摩托车液压减震器设计【含CAD图纸】
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外文翻译-原文部分SHOCK ABSORBER 【Introduction】 Shock Absorber Damper (Vibration Damper), shock absorber spring is mainly used to suppress rebound after the shock-absorbing shocks when the shocks from the road. After uneven pavement, while shock-absorbing spring can filter road vibration, but the spring itself will have reciprocating motion, which is used to control this kind of shock absorber spring jumping.Shock absorber is too soft, the body will be jumping up and down, shock absorbers too hard or too much resistance will impede the normal work of the spring. Suspension system on the conversion process, the hardware and hardware to the shock absorber of the spring with, and the spring hardness is closely related with the weight, so heavier vehicles generally use the shock absorber hard.David cited the crankshaft and connected devices, used to counter the crankshaft torsional vibration (that is, by crank the ignition cylinder and twist the impact of the phenomenon).【Classification】 Shock AbsorberFrom the shock absorber damping materials have divided this point there are two types of hydraulic and pneumatic, as well as a variable-damping shock absorber. Now the shock absorbers are: 1. Rubber shock absorber; 2.Spring shock absorber; 3. air type shock absorber; 4. Oil air dampers;5. the whole oil type shock absorbers. 【The structure of shock absorber】 The structure of shock absorber piston rod with a tube inserted in the tube-in-full of oil. Orifice Pistons have made have been separated from the piston space of two parts oil to each other.With viscous damping is through the oil produced Orifice, Orifice smaller, the greater the damping force, the greater the viscosity of oil, the greater the damping force. Orifice size if the same work faster when the shock absorber, the damping influence of the General Assembly had to absorb shocks.As a result, the exit of Orifice to set up a disk-shaped valve spring, when the pressure change when the top valve was opened, Orifice opening larger, smaller damping. As the piston is a two-way movement, so both sides are equipped with piston valve spring, respectively, called the compression valve and valve done.Shock absorber according to their structure can be divided into double and single tube-type. Binocular-type shock absorber means there are both inside and outside the two cylinders, pistons, including tube-in-movement, as a result of the entry and out piston rod, the volume of oil inside the cylinder increases with the contraction, it should be exchanged with the outer tube to maintain balance within the cylinder oil. So have a double shock absorber in the four-valve, that is, in addition to the above-mentioned two throttle piston, there are both inside and outside the tube in a complete exchange between the valve and the flow compensation valve.Compared with the double-type, single tube-type shock absorber simple structure, a reduction of a valve system. In the lower part of cylinder equipped with a floating piston, (the so-called floating piston rod means that there is no control over their movements), the following in the floating piston to form a sealed chamber, there are high-pressure nitrogen charge. As a result of the above-mentioned piston rod into and out of oil caused by a change in liquid height of floating through the floating piston to automatically adapt.In addition to the above-mentioned two types of shock absorber, there are adjustable shock absorber resistance. It can be changed through an external operation to the size of Orifice. Recently, the car will be electronically controlled shock absorber as a standard-type equipment, traveling through the sensor detection, and by a computer to calculate the best damping force, so that the damping force shock absorber to adjust automatically the work of institutions.The working principle of automobile shock absorbers:Suspension system components due to elastic vibration generated by the impact, in order to improve vehicle ride comfort, suspension elastic element in parallel with the installation of shock absorber for the attenuation of vibration, automotive suspension systems are used in hydraulic shock absorber damping , and its working principle is that when the frame (or body) and the inter-axle relative motion by vibration occur, the shock absorber piston moved up and down inside, shock absorber oil cavity will be repeated from one chamber to go through the various Another pore cavity flows.At this point hole wall and the friction between oil and oil of the internal friction between the molecules formed on the vibration damping force, so that vehicle vibration energy into heat oil, and then distributed by the shock absorber to absorb the atmosphere. Channel cross-section and in the oil change and other factors, the damping force with the frame and axle (or wheel) the relative velocity between the increase or decrease, and the viscosity of the oil.Shock absorber components and flexibility with ease to assume the task of the impact and vibration, the damping force is too large, flexible suspension will deteriorate, and even damage to shock absorber connector. Hence, the flexibility to adjust shock absorber components and this contradiction.(1) in the compression stroke (near the axle and frame each other), a smaller shock absorber damping force in order to give full play to the role of elastic elements of flexibility, ease the impact. At this time, play a major role in elastic elements.(2) trip done in suspension (axle and frame away from each other), shock absorber damping force should be large and rapid damping.(3) When the axle (or wheel) and the relative velocity between the axle is too large, the request can automatically increase the shock absorber fluid flow, so that damping force is always maintained within certain limits in order to avoid to put too much impact load.In the automotive suspension system is widely used in Shock Absorber, and done in the compression and all-day trip called the two-way play the role of the role of vibration-type shock absorber, as well as the use of the new shock absorber, which includes inflatable adjustable shock absorber and shock absorber resistance.The role of two-way Shock Absorber Description working principle. In the compression stroke, the wheels moved closer to the body means a motor vehicle, shock absorber by compression, when the shock absorber piston within 3 down. Under the piston chamber of volume reduction, oil rise, the flow of oil through the valve 8 into the piston chamber above (superior). On the piston rod cavity was taken up as part of a space, thus increasing the cavity volume is less than the inferior vena cava to reduce the volume of oil was on the compression valve 6 open, flows back to storage tank 5. These valves to form a suspension of oil-saving campaign by the compression of the damping force.Shock absorber in the journey done, the wheel is equivalent to far away from the body, the shock absorber by stretching. Shock absorber when the piston up. Increase the hydraulic piston chamber, the flow valve 8 closed, the cavity of the oil done away inferior vena cava inflow valve 4. Due to the existence of rod, since the cavity is not sufficient oil flow to the inferior vena cava with the increase in volume, under the instigation of a vacuum chamber generated, when the oil tanks in the open compensation valve 7 into the inferior vena supplement. As a result of these throttling valve in the role of suspension damping done to play the role of exercise.Done as a result of valve spring stiffness and pre-compression force greater than the design of the valve, in the same pressure, the valves done and the corresponding slot of the channel Changtong area contains less than the sum of the corresponding valves and compression Changtong channel cross-sectional area of the sum of the gap. This has done the trip have a shock absorber damping force is greater than the compression stroke damping force to the requirements of the rapid damping.Shock Absorber, prospects for the development of automotive componentsAuto parts as the basis of the automobile industry, the automotive industry is continuing to support the healthy development of the necessary factors. Especially now, the automotive industry is dynamic, full autonomy to carry out development and innovation, but also needs a strong support system as the parts. Own brand vehicles and technological innovation as the basis of the need for spare parts, parts of the independent innovation and development of automotive industry have a strong driving force, they are interactive, interaction, and there is no vehicle of their own brand, a powerful system components R & D innovation capability difficult to burst, there is no strong support system components, and independent brands forced to do difficult masterpiece.2006 January to December, China total auto parts and accessories manufacturers to achieve a total industrial output value of 539,704,996 thousand, representing 34.35 percent increase over the same period the previous year; to achieve a total sales income 527,234,933 thousand, representing 34.71 percent increase over the same period the previous year; achieve a cumulative total of 32,605,652 thousand dollars profit, than the 46.79 percent increase over the same period the previous year; As of the end of December 2006, the entire industry the number of above-scale enterprises for 6142.2007 January to November, China total auto parts and accessories manufacturers to achieve a total industrial output value of 683,525,503 thousand dollars more than the same period last year increased by 37.34%; to achieve a total sales income 663,529,269 thousand, representing an increase of 37.45 over the same period last year %; the realization of the cumulative total amount of 48,487,363 thousand dollars profit last year, an increase of 68.61 percent over the same period; as at the end of November 2007, the entire industry the number of above-scale enterprises for 7171.2008 January to November, China auto parts and accessories manufacturing industry realized a total industrial output value of 865,835,708 thousand dollars more than the same period last year increased by 25.62%; to achieve a total sales income 837,913,601 thousand dollars more than the same period last year increased by 24.12% ; the realization of the cumulative total amount of 53,876,595 thousand dollars profit last year, an increase of 15.92 percent over the same period; as at the end of November 2008, the entire industry the number of above-scale enterprises for 8303.Auto parts manufacturers from the automotive parts business and the formation of specialized groups, is becoming a trend of globalization. The world leading automotive and auto parts enterprises, almost all in China, established a joint venture or wholly foreign owned enterprises, technology joint ventures have been more than 1000. Domestic scientific and technological content of a number of high-effective, large-scale enterprises of motor vehicles and parts have grown up gradually. International automotive industry with the introduction of parts of "globalization of procurement," Strategy and the implementation of the international cross-border car localization strategy, the domestic market will be huge gaps in parts accessories. By 2010, China domestic auto parts production will reach 7000 billion .At present, although the overall decline in the global economy, but the last four to five years in accordance with the actual procurement practice, the fruits of China procurement of a large number of companies is not as predictable as optimistic, almost 80% of companies do not achieve their purchasing and procurement costs down目标. With the revaluation of the RMB and the export tax rebate rate of decline, China is facing even greater pressure on the procurement, international buyers will be looking at the same time has been transferred to Vietnam, India, Thailand, Australia and other countries and regions. It appears from the above, China auto parts industry in the current financial crisis will accelerate the growth.外文翻译译文部分减震器【减震器简介】 减震器(Vibration Damper) ,减震器主要用来抑制弹簧吸震后反弹时的震荡及来自路面的冲击。在经过不平路面时,虽然吸震弹簧可以过滤路面的震动,但弹簧自身还会有往复运动,而减震器就是用来抑制这种弹簧跳跃的。减震器太软,车身就会上下跳跃,减震器太硬就会带来太大的阻力,妨碍弹簧正常工作。在关于悬挂系统的改装过程中,硬的减震器要与硬的弹簧相搭配,而弹簧的硬度又与车重息息相关,因此较重的车一般采用较硬的减震器。与引震曲轴相接的装置,用来抗衡曲轴的扭转振动(即曲轴受汽缸点火的冲击力而扭动的现象)。【减震器的分类】减震器从产生阻尼的材料这个角度划分主要有液压和充气两种,还有一种可变阻尼的减震器.现在使用的减震器有: 1.橡皮减震器; 2.弹簧减震器; 3.空气式减震器; 4.油液空气式减震器; 5.全油液式减震器。【减震器的结构】减振器的结构是带有活塞的活塞杆插入筒内,在筒中充满油。活塞上有节流孔,使得被活塞分隔出来的两部分空间中的油可以互相补充。阻尼就是在具有粘性的油通过节流孔时产生的,节流孔越小,阻尼力越大,油的黏度越大,阻尼力越大。如果节流孔大小不变,当减振器工作速度快时,阻尼过大会影响对冲击的吸收。因此,在节流孔的出口处设置一个圆盘状的板簧阀门,当压力变大时,阀门被顶开,节流孔开度变大,阻尼变小。由于活塞是双向运动的,所以在活塞的两侧都装有板簧阀门,分别叫做压缩阀和伸张阀。减振器按其结构可分为双筒式和单筒式。双筒式是指减振器有内外两个筒,活塞在内筒中运动,由于活塞杆的进入与抽出,内筒中油的体积随之增大与收缩,因此要通过与外筒进行交换来维持内筒中油的平衡。所以双筒减振器中要有四个阀,即除了上面提到的活塞上的两个节流阀外,还有装在内外筒之间的完成交换作用的流通阀和补偿阀。与双筒式相比,单筒式减振器结构简单,减少了一套阀门系统。它在缸筒的下部装有一个浮动活塞,(所谓浮动即指没有活塞杆控制其运动),在浮动活塞的下面形成一个密闭的气室,充有高压氮气。上面提到的由于活塞杆进出油液而造成的液面高度变化就通过浮动活塞的浮动来自动适应之。除了上面所述两种减振器外,还有阻力可调式减振器。它可通过外部操作来改变节流孔的大小。最近的汽车将电子控制式减振器作为标准装备,通过传感器检测行驶状态,由计算机计算出最佳阻尼力,使减振器上的阻尼力调整机构自动工作。汽车减震器的工作原理:悬架系统中由于弹性元件受冲击产生振动,为改善汽车行驶平顺性,悬架中与弹性元件并联安装减振器,为衰减振动,汽车悬架系统中采用减振器多是液力减振器,其工作原理是当车架(或车身)和车桥间受振动出现相对运动时,减振器内的活塞上下移动,减振器腔内的油液便反复地从一个腔经过不同的孔隙流入另一个腔内。此时孔壁与油液间的摩擦和油液分子间的内摩擦对振动形成阻尼力,使汽车振动能量转化为油液热能,再由减振器吸收散发到大气中。在油液通道截面和等因素不变时,阻尼力随车架与车桥(或车轮)之间的相对运动速度增减,并与油液粘度有关。 减振器与弹性元件承担着缓冲击和减振的任务,阻尼力过大,将使悬架弹性变坏,甚至使减振器连接件损坏。因面要调节弹性元件和减振器这一矛盾。 (1) 在压缩行程(车桥和车架相互靠近),减振器阻尼力较小,以便充分发挥弹性元件的弹性作用,缓和冲击。这时,弹性元件起主要作用。 (2) 在悬架伸张行程中(车桥和车架相互远离),减振器阻尼力应大,迅速减振。 (3) 当车桥(或车轮)与车桥间的相对速度过大时,要求减振器能自动加大液流量,使阻尼力始终保持在一定限度之内,以避免承受过大的冲击载荷。 在汽车悬架系统中广泛采用的是筒式减振器,且在压缩和伸张行程中均能起减振作用叫双向作用式减振器,还有采用新式减振器,它包括充气式减振器和阻力可调式减振器。 双向作用筒式减振器工作原理说明。在压缩行程时,指汽车车轮移近车身,减振器受压缩,此时减振器内活塞3向下移动。活塞下腔室的容积减少,油压升高,油液流经流通阀8流到活塞上面的腔室(上腔)。上腔被活塞杆1占去了一部分空间,因而上腔增加的容积小于下腔减小的容积,一部分油液于是就推开压缩阀6,流回贮油缸5。这些阀对油的节约形成悬架受压缩运动的阻尼力。减振器在伸张行程时,车轮相当于远离车身,减振器受拉伸。这时减振器的活塞向上移动。活塞上腔油压升高,流通阀8关闭,上腔内的油液推开伸张阀4流入下腔。由于活塞杆的存在,自上腔流来的油液不足以充满下腔增加的容积,主使下腔产生一真空度,这时储油缸中的油液推开补偿阀7流进下腔进行补充。由于这些阀的节流作用对悬架在伸张运动时起到阻尼作用。 由于伸张阀弹簧的刚度和预紧力设计的大于压缩阀,在同样压力作用下,伸张阀及相应的常通缝隙的通道载面积总和小于压缩阀及相应常通缝隙通道截面积总和。这使得减振器的伸张行程产生的阻尼力大于压缩行程的阻尼力,达到迅速减振的要求。编辑本段减振器、汽车零部件的发展前景汽车零部件作为汽车工业的基础,是支撑汽车工业持续健康发展的必要因素。特别是当前汽车行业正在轰轰烈烈、如火如荼开展的自主开发与创新,更需要一个强大的零部件体系作支撑。整车自主品牌与技术创新需要零部件作基础,零部件的自主创新又对整车产业的发展产生强大推动力,他们是相互影响、相互作用的,没有整车的自主品牌,强大零部件体系的研发创新能力难以迸发,没有强大零部件体系的支撑,自主品牌的做大作强将难以为继。2006年1-12月,中国全部汽车零部件及配件制造企业实现累计工业总产值539,704,996千元,比上年同期增长34.35%;实现累计产品销售收入527,234,933千元,比上年同期增长34.71%;实现累计利润总额为32,605,652千元,比上年同期增长46.79%;截止到2006年12月底,全行业规模以上企业数量为6142家。2007年1-11月,中国全部汽车零部件及配件制造企业实现累计工业总产值683,525,503千元,比上年同期增长了37.34%;实现累计产品销售收入663,529,269千元,比上年同期增长了37.45%;实现累计利润总额48,487,363千元,比上年同期增长了68.61%;截至2007年11月底,全行业规模以上企业数量为7171家。2008年1-11月,中国汽车零部件及配件制造行业实现累计工业总产值865,835,708千元,比上年同期增长了25.62%;实现累计产品销售收入837,913,601千元,比上年同期增长了24.12%;实现累计利润总额53,876,595千元,比上年同期增长了15.92%;截至2008年11月底,全行业规模以上企业数量为8303家。汽车零部件生产企业脱离整车企业并形成专业化零部件集团,正成为一种全球化趋势。国际著名的汽车及零部件企业,几乎都在中国建立了合资或独资企业,引进技术合资企业已超过1000家。国内一批科技含量高、效益好、规模大的汽车及零部件企业逐步成长起来。随着国际上汽车行业开始实行零部件“全球化采购”策略及国际跨国汽车企业推行本土化策略,国内市场将出现巨大的零部件配件缺口。到2010年,中国汽车零部件国内产值将达到7000亿元左右。目前,虽然全球经济整体下滑,但根据近四到五年的实际采购实践,中国采购的成果并不像大量公司预测的那样乐观,几乎80%以上的公司没有达到他们采购量和采购降成本的目标。而随着人民币升值和出口退税率的下降,中国采购面临的压力更大,国际采购商已经将目光同时转移到越南、印度、泰国、澳大利亚等其它国家与地区。从以上看来,中国的汽车零部件产业在当前的金融危机下仍将加速增长。7
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