经典：精品英语课程幻灯片

《经典：精品英语课程幻灯片》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《经典：精品英语课程幻灯片（61页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2021/8/61Unit Two Basic Writing StylesnextCollege of Fundamental Education Prepared by: Sun Bo2021/8/62Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesPart 1 Part 3Part 2 Part 42021/8/63Part 1 PrewritingCommonly Used Sentence TemplatesI.议论文写作开头常用句式议论文写作开头常用句式II.议论文写作结尾常用句式议论文写作结尾常用句式III.列举事例常用句式列举事例常用句式IV.引用或评

2、论数据时常用句式引用或评论数据时常用句式V.比较对照常用句式比较对照常用句式VI.因果推理常用句式因果推理常用句式VII.运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式back2021/8/64With the growing popularity of (computers/ private cars/ classical music /tennis) in ChinaWith the rapid growth of (market economy/ population/ private enterprises/ electronic industries), (superm

3、arkets/ bicycles/ computers) have become more and more popular. The reasons for the popularity areWith the development of (science and technology/ high education/ women liberation movement), a great number of people come to realize thatCurrently, there is a widespread concern over (illegal publicati

4、on/ drug abuse/ drunk driving/ high school dropouts)I.议论文写作开头常用句式议论文写作开头常用句式2021/8/655. currently, there is a serious concern that (many state-owned companies are in deficit/ quite a few Chinese cities face the problems of water shortage and industrial pollution.)6. The government is/ We are greatly

5、 concerned with (over-population/ high unemployment rate).7. In the last two decades/ In the past ten years, millions of fast food (restaurants/ supermarkets/ beauty salons) have mushroomed all over China。8. In recent years, many Chinese families have owned (cars/ computers/ telephones).9. Nowadays,

6、 a heated debate/ discussion aboutis under way in China. Some people believe that, whereas others argue that2021/8/6610. There are some reasons for owning (private cars, personal computers). To begin with,Next,Last,There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it. First, Second, Finally,11. The

7、re are many advantages and disadvantages in (owning a private car)We can overcome its disadvantages and fully use/develop its advantages12. Now an increasing number of people have come to realize that13. There is no doubt that14. There are some basic differences between (the large and small enterpri

8、ses). (In a small enterprise you)15. Someone has put forward a suggestion that, which seems a fascinating idea.2021/8/6716. There are various/ at least three (ways/ methods/ possible techniques/ problems, etc.) to do sth.17. (Smoking/ Alcoholic beverages) should be banned from college campuses for t

9、wo reasons. The first reason is thatThe second reason is that(On the one hand,On the other hand,)18. The possible solution of (the energy crisis/ water pollution, etc.) depends on three major factors.19. Two major reasons responsible for the rapid economic growth/ the fantastic spurt of technology a

10、re20. Different people have different attitudes towardsSome are in favor ofwhile others are againstback2021/8/68It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/ pay more attention toIn conclusion, we can see that (the best way/ the possible solution) isIn short, (shortage of water, decrease of fer

11、tile fields and environmental pollution) are the major problems to be solved to (increase grain production).In order to make our world a better place in which to live, we should make great efforts toIn a word, there are three suggestions we must follow. Only in this way can we do the experiment succ

12、essfully.II. 议论文写作结尾常用句式议论文写作结尾常用句式2021/8/696. It is time for us to take an active part in7. Let us work hand in hand to (solve these social problems).8. It goes without saying that9. I want to be a teacher/ to do something not only because , but also because(partly because, and partly because)10. W

13、ho is to say that (you will not be the victim of fake product again and again/ our scientists may not work out a better theory)?back2021/8/610There are many (quite a few) examples to showThere is enough (sufficient, much, convincing) evidence showing (supporting, indicating, to show, to support, to

14、indicate, in favor of the opinion) thatIt wont be difficult (is easy) to show (to prove, to demonstrate) thatTo take as an example,.can be shown (indicated, suggested, supported) by the following examples (instances, evidence)the above story illustratesAn analysis of the above-mentioned cases may be

15、 useful in explainingIII.列举事例常用句式back2021/8/611The table (chart, graph, bar, figure) shows (presents, summarizes) date (results, statistics) aboutThe data (statistics) presented in the table (obtained from recent studies) are (seem) rather convincing (very important, quite interesting, fairly clear,

16、 fascinating).All these statistics (data) clearly show (strongly prove, point to the face, seem to suggest) thatThe results (findings, data) can be (could be) interpreted as follows (viewed in terms of, approached from a different angle).IV.引用或评论数据时常用句式引用或评论数据时常用句式2021/8/6125. The above findings (st

17、atistics, data) can be (could be) interpreted as follows (viewed in terms of, approached from a different angle).6. From the above data (on the basis of these findings), we can conclude (say, see) that7. A brief review of the data (statistics, results) helps us to(enables us to, leads us to)8. If th

18、e results of are compared with those of, it will be observed thatback2021/8/613There are some (a few, many) striking similarities (obvious differences) betweenLet us make a comparison (contrast) betweenWe can easily comparewith , and see the similarities and differences between them.differs from (is

19、 different from)has something (nothing, little, much, many features) in common withhave certain (some, many) advantages over (compared with)One of (Another, A third) advantage oflies in(is, seems to be) thatV. 比较对照常用句式比较对照常用句式back2021/8/6141.The reasons forare as follows.2. The reason (cause) why ca

20、n be traced to3. There are several reasons for(why)4. therefore, we can state (say, conclude, draw the conclusion) with certainty that5. The conclusion (result, consequence) is that6. Thus (Therefore), we can reach (draw, make, arrive at) the following conclusionVI.因果推理常用句式因果推理常用句式back2021/8/615Ther

21、e are some (a few, many) advantages (disadvantages) inSome of the advantages (disadvantages) of are as follows.It is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages in (concerning)We can comment (view, look at, consider, analyze) the above-mentioned problem from another angle (approach).Havin

22、g considered (analyzed, reviewed) the issue (matter, problem, method, suggestion) from both sides, we can now draw the conclusion thatWeighing the arguments on both sides, we are inclined to conclude thatWith the strengths and weaknesses of the opposing arguments (being) apparent, we can therefore r

23、each (arrive at) a balanced conclusion like thisVII.运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式back2021/8/616 Basic Writing Styles I. Narration II. Description III. Exposition IV. ArgumentationPart 2 Basic Writing Skillsback2021/8/617 记叙文又称记事文或叙述文。即将自己所看到的或所听到的，甚至想象的事生动形象地讲出来。记叙的主要任务是记人和叙事，因此写人时，人应为主要叙述对象，可通过某件事

24、来写，也可通过人物行为，活动的几个片段或侧面描写。而记事时，应以事作为主要记叙对象，着眼于事件的过程，而不是人物的行为或活动。I. Narration（记叙文）（记叙文）2021/8/618记叙文写作中的几点注意事项：明确中心思想和写作目的：记叙文的选材多选典型事例，力求生动简洁，尽可能围绕一个确定的、鲜明的主题或中心思想选材和展开，与中心无关的情节应删除，以达到所有情节的描写都是为主题思想服务的。选择写作角度：一般采用第一或第三人称，第一人称叙述生动、逼真可信，犹如作者在叙述自己的亲身经历和感受，增强故事的真实性和感染力；而第三人称使叙述更具客观性，叙述范围广。在时态上可选用现在时和过去时，

25、注意前后一致，不宜中间改变。恰当安排写作顺序：常见记叙文有顺叙、倒叙和插叙。顺序是按时间顺序叙述事件，而倒叙则是先交代事件的结局，从故事或事件中间写起为插叙。结构要体现六个要素：记叙的主要任务是记人和叙事，因此人物活动和事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事情、原因、结果就构成了完整叙述一个事件或经历的六个要素，文中必须要将六要素交待清楚，以让读者清楚地了解一件事情的起因、经过和结局。back2021/8/619 描写文就是用生动的语言文字描绘各种事物、环境、景物或人物的状态、表现等的一种文体，由于可以注入作者的感情，呈现在读者面前的描写文是用文字描绘的一幅精彩、生动的图画，与记叙文不同的是，描写文主

26、要通过形象、逼真的语言去摹写人物的音容笑貌，心理活动和姿态动作，以激发读者对人物或事物的情感。II. Description （描写文）（描写文）2021/8/620描写文写作注意事项：描写文写作注意事项： 描写的角度和顺序：描写的角度指描写所用的人称和描写时的身份；顺序是指时间、空间、逻辑等的安排。一般要求按时间、空间顺序描写。如要向读者介绍你的学校，则以学生身份开始描写，首先介绍你学校的位置，然后从校园外观到教学楼，再从教学楼到教室。 描写要突出重点：对于细节或情节的描写应有所选择。所选的描写对象应为主题服务，不应对所有事物逐一描写，不加选择，应突出重点。即主要部分要重点描写，以加深读者印

27、象，次要部分可轻描淡写或略去，不要面面俱到。 2021/8/6211） 对人物的描写：描写人物时，应抓住其主要特征，通过对性格、面貌、服饰、语言、行为举止、心理活动及生活细节的描写，塑造栩栩如生的形象，从而使人能透视其内心世界。人物描写通常可从外表到心理进行描写。 2） 对景物的描写：描写景物时，应通过对事物的外表特征形状、颜色等的描写，把自己对事物的印象、态度、情感传达给读者。有时还应注意清楚地说明所写之物的方位。3）对空间位置的描写：在对事物所处的空间位置进行描写时，首先要找好立足点，然后从这个着眼点，对事物所处的空间位置进行描写。描写的顺序可由远及近，由左及右，由高及低或反之。back2

28、021/8/622 说明文就是说明事物的情况或道理的文章，即对事情的发生、发展结果或事物的性质、特征、性能、结构、用途等进行解释说明的一种文体。它除了用于说明客观事物的特点和特征外，还可介绍某种操作的程序，或解释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象等，所以说明文就事论事，不宣泄个人感情及主观好恶，客观地阐述和解释。说明文的形式包括：短文、论文、广告、说明书、教材、实验报告、词典等。III. Exposition （说明文）（说明文）2021/8/623（1）一篇文章集中讲一个主题；）一篇文章集中讲一个主题；（2）例证要充分而具体，使读者能易于理解那些抽象的内容；）例证要充分而具体，使读者

29、能易于理解那些抽象的内容；（3）叙述次序要清楚，应按逻辑意义或时间顺序来安排；）叙述次序要清楚，应按逻辑意义或时间顺序来安排；（4）用词直接明了，尽量避免使用华丽浮夸的词藻或含义模糊的词句）用词直接明了，尽量避免使用华丽浮夸的词藻或含义模糊的词句（5）描述生动有趣，说明文也可以写得既富于说明又生动活泼。）描述生动有趣，说明文也可以写得既富于说明又生动活泼。 说明文应该写得条理分明，层次清楚，语言简洁而有逻辑性。在写作时，应该注意：2021/8/624说明文常用的几种写作方法 定义法（Definition） 列举法（Enumeration） 举例法（Illustration） 比较法/对比法（C

30、omparison/Contrast） 分类法（Classification） 解释法（Explanation） 比喻法（Metaphor/simile）back2021/8/625 定义法（Definition）：指像词典那样直接给字或词下定义，也包括进一步通过举例、对比、比喻、逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物，使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。 如：Physics is a science. It deals with those phenomena of matter involving no change of chemical composition. Under this definit

31、ion, physics includes the science of matter and motion, mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity and the branches of science devoted to radiation and atomic structure.back2021/8/6262.列举法（Enumeration）：用列举法发展段落，作者首先点明论点，然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述和解释。列举的内容可能是一连串的事物、事件、理由及同一个问题的不同方面等。列举的顺序可以根据各点内容的相对重要性、时间的先后或地

32、理位置的远近灯关系来进行。如：Basketball is popular in many countries. One reason for this is that it is inexpensive. A ball and a hoop are all you need. Moreover, it is exciting. There is always lots of action. Additionally, it is a healthful sport that both men and women can play. Furthermore, it is both an indo

33、or and an outdoor game. In warm countries the game is played outdoors all year. In cold countries, it is a winter game. In such countries basketball is usually played indoor.back2021/8/6273. 举例法（Illustration）：即在文章中举例。例子举得是否恰当，安排次序及引证关系是否合适，有时会直接影响文章的质量和效果。一篇说明性文章如果缺乏必要的例子，就不能使读者信服。 如：Americans value

34、 manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build small boats in their leisure time. Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture. Others enjoy gardening or painting. Many low income American families have beautiful furn

35、iture or paintings or potteries or boats. They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some people are really very handy.back2021/8/6284.比较法/对比法（Comparison/Contrast）：比较或对比在英语写作中应用非常广泛。一般说来，比较是指对人或事物之间的相同点进行分析而言；对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较而言。不过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截然分开。对照中含有比较成分；而比较中具有对照的

36、因素。如果内容简单，可将比较或对照的事物分开描述，先写甲方后写乙方。如果内容较多，则逐点进行为好。2021/8/629 如：It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. I

37、t is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers cannot show their disappointment publicly. They cannot cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness. （对比） 2021/8/630 Impeaching a p

38、resident is like major surgery. It is an act that should not be done hastily nor emotionally, and only when it is necessary to restore the well-being of the patient, in this case the government of the nation. The purpose of surgery is not to punish the diseased organ, neither is the purpose of impea

39、chment to punish a president. In both situations the only purpose is to remove a source of serious trouble and re-establish a healthy condition. （类比）back2021/8/6315.分类法（Classification）：把事物分作若干类型并说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。 如：There are different kinds of secrets. The most important one is the national secret, fo

40、r exampleCommercial secrets are also very important for business people in the fierce competition At last, we have our personal secretsback2021/8/6326.解释法（Explanation）：解释说明把事物说得通俗易懂。如：Literature is the expression of life in words of truth and beauty; it is the written record of mans spirit, of his t

41、houghts, emotions, aspirations; it is the history, and the only history of the human soul. It is characterized by its artistic, its suggestive, its permanent qualities.back2021/8/6337.比喻法（Metaphor/simile）：比喻说明可以把事物说得生动。如：Fighting a teenager, like fighting a tide, is bound to fail. When caught in a c

42、rosscurrent experienced swimmers float and let the tide carry them instead of struggling, until they find a firm footing. Likewise, parents of teenagers must flow with life, adapting to them.back2021/8/634 议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理来阐明自己的观点、看法和主张的文体。该文体要依靠推理和论证来解释某个事实或思想，说服读者接受某种观点和劝说。 议论文由论点作者的某一观点；论据事实、数据或道理；论

43、证摆事实，讲道理的过程三大要素组成。IV. Argumentation（议论文）（议论文）2021/8/635立论立论驳论驳论论证方式论证方式2021/8/636 立论：作者可首先提出自己的观点，也可在段尾或结尾段得出，但必须对所论述的问题，从正面摆出事实，阐明自己观点的正确性；立论要求有充足的事实和理论依据，有理有据，才能使人信服。back2021/8/637 驳论：作者通过反驳对立的、错误的见解和主张，从而证明自己的见解、主张的正确性。驳论需要有正确的理论和确凿的事实作依据，准确地找出对立的错误所在。2021/8/638题目明确。论点或文章中心思想应以肯定句式在引言部分明确提出。论证充分。

44、论证可从以下几方面搜集资料：（1）实际现象；（2）个人经历；（3）统计数据；（4）来自权威方面的信息逻辑性强。层次分明。可按引言部分点明论点，正文部分论证主题，结尾部分重申论点的原则安排。态度谦虚。指文章要以理服人，不强词夺理。议论文写作中应注意以下几点议论文写作中应注意以下几点2021/8/639 议论文写作方法，基本与说明文相同，除了说明文部分提到的几种外，最常用的还有归纳法、演绎法和逻辑法三种。 归纳法 演绎法 逻辑法议论文写作方法议论文写作方法back2021/8/640归纳法（Induction）：即从若干个别事例和现象中归纳出一般道理或看法，从具体到一般的论证方法叫归纳法。这种段落

45、往往先给出具体细节，或以理由和实例开头，通过对各种具体的事实、现象的分析和判断，从而得出一般性的结论。 Many Chinese men smoke. Out of excitement or anger, they smoke hard. For most females, the smell of smoking is terrible. Whats more, smoking contributes to air pollution harmful to smokers as well as nonsmokers. Cigarettes with nicotine in them can

46、 cause bronchitis, pneumonia and even cancer. Smoking being equivalent to committing suicide, people should give it up in order to live longer. But I am sorry to say many people who know its danger quite well can not rid themselves of it.back2021/8/641演绎法（Deduction）：即从一般论断演绎到不同事例加以论述，最后再回到结论，从一般到具体的

47、论证方法叫演绎法。它与归纳法正好相反，是根据已知的一般原理推断出具体事物和现象的结论。写作时，往往需要以主题句开头，开门见山，点明主题，然后再给出具体细节，或是用理由和实例来论证主题。 My ambition is to go to college, but my environment does not allow me to do so. My father has been in some difficulty in supporting me even in the middle school, so it is certainly a greater difficulty for h

48、im to pay my expenses in college. And I have five brothers in schools. If I go to college, the burden will be too heavy for my father. Moreover, I am poor in science, and perhaps this will prevent me from successfully passing the entrance examination of a college.back2021/8/642 逻辑法（Logic Analysis）：即

49、按逻辑意义讲文章分成几个部分，各个部分既因自己的特点而独立成段，又在内容上互相关联，这种逻辑关系可通过一定的标记来表示，如：first, second, third, 或1、2、3、4等，也可通过使用转折语等方法来表示。back2021/8/643Part 3 Case AnalysisCase One Getting to Know the World outside the CampusCase Two Harmfulness of Fake CommoditiesCase Three A Lesson in MannerCase Four The Place I Love Most Ca

50、se Five Unemployment upon GraduationCase Six A Rainy Day in the Countrysideback2021/8/644 With the development of our society, the campus is no longer a “ivory tower” and students cant merely confine themselves to the campus. Its time for them to go out of the campus and know the world outside the “

51、ivory tower”. For one thing, it can help students have a better understanding of themselves so that they can modify their way in students. For another, it will lay a solid foundation for their future career. Finally, they can enhance their abilities in management, organization and so on. Case One Ge

52、tting to Know the World outside the Campus2021/8/645 There are many ways for students to get to know the outside world. First, they can know the world from mass media, such as newspapers, TV, radio, magazines and advertisements which provide information about political events, social news, the lates

53、t development in science and technology and so forth. Second, they can know the world from social services, such as job-hunting and tutorship, which grant students wide opportunities to know the society. Third, students can also make some investigations in factories and villages, talking with the wo

54、rkers or farmers to learn their experiences.2021/8/646 As a student, I think the first thing I should do is to study hard to lay a good foundation for my future job. The other thing I can do is to take some part-time jobs to gain personal experience about the world outside the campus.back2021/8/647

55、Nowadays there are countless fake commodities in the market. There are many reasons for this social phenomenon. But in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing, producers can profit a lot by making fake commodities because the cost of producing fake commodities is much lower. For a

56、nother, businessmen can also profit a lot by selling fake commodities. Perhaps the primary reason is that our legal system is not sound and the punishment of illegal producers and businessmen is not severe. Case Two Harmfulness of Fake Commodities2021/8/648 Fake commodities do great harm to society.

57、 In general, the harms can be listed as follows. First, fake commodities damage the consumers interests they deserve. If something goes wrong with the fake commodities after consumers buy them, the consumers will not have easy access to various free services provided by the producers. Besides, they

58、also harm the credit of business because consumers will distrust the shops which sell genuine commodities. Worst of all, they will bring about potential dangers because using fake commodities of inferior quality will cause accidents and endanger consumers lives.Anyway, it is high time that fake comm

59、odities were banned.back2021/8/649 Early one morning, an old woman was walking from her village to the town market, carrying a big sack of potatoes on her shoulder. She was walking on a narrow road. There were ditches on both sides. She was walking cautiously at the roadside when she suddenly heard

60、a loud bell, and a bicycle came round the corner, passing her so fast that she had to jump aside hurriedly and her potatoes fell into the ditch. She looked up, and saw a young girl riding on the bike without looking back to see if the old woman was all right. The old woman shouted, “Come back, lady,

61、 You dropped something.” Hearing this, the girl stopped so suddenly that she almost fell off. She came back and asked, “What did I drop?” “Little lady,” the old woman answered, “you dropped your manners.”Case Three A Lesson in Mannerback2021/8/650 One of the most attractive places I have ever lived

62、is my hometown xian, the provincial capital of Shanxi. I love this land because it is a center of Chinese intellects, and more importantly, it is a world-famous historic city. Xian was the historic city where thirteen dynasties in Chinese history built their capitals. The world-renowned Silk Road to

63、ok its start from there. Also the terra-cotta army of the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty, is found there in its mighty battle formation. Because of this, millions of people come all the way from overseas to visit this natural museum of Chinese history.Case Four The Place I Love Most2021/8/651 Xian was

64、 historically a birthplace of Chinese culture, breeding numerous famous, brilliant statesmen, scientists and war strategists. Now it is a center of Chinese intellects, having thousands of specialists in various fields of science and technology and more than 50 institutions of higher learning. Each y

65、ear sees many major achievements gained by the scientists here for the progress of the nation and of the world. It truly shines with a brilliance of great civilization. I feel proud of this land where I was born. I can proudly declare that it is a blessed land of abundance, a birthplace of talents.

66、I believe whoever comes to this land will unconsciously feel the irresistible attraction of the special beauty and the spirit of this landthe cradle of Chinese civilization. back2021/8/652 The recent years witnessed an unfavorable social phenomenon-more and more college students become unemployed as soon as they graduate. After serious thinking, we can find three possible reasons accounting for this trend. First of all, the expansion of university provides chances for more students to receive hi