中考英语完形填空、阅读理解与书面表达解题策略指导与实践

中考英语完形填空、阅读理解、书面表达解题策略指导与实践Chapter I Cloze Test完形填空一、解题策略指导完形填空(Cloze te st)是初中英语试题中必考题型。完形填空主要测试学生在具体语言环境中对文章的篇章结构、中心思想、推理判断、诃语辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配等方面的能力要求，及对所学英语的综合运用能力、快速阅读理解能力及逻辑推理判断能力等。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点：1.在整份试卷中所占的分值较重，占 1015%,短文长度一般在130200个单词左右。2.降低了对单词本身的考查要求，重点考查考生对短文的整体理解，上下文的段落衔接，情理分析及推理判断能力。3.针对初中学生的实际水平，一般采用故事类、说明类短文，尽量避免专业性太强的文章或论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主、语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。完形填空有多种形式，但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干个词或短语，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词或短语，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案(其中包括一个正确答案)，让考生选出正确的答案；从所给的单词中，选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空；也可以给出单词首字母作提示将短文补全；也可以不给考生提供任何线索，完全凭借考生对文章的理解和现有的语言能力完成。最常见的还是选择型的完形填空。抽词的办法可以是有针对性地抽取，也可以是随机地抽取。但目前比较流行的是对文章理解能力的考查，而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。完形填空要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单句，理解语义，还要处理好单句之间以及单句与全文之间的内在关系，选出适当的词填上，使文章完整与通顺。完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。在做完形填空题时,通常先弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能作出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：1.通览全文，了解大意答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好完形填空题的关键。因为完形填空的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们如果把短文比作环环相扣的链条，那么由于空格的设置，“链条”从第二句起有些地方就脱节了。有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于“只见树木不见森林”而事倍功半。因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。2.综合考虑，先易后难通览全文后，认真观察选项，瞻前顾后，仔细推敲，逐项选定。经过通读全文，对短文有了整体印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。3.复读检验，消除疏漏完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。二、范例解析引路例一：Every year students in many countries learn English.Some of these students are children,_ 1 _ students are young people.Why do all these people want to learn_ 2 _?It is not_ 3 _ toanswer this question.Many boys and girls learn English at school.It is one of their _ 4.Manypeople learn English because it is_ 5in their work.Some young people learn English_ 6theirhigher studies because some of their books are_ 7English.Other people learn English becausethey want to _ 8newspapers in English.Some people learn English because they want to _ 9in the USA,England or Australia.English is very_ 10_ in our life.1.A.all B.the other C.both D.other2.A.English B.Chinese C.maths D.Japanese3.A.hard B.easy C.good D.nice4.A.books B.classes C.schools D.subjects5.A.good B.useful C.fine D.pleased6.A.for B.of C.to D.from7.A.in B.with C.at D.of8.A.look B.see C.look at D.read9.A.go B.work C.like D.come10.A.help B.helping C.helps D.helpful首先，通览全文。通过通览全文，便知本文讲述许多人学习英语。学习英语的人年龄不同，目的各异。其次，本着先易后难的原则开始填空，先根据上下文和自己的语感，推测部分空格的可能答案。然后，再结合选项逐一敲定。1.选 Bo some.other（s）.意思是”一些 另一些（泛指）”；some.the other（s）.意思是“一些另一些（特指）”。由语境可知，在学英语的学生中，除一部分是孩子外，剩余的是青年人（特指）。2.选 A。根据上下文可知是English。3.选 B。由文章内容来看，人们学习英语的原因多种多样，因此回答为什么那么多人学习英语这个问题并不容易。4.选 D。由常识可知，English是学生学习的科目(su句 ect)之一。5.选 B。根据前后文意可知许多人学习英语，那是因为English在他们的工作中很有用(useful)o6.选 A。本题属于介词用法辨析。介词for在此可表示目的、原因。7.选 Ao in English是习惯搭配。8.选 D。“读报”英语习惯说read newspapers。9.选 B e根据语境及句子结构，有些人学习英语或想出国(go to a country)或想在这些国家工作(work in a country)o10.选 D。末句点题，”英语在我们生活中是很有帮助的(helpftil)”。最后，复读检验。将所有答案代入空格后，重新将短文复读遍，如果语句通顺，语意清楚，便结束本题，转做其它试题。最后须提醒大家一点，做好完形填空题并非一日之功。我们应从平日学习中做起，多积累，勤学苦练，方可成功！例二：|parent,tell,call,celebrate,together,why,start,after,shop,newspaper|Most people buy lots of presents just before Christmas.But some people think we buy toomuch.They have started a special day(1)Buy Nothing Day.They dont want anyone togo(2)on that day.Buy Nothing Day is November 29.It is(3)Thanksgiving.Often,before Christmas we see many ads in(4)and on TV(5)us to“buy,buy,buy!”The idea fbr Buy Nothing Day(6)in Vancouver,Canada.Now people allover the world(7)Buy Nothing Day.In California,the US,(8)and childrenget(9)to read stories,sing songs,and draw pictures.The children talk about(10)they dont need a lot of toys.本文是向考生介绍一个特殊的日子 Buy Nothing D ay,因此第1空应填called。既然是 Buy Nothing D a y,那就应该是不让人们“购 物(go shopping)”。第 3 空考查常识，BuyNothing Day的日期是November 2 9,应该在Thanksgiving之后，故此空白处应填after。看见广告”通常应在报纸上或电视上，因此第4 空白处应填newspapers。结合文意可知第5 空白处应填写一个动词，并且能用动词不定式作复合宾语,此动词应是tell,此处应用“动词-ing”形式，即 telling。第 6 空白处所在的句子是介绍Buy Nothing Day的起源，是过去的事情，应用started。现在，世界各地也像庆祝其他节日一样来庆祝Buy Nothing D a y,因此第7 个空白处应填写celebrate(庆祝)。第 8 空白处应填parents与 children对应。第 9 空白处应填together与动词get构成get together短语，意思是“团聚”。第 10空白处应填why来澄清“theydont need a lot of toys”的原因。三、实践评估自测Section OneFill in the blanks with the right forms of the proper words in the box.Each wordshould be used only once.(1)agree,leave,pay,taste,as,thank,place,thief,polite,comeYouve finished eating a(1)meal in a British restaurant and the bill has been paid.But why are people giving more money?Are they mad?Not at all.Theyre(2)a tip.A tip is a small amount of money that you give to someone to say“thank you“for goodservice.Tipping is very common in many(3)in Britain.For example,its common to tipin restaurants,taxis,hotels and even hairdressers!People give 10 to 15 per cent of the final bill(4)a tip.Sometimes the tip is added to the bill.Other times you leave the money afterhaving(5).These days,it can be(6)not to give a tip.Its normal now to tip people even youhavent had good service!This new custom has(7)from America.Tipping like this hasonly been in Britain for the last 20 years.Lots of British people do not(8)with this.Once,British people would only tip ifthey had very good service.British people also tip other people,like window cleaners and the postman as a way of(9)them for doing a good job.People usually do this at a special time of the year,such asChristmas.This is an old British custom.Some people think the word tip”comes from a slang(彳 亍 t舌)word used by(10)along time ago in Britain.Then,“tip”meant t4to pass one form another.(2)sleep,quick,others,visit,relax,last,possible,wealher,popular,eitherEach year most Americans take vacations,which are short breaks from work or school.Vacations usually(1)for one or two weeks,and most people take vacations in thesummer time because of the nice(2).Families will often drive in their cars to thedestination(目的地).On the other hand,if the vacation spot is far away,a plane ride is the(3)way to travel.Many Americans take their vacations at(4)the beach orin the mountains.Other(5)places to vacation include Disney World,resorts,largecities of the USA,or National Parks.Some families enjoy camping,which means that they will(6)in tents or trailers(房式活动车).Other families prefer to rent hotel rooms,cabins,or beach homes.Vacations are intended(有意义的)for relaxation and fun,so Americans choosetheir vacations based on what they enjoy most.Some people want to spend their time(7)by the pool and baking in the sun,while(8)prefer to do as many activities and asmuch site-seeing as(9).Year after year,Americans often return to the exact samevacation spot;However,some families enjoy(10)new places each year.Nonetheless,a vacation is a great way not only to take a break from everyday life but also to makelasting memories with friends and family.(3)deadhittakehappywithlonelyafterpainsincestopevenallowA pet is a lot more than just an animal who lives in your house.Pets can become part of yourfamily.A pet can cheer you up when youre(1),or be your friend when youre(2).Your pet is an important part of your life.When that part of your life is gone,it can be(3)and sad.It may feel like a member of your family has died.Edna always hoped to come home from school to play with her dog Bell.Bell had been a partof Ednas family(4)Edna was a baby.She loved(5)Bell for walks andplaying catch with him.Bell(6)to sleep on her bed.Bell was her best friend.Then,one day when Edna came home from school,Bell was gone.Her mom told her that Bellwas(7)by a car.The girl was very sad.Her best friend(8).Sometimes pets die in accidents like Ednas dog did.Other times pets are so sick or in somuch pain that they wont(9)get better.They have to be“put to sleep”.This meansthat the vet,or animal doctor,will give your pet a shot that helps her die(10)any painat all.This may seem like a terrible thing to do.But your pet is hurting.She will never stop hurting.It is nicer of you to let your pet sleep forever than to keep her alive and hurting all the time.(4)kid,name,out,sit,festival,make,everywhere,every,they,longNo matter what kind of music you like,in Germany youll find something to enjoy.Music is very important to German people.One out of(1)four Germans plays a musicalinstrument(乐 若 M)or sings in a group.Many famous musical(2)are from Germany,like Johan Sebastian Bach,Luduing vanBeethoven and Robert Schumann.(3)music is still played across the world.This great past has(4)young people love music.Many German students have musiclessons at school.They have lessons twice a week,for two or four hours each time.Piano lessonscan be even(5)!What do children do in their music lessons?Sit down and sing?Some German music lessonsare different.Students walk around and can try any instrument they like.Sometimes teachers askthem to listen to music and then act it(6)_.Music is(7)in Germany.Dont forget(8)for a while in a restaurant.You canenjoy light music there.Remember to visit a church or a square.There you can listen to peopleplaying music.Many German(9)enjoy music with their parents.There are more than 100music(10)in Germany each year.quiet love beach little from build call side near centuryFor many years,Hawaii has been a magic name to people who like to travel.People on both(1)of the Pacific Ocean in Japan and in America,dream of seeing these beautiful islandsin the middle of the ocean.Their dreams always include at(2)one scene of a sunset overthe ocean.In the tropical lands,the sun drops like a ball of golden fire into the sea,and it drops soquickly that you can almost see it move.The sun leaves behind a glow that lights the skies in the(3)water.People often have a quiet,peaceful time perfect for a leisurely walk along the water.Thisscene is not too different(4)the dramatic beauty that greeted the first strangers to theseislands(5)ago.They were Polynesian people who came from Tahiti in canoes not muchbigger than small boats.They found the beautiful white sand(6)and the waving palm trees,but there wereno grand hotels like the ones we see nowadays.The first people came to Hawaii(7)twothousand years ago but skyscraper hotels were only(8)in the last 25 years.Now jetairplanes make it possible to fly to Hawaii fbr a weekend from Tokyo or San Francisco or LosAngeles.Wherever people come from,they really want to see the original beauty of Hawaii.Theywant to see the(9)beaches and the mountains(10)Diamond Head,which isalmost hidden,by the tall hotels.(6)example,solve,feel,teacher,happy,five,who,they,like,aboutPolice in Boston are teaching young children to stay away from drugs(毒品).The publicschools invited 10 police officers to be(1).The goal is to make young children(2)good about themselves.Police believe(3)children will not want to use drugs.Robert Tinker is one of the police officers(4)teach.He teaches children in the(5)grade.In his class,children play games and put on skits(表演短居U)(6)drugs.Thekids really enjoy(7).Officer Tinker sets a g o o d(8)f b r the children.The childrenlook up to Officer Tinker and want to be(9)him when they grow up.Making police officers into teachers is an unusual way to stop the use of illegal drugs.Butpolice in Boston say they have succeeded in helping to(10)the drug problem by teachingchildren.danger,birth,on,late,send,family,success,fan,mean,howJackie Chan was bom on April 7,1954,in Hong Kong,China.His parents left mainlandChina for Hong Kong a short time before his(1).His parents named him“ChanKongsang?,which(2)bom in Hong Kong”.They wanted to celebrate a safe trip toHong Kong.At first,Jackies(3)lived in the French Embassy(大使馆).His father was a cook,and his mother was a house-keeper.When Jackie was seven years old,his family moved toAustralia.His father got a job in the American Embassy.(4),back in Hong Kong,Jackies father(5)him to the China Drama Academy(中国戏剧学院).Jackie studied andworked 19 hours a day.The students practiced Kong Fu and learned(6)to do manystunts(特技表演)there.When Jackie was 17,he began to do(7)stunts for films.In the early 1980s,Jackie wentto Hollywood(好莱坞)，but he wasnt very(8).He went(9)to make films inHong Kong and had great success.Finally,in 1995,Jackie Chan became famous in the UnitedStates.Today,Jackie Chan has both Chinese and American(10),and his films makemillions of dollars.(8)expensive,address,pocket,number,receive,like,much,work,remember,easyPDAs are very useful.They are(1)small computers.You can put a lot ofinformation into them.For example,you can put in telephone(2)and e-mail(3).Many people use PDAs to(4)important dates.Some of these super machines can evensend and(5)e-mails.PDAs are small and convenient.A few years ago,they were(6).Now,they arecheap.Many people use them at(7)and at school.People can carry PDAs in their shirt(8).But,its important to be careful.These little machines are(9)to lose.People put so(10)important information into their PDAs.Its really terrible to lose them.(9)every,use,when,mouth,life,ago,find,fun,because,oneIf we knew when an earthquake was about to happen,then we could save many(1).Infact,scientists do try to predict(预测)(2)earthquake will happen.They know thatearthquakes are regular(有规律的).A size 8 earthquake,for example,happens(3)8-1 0years.(4)of this,if they know when the last earthquake was in an area(地区)，it is easy towork out when the next one will be.If the last one was seven years(5),one might happensoon!In the past,people had(6)ways of predicting earthquakes.Many people(7)to think dogs acted strangely when one was coming.In 132 AD(公元)，Zhang Hengof the Eastern Han Dynasty(东汉)made the(8)machine to predict earthquake.It wasmade of a ball and eight bronze(铜)frogs.When there was an earthquake,the ball would fall intoone of the frogs(9)!Today,it is still very hard to know exactly when an earthquake willhit.But we do know where they will happen,as earthquakes are only(10)along faultlines.(10)as way pay much cost have who decide kid probableAmerica seems like a very rich country too much of the world.In some(1)this istrue.However,the(2)of living in America is very high.Even someone(3)is verycareful with their money will(4)end up spending at least$1500 a month just to(5)their bills and eat.When you consider the fact that Americans(6)to save money to buy ahouse,a car,and pay for their(7)college education,you realize that it costs(8)tolive in America.Americans still see their country(9)a land of opportunity,and manybelieve that if they work hard and make the right(10),they can end up rich.(11)ski one tall find danger off climb use tie whyExtreme(极限的)sports are very new in America.They usually come from people trying thecraziest things.Bungee jumping(蹦极跳)is a good example.Someone(1)a bungeecord(绳索)to himself one day and jumped(2)a very tall bridge.Bungee cords stretch alot,so the person lived,but he took a big risk(冒险)to(3)out if his idea would work.Another extreme sport is snowboarding.A(4)decided to stand sideways on one piece ofwood to get down the mountain instead of(5)two skis.People like these(6)sports because they are exciting.They often do them for“the rush“they get.The(7)_extreme sport might have been mountaineering,or mountain climbing.Sir Edmund Hillary,thefirst man to(8)Mount Everest,gave another reason fbr doing something so dangerous.When asked(9)he climbed the worlds(10)mountain,he replied,Because itwas there.(12)offer child especial movie fit pleasant free nothing if teacherAmericans watch a lot of television.Many people,(1)doctors and teachers,thinkthey watch too much.There are at least seven to ten(2)channels in every city,and cableTV(3)up to a hundred stations for around$40 dollars a month.Cable TV stations willoften only show one thing:(4),news,sports,entertainment news,financial(金融的)news,there are even stations that show(5)but cooking shows.If you get a satellite TV,you canget 300-500 TV stations.(6)you have time,you can watch every college and professionalbasketball game in the country.The effect on(7)of this much television is especiallytroubling.(8)complain that students neglect(忽视)their homework and do not read fbr(9)any more,and doctors note that children who watch too much TV are often notphysically(10).(13)good or have buy easy city make other work useGetting a phone in America is very easy.Almost every home(1)not just one,buttwo(2)three telephones.This has(3)it very easy to fbr people to get internetaccess(接入)in there homes as well.Mobile phones are also(4),but not as much,perhaps,as in the Chinas big(5).Young people like mobile phones because they can getin touch with friends(6),but many adults only have them if they need them for(7).Some people who value(重视)their privacy(隐私)dont like cell phones becausepeople can call them whenever they want.As mobile phones get(8),and offer theability(能力)to check email,sports scores,news and(9)information,more and morepeople are(10)and using mobile phones.(14)little that fight idea troublewhat if like few trySome people think they have an answer to the(1)of automobile(汽车)crowding anddirty air in large cities.Their answer is the bicycle.In a great many cities,hundreds of people ride bicycles to work every day.In New York City,some bicycle riders have even formed a group called Bike fbr a Better City.They claim(2)if more people rode bicycles to work,there would be(3)_ automobiles,and therefore lessdirty air.For several years this group has been(4)to get the city government to help bicycleriders.For example,they want the city to draw special lanes(车道)一 for bicycles only.Bike for aBetter City feels that(5)there were special lanes,more people would use bikes.However no bicycle lanes have been drawn.Not everyone thinks lanes are a good(6).Taxi drivers do not(7)_ the idea-they say it will block traffic.Some store owners on themain streets do not like the idea-they say that if there is(8)traffic they will have lessbusiness.And most people live too far from downtown to travel by bike.The city government has not yet decided(9)to do.It wants to keep everyone happy.On Sundays Central Park is closed to traffic,and the roads may be used by bicycles only.But Bikefor a Better City says this is not enough and keeps(10)to get bicycle lanes downtown.(15)noisebadwifeasadsnewsorcountcarrylifeDear Editor,Why do newspapers(1)so many advertisements for electronic equipment?Last SundayI(2)_ ads fbr seven kinds of televisions and thirteen kinds of radios in the Atlanta Journal.Besides that,there were pages and pages of(3)_ fbr Citizens Band radios and tape recorders.Dont you realize what electronic equipment is doing to our daily(4)_?Everywhere yougo you may hear loud music and advertisements over radios;this continual(5)_ is ruining(毁坏)our ears.Husbands dont talk to(6)_ any more;they are always watching the(7)_ or aball game.Children ruin their eyes(not to mention their minds)with endless hours of watchingnot only the programs for children but those for grown-ups(8)_ well.And even(9)_,hidden microphones find out about our private lives,and computers keep records of personalinformation about us.Enough is enough!I think you should limit(限制)the amount of advertisingof electronic equipment in the Atlanta Journal.(1 0)it will make life unbearable fbr us all.Jason CollinsAtlanta,GeorgiaSection TwoChoose the best answer to complete the passage.(1)Maybe more than any other people,Americans have come to depend on their cars.Thefamily car has been a(1)thing since the early twentieth century and it has(2)Americans,life.Many people have(3)outside of the large cities to the suburbs(交K区).Some Americans(4)two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and going homeagain.Cars have become the means of transportation(5)most Americans for goingshopping and going on holidays.Americans used to like big cars,because gasoline(汽 油)used not to be so(6).Recently,however,the(7)of gasoline has increased.(8)cars have become morepopular.Also(9)cars have become popular.Americans have bought large numbers ofJapanese and German cars.They have bought cars from several(10)countries,too.