美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】
美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.2、 Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from Gods grace.3、 Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility； the rhetoric is plain and honest.4、 Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、 Main writer: Thomas Paine 托马斯潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 常识American Crisis (1776-1783)美国危机The Rights of Man人权The Age of Reason理性时代Benjamin Franklin（本杰明富兰克林）Poor Richards Almanac 穷查理历书Autobiography 富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊 Declaration of Independence (1776)独立宣言二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. 反对理性主义的客观性。Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense. 感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。Stress on the close relationship between man and nature. 强调人与自然之间的密切关系。Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange 疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. 对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.A deep influence from the American Puritanism.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.3、writers and works:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利瓦兹沃思朗费罗A Psalm of Life (1838) 人生礼赞Voices of the Night (1839) 夜吟The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 海华沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 迈尔斯斯坦迪什的求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 路边客栈的故事Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文A History of New York (1809) 纽约外史The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 见闻札记“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷的传说 “Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普凡温克尔 (The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person.)Bracebridge Hall (1822) 布雷斯布里奇田庄Tales of a Traveller (1824) 旅客谈James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏Leather-stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The Pioneer 拓荒者The Prairie 大草原The Spy 间谍三、New England Transcendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)1、Over-soul（超灵）was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(简答) Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2、writers and works: Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature (1836)论自然 The American Scholar (1837) 论美国学者Divinity School Address (1838) 神学院演说Self-Reliance (1841) 论自助Representative Men (1850) 代表人物The Transcendentalist 超验主义者The Over-Soul 论超灵Henry David Thoreau 梭罗Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854)瓦尔登湖；或林中生活四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。 1、 High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 Twice-Told Tales (1837) 尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 古屋青苔The Scarlet letter (1850) 红字The House of Sever Gables (1851) 有七个尖角阁的房子Blithedale Romance (1852) 福谷传奇The Marble Faun (1860) 玉石雕像Our Old House (1863) 我们的故居Herman Melville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔Moby-Dick (1851) 白鲸 (pp113-118)Pierre (1852) 皮埃尔Typee (1846)泰比Omoo (1847)奥穆Mardi (1849)玛迪2、High Romantics in poetryEdgar Allan Poe 艾伦坡Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 怪诞故事集“The Raven” (1845) 乌鸦“Annabel Lee ” (1849) 安娜贝尔李Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼Leaves of Grass 草叶集Features in Whitmans poems：Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.Thought rhythm： does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts. Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch. Free verse (自由诗)Emily Dickinson 艾米丽狄金森Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriageWork：I died for beautyFeatures：frequent use of dashes（破折号）， sporadic capitalization of nouns（零星的名词）， convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大胆的隐喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学at the later part of the 19th century. simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.based on the accurate of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. feature：objective and realWriters and works:Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872) 结婚旅行Henry James 亨利詹姆斯The American (1877) 一个美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西密勒The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 贵妇画像 The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说的艺术”The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Tragic Muse (1890) 悲惨的缪斯 The Wings of Dove (1902) 鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903) 专使The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗六、Regionalism & Local Colorism（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world. describes the exotic and the picturesque.glorifies the past.attempts to show things as they are.stresses the influence of setting on character.Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristicWriters and works: Mark Twain 马克吐温 “the Lincoln of literature”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 汤姆索亚历险记The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 王子与贫儿Life on Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 镀金时代The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 哈克贝利费恩历险记 Feature：use Vernacular language. local colorStyle： unpretentious, colloquial, poetic. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特比彻斯托Uncle Toms Cabin （1852） 汤姆叔叔的小屋 Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯布雷特哈特The Lost Galleon (1867) 沉船The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 咆哮营里的幸运儿Mrs. Skaggss Husbands (1873) 斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们 An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 红狗的女继承人七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于（are controlled）自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素（laws of heredity）与社会环境（environment）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.1、 writers and works: Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 红色英勇勋章 Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯McTeague (1899) 麦克提格 Theodore Dressier 西奥多德莱塞An American Tragedy (1925) 美国悲剧 Sister Carrie (1900) 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 珍妮姑娘The Financier (1912) 金融家The Titan (1914) 巨人The Stoic (1947) 斯多葛The Genius (1915) 天才 Jack London 杰克伦敦Martin Eden (1909) 马丁 伊登 The Son of the Wolf (1900) 狼之子The Call of the Wild (1903) 野性的呼唤The Sea Wolf (1904) 海狼White Fang (1906) 白獠牙“Love of Life” (1907) 热爱生命 Upton Sinclair 厄普顿辛克莱The Jungle 屠场八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌feature：fragmentation（分散，碎片） stream-of-consciousness（意识流的） a break with the pastwriters and works: Ezra Pound 庞德Des Imagists 意象派诗选 Cantos 诗章Cathay 华夏 “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” 休赛尔温毛伯利 T. S. Eliot 托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特The Waste Land (1922) 荒原Family Reunion (1950) 大团圆 Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特A Boys Will (1913) 少年的心愿North of Boston (1914) 波士顿以北After Apple Picking (1914) 摘苹果之后Mountain Interval (1916) 山间洼地New Hampshire (1923) 新罕布什尔West-Running Brook (1928) 西流的溪涧A Further Range (1936) 又一片牧场A Witness Tress (1942) 一株见证的树“Mending Wall” “修墙” “The Road Not Taken” “没有走过的路” Carl Sandburg 卡尔桑德伯格In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂想Cornhuskers 辗米机 The American Songbag 美国歌袋Smoke and Steel 烟与钢 The Prairie Years 草原的年代Good Morning, America 早上好，美国 The People, Yes 人民，好 九、Modern American Fiction 美国现代小说1、The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）Writers and works: Ernest Hemingway 海明威He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy.They reveal mans impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。)The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 老人与海 The Sun Also Rises (1926) 太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms (1929) 永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time (1925) 在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring (1926) 春潮Men without Women (1927) 没有女人的男人Winner Take Nothing (1933) 胜者无所得To Have and to Have Not (1937) 贫与富Style：Hemingways style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments. F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯斯科特基菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby (1925) 了不起的盖茨比This Side of Paradise (1920) 人间天堂Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 新潮女郎与哲学家The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 美丽的和倒霉的Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 爵士乐时代的故事 All the Sad Young Men (1926) 所有悲伤的年轻人Tender is the Night (1934) 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon (1941) 最后一个巨头 2、others Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 小镇畸人Poor white (1920) 穷白人Horses and Men (1923) 马与人The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 鸡蛋的胜利Death in the Woods (1933) 林中之死Windy McPhersons Son (1916) 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子 Willa Cather 薇拉凯瑟The Song of the Lark (1915) 云雀之歌My Antonia (1918) 我的安东尼亚O Pioneers! (1913) 啊，拓荒者！A Lost Lady (1923) 失踪的女士The Professors House (1925) 教授之家Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) 大主教之死Shadows on the Rock (1931) 岩石上的阴影 Sinclair Lewis 辛克来刘易斯Babbitt (1922) 巴比特 John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 愤怒的葡萄The Moon is Down (1942) 月亮下去了The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 我们不安的冬天The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 天堂牧场In Dubious Battle (1936) 胜负未决Of Mice and Man (1937) 鼠与人 John Dos Passos 约翰多斯帕索斯The Trilogy U. S. A (1937) 美国三部曲The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 一个年轻人的冒险Three Soldiers (1921) 三个士兵Manhattan Transfer (1925) 曼哈顿中转站 1919 (1932) 一九一九The Big Money (1936) 赚大钱Number One (1943) 第一号The Grand Design (1949) 伟大的计划District of Columbia (1952) 哥伦比亚特区十、 The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学（Southern Renaissance.）1、Themes：Chevalier heritage.骑士遗产Agrarian virtue. 农业推崇Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活Lost cause. 失去的事业White supremacy. 白人至上的传统Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的纯洁2、 Writers and worksWilliam Faulkner 威廉福克纳The Yoknapatawpha Saga (约克纳帕塔法世系 )The Sound and the Fury (1929) 喧嚣与骚动Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 押沙龙，押沙龙！Intruder in the Dust (1948) 尘土中的入侵者Sartoris (1929) 沙托里斯 As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Sanctuary (1931) 圣殿 Light in August (1932) 八月之光The Hamlet (1940) 村子 Go Down, Moses (1942) 去吧，摩西The Town (1957) 小镇 “The Bear” “ 熊”Feature：successfully advanced some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue) 意识流multiple point of view 多角度的talk about the violence and evil in all human beingsHis prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech. Thomas Wolfe 托马斯沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel) 天使，望乡Of Time and the River (1935) (novel) 时间与河流From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 从死亡至早晨The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 蛛网与岩石You Cant Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 有家归不得The Hills Beyond (1941) 远山 Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳安波特The Flowering Judas 开花的犹大树 The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 被背弃的老祖母Pale Horse, Pale Rider 苍白的马，苍白的骑手Learning Tower and Other Stories 斜塔和其他故事Ship of Fools 傻瓜的船 Eudora Welty 尤多拉韦尔蒂Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 旅行推销员之死Delta Wedding (1946) 三角洲的婚礼Carson McCullers 卡森麦卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) 心是孤独的猎手The Ballad of the Sad Caf (1943/1951) 伤心咖啡馆的民谣 Mary Flannery OConnor 弗兰纳里奥康纳Wise Blood (1952)A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965) William Styron 威廉斯泰伦Sophies Choice 苏菲的抉择Lie Down in Darkness (1951) 躺在黑暗中The Confessions of Nat Turner 纳特特纳的自白十一、 Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧1、Expressionism（表现主义）：An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. 2、writers and works: Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔Bound East for Cardiff (1914)东航卡迪夫Desire under the Elms (1924)榆树下的欲望Beyond the Horizon (1920)天边外The Emperor Jones (1920)琼斯皇The Hairy Ape (1922)毛猿All Gods Chillum Got Wings (1924) 上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown (1926)大神布郞Strange Interlude (1928)奇异的插曲Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)悲悼The Iceman Cometh (1946)送冰的人来了Long Days Journey into Night (1956) 日长路远夜深沉 Elmer Rice 埃尔莫莱斯Left Bank (1931)左岸 Adding Machine (1923)加算器Judgment Day (1934)审判日 On Trial (1914)审讯 The Mongrel (1924)混血儿 Street Scene (1929)街景Dream Girl (1945)梦幻姑娘Susan GlaspellTrifles (1916) 琐事 The Outside (1917)外界Bernice (1919)贝尔尼斯 Inheritors (1921)继承人The Verge (1921)界限 Alisons House (1930)艾里森的房子 Clifford OdetsWaiting for Lefty (1935)等待老左 Golden Boy (1937)金孩子The Country Girl (1950)乡村姑娘 Night Music (1940)夜曲 Awake and Sing! (1935)醒来唱歌 Clash by Night (1941)夜间冲突The Flowering Peach (1954)开花的桃树 The Big Knife (1948)大刀 Tennessee Williams 田纳西威廉姆斯The Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 欲望号街车The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园 Night of the Iguana 鬣蜥之夜Summer and Smoke 夏日烟云 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰文身 Suddenly Last Summer 去年夏天突然Sweet Bird of Youth 甜蜜的青春之鸟 Period of Adjustment 微妙的调整阶段 Arthur Miller 米勒All My Sons 都是我儿子Death of a Salesman (1949)推销员之死The Crucible 坩锅/炼狱 A View from the Bridge 凭桥远眺After the Fall 堕落之后 Incident at Vichy 维希事件The Archbishops Ceiling 大主教的天花板 The Price 代价The Creation of the World and Other Business 创世记和其他 Edward Albee 爱德华阿尔比The Zoo Story (1958)动物园故事 The Sandbox (1961)沙袋Three Tall Women (1994)三个高个女人 Tiny Alice (1964) 小小爱丽丝A Delicate Balance (1966)微妙的平衡 All Over (1971)万事皆休Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) 谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)毛主席语录David MametAmerican Buffalo 美国野牛 David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦M. Butterfly 蝴蝶君Broken Promises: Four Plays 没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本十二、 African American Literature 美国黑人文学1、Early African American literatureFrederick Douglass 道格拉斯The Life and Time of Frederick of Douglass (1881) 弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery (1901) W. E. B. DuBoisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches (1903) 黑人的灵魂Jean ToomerCane (1923)拐杖2、Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴 （or The New Negro Movement） Countee Cullen 卡伦，C. Color (1925) One Way to Heaven (a novel) (1932) Copper Sun (1927) The Black Christ (1929) The Lost Zoo (1940) My Lives and How I Lost Them (1942)Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉尼尔赫斯顿Spunk胆量 Jonahs Gourd Vine (1934) 约拿的葫芦藤Mules and Men (1935) 骡子与人 Tell My Horse (1937) 告诉我的马Mountain (1939) 山人摩西 Dust Tracks on a Road (1942) 风尘仆仆 Langston Hughes 蓝斯顿休斯“The Negro Speaks of River” (1920) “黑人说河”Shakespeare in Harlem (1947) 哈莱姆的莎士比亚I Wonder as I Wander (1956) 我漂泊，我思考The Weary Blues (1926)疲倦的歌声 Dear Lovely Death (1931)亲爱的的死神Mulatto (1936)混血儿(play) The Best of Simple (1961)辛普尔精选集3、 African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s Richard Wright 理查德赖特12 Million Black Voices (1941) 一千二百万黑人的声音Uncle Toms Children (1938; enlarged, 1940)汤姆叔叔的孩子们Native Son (1940)土生子 The Color Curtain (1956)有色的窗帘Black Boy （1945）黑孩子 The Outsider (1953)局外人Eight Man (1961)八人行 White Man, Listen! (1957)白人，听着!The Long Dream (1958)漫长的梦 Land Today (1963)如今的土地 Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫艾里森Invisible Man (1952)看不见的人Shadow and Act (1964) (essay collection)影子与行动Going to the Territory (1986) (essay collection)走向领地 James Baldwin 詹姆斯鲍德温Notes of a Native Son 土生子的笔记 nother Countr
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美国文学史整理
一、Colonial America 殖民时期
1、 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
2、 Doctrines of Puritanism清教
American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.
3、 Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility； the rhetoric is plain and honest.
4、 Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
5、 Main writer: ①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩
work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》
American Crisis (1776-1783) 《美国危机》
The Rights of Man《人权》
The Age of Reason《理性时代》
②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）
Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》
Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》
二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期
1、Characteristics：
①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
反对理性主义的客观性。
②Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense.
感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。
③An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.
强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。
④Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.
强调人与自然之间的密切关系。
⑤Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange
疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪
⑥Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.
对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。
2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.
A deep influence from the American Puritanism.
The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.
3、writers and works:
①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗
A Psalm of Life (1838) 《人生礼赞》
Voices of the Night (1839) 《夜吟》
The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 《海华沙之歌》
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 《路边客栈的故事》
②Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文
A History of New York (1809) 《纽约外史》
The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 《见闻札记》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的传说》
“Rip Van Winkle” 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
(The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person…..)
Bracebridge Hall (1822) 《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Tales of a Traveller (1824) 《旅客谈》
③James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》
The Pioneer 《拓荒者》
The Prairie 《大草原》
The Spy 《间谍》
三、New England Transcendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)
1、Over-soul（超灵）~was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(简答)
Individualism individual was the most important
a fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.
2、writers and works:
①Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生
Nature (1836) 《论自然》
<节选：Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God.>
The American Scholar (1837) 《论美国学者》
Divinity School Address (1838) 《神学院演说》
Self-Reliance (1841) 《论自助》
Representative Men (1850) 《代表人物》
The Transcendentalist 《超验主义者》
The Over-Soul 《论超灵》
②Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854) 《瓦尔登湖；或林中生活》
<节选 Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexplored forests and meadows which surround it. ……We can never have enough of Nature. >
四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期
我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。
1、 High Romantics in fiction
①Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑
Twice-Told Tales (1837) 《尽人皆知的故事》
Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet letter (1850) 《红字》
The House of Sever Gables (1851) 《有七个尖角阁的房子》
Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》
Our Old House (1863) 《我们的故居》
< symbols and setting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.>
②Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick (1851) 《白鲸》 (pp113-118)
Pierre (1852) 《皮埃尔》
Typee (1846)《泰比》
Omoo (1847)《奥穆》
Mardi (1849)《玛迪》
2、High Romantics in poetry
①Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦·坡
< the father of modern horror story and detective story. >
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 《怪诞故事集》
“The Raven” (1845) 《乌鸦》
“Annabel Lee ” (1849) 《安娜贝尔·李》
②Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
Features in Whitman’s poems：
·Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.
·Thought rhythm： does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.
·Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.
·Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.
③Free verse (自由诗)
④Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄金森
Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death
Nature friendship love & marriage
Work：I died for beauty
Features：frequent use of dashes（破折号）， sporadic capitalization of nouns（零星的名词）， convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大胆的隐喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.
五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学
·at the later part of the 19th century.
·simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.
·based on the accurate of human experiences.
·It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.
·is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.
feature：objective and real
Writers and works:
①Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872) 《结婚旅行》
②Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯
The American (1877) 《一个美国人》
Daisy Miller (1878) 《黛西·密勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇画像》
The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说的艺术”
The Bostonians (1886) 《波士顿人》
The Tragic Muse (1890) 《悲惨的缪斯》
The Wings of Dove (1902) 《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903) 《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904) 《金碗》
六、Regionalism & Local Colorism（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）
·presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.
·describes the exotic and the picturesque.
·glorifies the past.
·attempts to show things as they are.
·stresses the influence of setting on character.
·Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic
Writers and works:
① Mark Twain 马克·吐温 “the Lincoln of literature”
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫儿》
Life on Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
Feature：use Vernacular language. local color
Style： unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.
② Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom’s Cabin （1852） 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
③ Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特
The Lost Galleon (1867) 《沉船》
The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 《咆哮营里的幸运儿》
Mrs. Skaggs’s Husbands (1873) 《斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们》
An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 《红狗的女继承人》
七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学
美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于（are controlled）自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素（laws of heredity）与社会环境（environment）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。
·more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少
·Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切
·It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.
·It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.
1、 writers and works:
① Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
< the first modern war novel >
② Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯
McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》
③ Theodore Dressier 西奥多·德莱塞
An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》
Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》
The Financier (1912) 《金融家》
The Titan (1914) 《巨人》
The Stoic (1947) 《斯多葛》
The Genius (1915) 《天才》
④ Jack London 杰克·伦敦
Martin Eden (1909) 《马丁· 伊登》
The Son of the Wolf (1900) 《狼之子》
The Call of the Wild (1903) 《野性的呼唤》
The Sea Wolf (1904) 《海狼》
White Fang (1906) 《白獠牙》
“Love of Life” (1907) 《热爱生命》
⑤ Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱
The Jungle 《屠场》
八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌
feature：fragmentation（分散，碎片）
stream-of-consciousness（意识流的）
a break with the past
writers and works:
① Ezra Pound 庞德
Des Imagists 《意象派诗选》 Cantos 《诗章》
Cathay 《华夏》 “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” 《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
② T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特
The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》
Family Reunion (1950) 《大团圆》
③ Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
A Boy’s Will (1913) 《少年的心愿》
North of Boston (1914) 《波士顿以北》
After Apple Picking (1914) 《摘苹果之后》
Mountain Interval (1916) 《山间洼地》
New Hampshire (1923) 《新罕布什尔》
West-Running Brook (1928) 《西流的溪涧》
A Further Range (1936) 《又一片牧场》
A Witness Tress (1942) 《一株见证的树》
“Mending Wall” “修墙”
“The Road Not Taken” “没有走过的路”
④ Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德伯格
In Reckless Ecstasy 《肆无忌惮的狂想》
Cornhuskers 《辗米机》 The American Songbag 《美国歌袋》
Smoke and Steel 《烟与钢》 The Prairie Years 《草原的年代》
Good Morning, America 《早上好，美国》 The People, Yes 《人民，好》
九、Modern American Fiction 美国现代小说
1、The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）
Writers and works:
① Ernest Hemingway 海明威
·He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.
·Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy.
·They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.
·The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的年代里》
The Torrents of Spring (1926) 《春潮》
Men without Women (1927) 《没有女人的男人》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and to Have Not (1937) 《贫与富》
Style：Hemingway’s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments.
② F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《新潮女郎与哲学家》
The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 《美丽的和倒霉的》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
All the Sad Young Men (1926) 《所有悲伤的年轻人》
Tender is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后一个巨头》
2、others
① Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小镇畸人》
Poor white (1920) 《穷白人》
Horses and Men (1923) 《马与人》
The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利》
Death in the Woods (1933) 《林中之死》
Windy McPherson’s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子》
② Willa Cather 薇拉•凯瑟
The Song of the Lark (1915) 《云雀之歌》
My Antonia (1918) 《我的安东尼亚》
O Pioneers! (1913) 《啊，拓荒者！》
A Lost Lady (1923) 《失踪的女士》
The Professor’s House (1925) 《教授之家》
Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) 《大主教之死》
Shadows on the Rock (1931) 《岩石上的阴影》
③ Sinclair Lewis 辛克来·刘易斯
Babbitt (1922) 《巴比特》
④ John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克
The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 《愤怒的葡萄》
The Moon is Down (1942) 《月亮下去了》
The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 《我们不安的冬天》
The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 《天堂牧场》
In Dubious Battle (1936) 《胜负未决》
Of Mice and Man (1937) 《鼠与人》
⑤ John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯
The Trilogy U. S. A (1937) 《美国三部曲》
The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 《一个年轻人的冒险》
Three Soldiers (1921) 《三个士兵》
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
Number One (1943) 《第一号》
The Grand Design (1949) 《伟大的计划》
District of Columbia (1952) 《哥伦比亚特区》
十、 The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学（Southern Renaissance.）
1、Themes：
Chevalier heritage.骑士遗产
Agrarian virtue. 农业推崇
Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活
Lost cause. 失去的事业
White supremacy. 白人至上的传统
Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的纯洁
2、 Writers and works
①William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳
The Yoknapatawpha Saga (约克纳帕塔法世系 )
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Intruder in the Dust (1948) 《尘土中的入侵者》
Sartoris (1929) 《沙托里斯》 As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》
Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》 Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》
The Hamlet (1940) 《村子》 Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》
The Town (1957) 《小镇》 “The Bear” “ 熊”
Feature：
·successfully advanced some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue) 意识流
·multiple point of view 多角度的
·talk about the violence and evil in all human beings
·His prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech.
② Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫
Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel) 《天使，望乡》
Of Time and the River (1935) (novel) 《时间与河流》
From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 《从死亡至早晨》
The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 《蛛网与岩石》
You Can't Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 《有家归不得》
The Hills Beyond (1941) 《远山》
③ Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特
The Flowering Judas 《开花的犹大树》
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》
Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《苍白的马，苍白的骑手》
Learning Tower and Other Stories 《斜塔和其他故事》
Ship of Fools 《傻瓜的船》
④ Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂
Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 《旅行推销员之死》
Delta Wedding (1946) 《三角洲的婚礼》
⑤Carson McCullers 卡森·麦卡勒斯
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) 《心是孤独的猎手》
The Ballad of the Sad Café (1943/1951) 《伤心咖啡馆的民谣》
⑥ Mary Flannery O'Connor 弗兰纳里·奥康纳
Wise Blood (1952)
A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)
The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)
Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965)
⑦ William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦
Sophie's Choice 《苏菲的抉择》
Lie Down in Darkness (1951) 《躺在黑暗中》
The Confessions of Nat Turner 《纳特·特纳的自白》
十一、 Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧
1、Expressionism（表现主义）：
An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
2、writers and works:
① Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔
Bound East for Cardiff (1914)《东航卡迪夫》
Desire under the Elms (1924)《榆树下的欲望》
Beyond the Horizon (1920)《天边外》
The Emperor Jones (1920)《琼斯皇》
The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》
All God’s Chillum Got Wings (1924) 《上帝的儿女都有翅膀》
The Great God Brown (1926)《大神布郞》
Strange Interlude (1928)《奇异的插曲》
Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)《悲悼》
The Iceman Cometh (1946)《送冰的人来了》
Long Day’s Journey into Night (1956) 《日长路远夜深沉》
② Elmer Rice 埃尔·莫莱斯
Left Bank (1931)《左岸》 Adding Machine (1923)《加算器》
Judgment Day (1934)《审判日》 On Trial (1914)《审讯》
The Mongrel (1924)《混血儿》 Street Scene (1929)《街景》
Dream Girl (1945)《梦幻姑娘》
③Susan Glaspell
Trifles (1916) 《琐事》 The Outside (1917)《外界》
Bernice (1919)《贝尔尼斯》 Inheritors (1921)《继承人》
The Verge (1921)《界限》 Alison’s House (1930)《艾里森的房子》
④ Clifford Odets
Waiting for Lefty (1935)《等待老左》 Golden Boy (1937)《金孩子》
The Country Girl (1950)《乡村姑娘》 Night Music (1940)《夜曲》
Awake and Sing! (1935)《醒来唱歌》 Clash by Night (1941)《夜间冲突》
The Flowering Peach (1954)《开花的桃树》 The Big Knife (1948)《大刀》
⑤ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯
The Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 《欲望号街车》
The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》 Night of the Iguana 《鬣蜥之夜》
Summer and Smoke 《夏日烟云》 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》
The Rose Tattoo 《玫瑰文身》 Suddenly Last Summer 《去年夏天突然》
Sweet Bird of Youth 《甜蜜的青春之鸟》 Period of Adjustment 《微妙的调整阶段》
⑥ Arthur Miller 米勒
All My Sons 《都是我儿子》
Death of a Salesman (1949)《推销员之死》
The Crucible 《坩锅》/《炼狱》 A View from the Bridge 《凭桥远眺》
After the Fall 《堕落之后》 Incident at Vichy 《维希事件》
The Archbishop’s Ceiling 《大主教的天花板》 The Price 《代价》
The Creation of the World and Other Business 《创世记和其他》
⑦ Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比
The Zoo Story (1958)《动物园故事》 The Sandbox (1961)《沙袋》
Three Tall Women (1994) 《三个高个女人》 Tiny Alice (1964) 《小小爱丽丝》
A Delicate Balance (1966)《微妙的平衡》 All Over (1971)《万事皆休》
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？》
Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)《毛主席语录》
⑧David Mamet
American Buffalo 《美国野牛》
⑨ David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦
M. Butterfly 《蝴蝶君》
Broken Promises: Four Plays 《没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本》
十二、 African American Literature 美国黑人文学
1、Early African American literature
①Frederick Douglass 道格拉斯
The Life and Time of Frederick of Douglass (1881) 《弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代》
②Booker T. Washington
Up from Slavery (1901)
③W. E. B. DuBois
The Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches (1903) 《黑人的灵魂》
④Jean Toomer
Cane (1923)《拐杖》
2、Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴 （or The New Negro Movement）
① Countee Cullen 卡伦，C.
Color (1925) One Way to Heaven (a novel) (1932)
Copper Sun (1927) The Black Christ (1929)
The Lost Zoo (1940) My Lives and How I Lost Them (1942)
②Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿
Spunk《胆量》 Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934) 《约拿的葫芦藤》
Mules and Men (1935) 《骡子与人》 Tell My Horse (1937) 《告诉我的马》
Mountain (1939) 《山人摩西》 Dust Tracks on a Road (1942) 《风尘仆仆》
③ Langston Hughes 蓝斯顿·休斯
“The Negro Speaks of River” (1920) “黑人说河”
Shakespeare in Harlem (1947) 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》
I Wonder as I Wander (1956) 《我漂泊，我思考》
The Weary Blues (1926)《疲倦的歌声》 Dear Lovely Death (1931)《亲爱的的死神》
Mulatto (1936)《混血儿》(play) The Best of Simple (1961)《辛普尔精选集》
3、 African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s
① Richard Wright 理查德·赖特
12 Million Black Voices (1941) 《一千二百万黑人的声音》
Uncle Tom’s Children (1938; enlarged, 1940) 《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》
Native Son (1940)《土生子》 The Color Curtain (1956)《有色的窗帘》
Black Boy （1945）《黑孩子》 The Outsider (1953)《局外人》
Eight Man (1961)《八人行》 White Man, Listen! (1957)《白人，听着!》
The Long Dream (1958)《漫长的梦》 Land Today (1963)《如今的土地》
② Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·艾里森
Invisible Man (1952)《看不见的人》
Shadow and Act (1964) (essay collection)《影子与行动》
Going to the Territory (1986) (essay collection)《走向领地》
③ James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温
Notes of a Native Son 《土生子的笔记》 nother Countr
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