度抽取地下水的所有具有影响(物理,化学,经济,生态和社会),它将在现在或未来对人类的生活产生影响。过度开采应该避免道德方面的谴责。基于提取地下水资源的开发已经超过

47、了含水层的平均补给。 在第23届国际水文地质协会大会提交的文件,有人说,在许多情况下,对含水层过度开发和利用效率低下(比利亚罗亚1994;比利亚罗亚和Rebollo1993年)的代名词。本届大会期间的“过度开采”来自世界各地(Custodio1991)提出了许多例子和摘要可以在Dijng和Custodio(1992)发现。 五、试问水资源短缺影响到土地利用规划? 如前所述,一个含水层的过度开发已经明显影响到了土地的规划和土地的利用。用水者协会将在调节常规的天然资源开发方面发挥非常重要的作用,尤其是水资源。公民通过非政府组织参与,如用水户协会已被证明是非常有效的,在许多场合,缓解了一个地区的水资

48、源开发利用的严重问题。该协会也被证明是有效的监管机构,以确保限制和规定是否得到遵守。在这个意义上说水行政主管部门都应将其视为盟友,而不是他们的对手。 在某些情况下,地下水有一个在国际的级战略作用。一些作者强调的重要作用地下水可以在确保至少一个独立的供给。这种供应的典型例子在东欧国家发现。 Margat(1992年),分为三个类型的情况: 1、拥有可再生资源的国家(因此独立于其他国家):黎巴嫩,也门,拥有独立和自我供给。 2、没有自我水资源供给的国家:阿拉伯酋长国,卡塔尔,阿曼,叙利亚和沙特阿拉伯。迟早,他们将成为依赖其他国家民族。 3、大量依靠其他国家的水资源的国家:埃及,苏丹,叙利亚,伊拉克

49、,以色列和约旦。 Margat预见了未来“以石油换水“的东欧国家,由于缺水而被迫建立新的关系。沙米尔(1993)更进一步认为,水是在和平谈判中极为重要的因素。因此,水不仅是一种宝贵的资源,但也可以在通往和邻国之间和平(或战争)的工具。 六、结论 在短期内,地下水的质量方面的问题将超过数量方面的问题。从现在到本世纪末之间应采取的主要措施是防止地下水污染的扩大。 除了对数量或质量控制,水用户协会组织可以解决以上所建议的发展计划,正确的看待工作成效。 地下含水层过度开发的定义是不明确和有争议的。在大多数情况下它是指含水层的不正确使用,和一些不正确的计划。为了评价地下水的开采,不仅要考虑积极的影响,而且还要考虑消极方面的影响,否则会产生有偏见的评价。 西班牙法律规定了应采取的步骤来确定含水层是否被过度开发,并特别重视形成一个水用户协会义务教育的建立和一个抽象的工作计划的准备。在同一时间,水行政主管部门可以与划定含水层的使用限制保护区。这种方法的应用是有争议的同时可以起到很大的政治作用。 只有团结,借助辅助性措施和包容,才可以实现持续地下水开发。根据实际应用的要求,应把广大市民的教育和信息方面并行努力。国际水文地质学家协会和非政府组织科学协会应参与这一进程。 导师评语: 签字: 年 月 日