2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷81

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed, not letting any of the food （1 ） the plate, using the knife only for cutting, and not trying to take food across the table. In other parts of the world there are also rules fo

2、r people to follow when they are eating, （2 ） they are not the same as those of Britain. （3 ） , what are considered good table manners in some other countries are what British people try hardest to avoid. In Arabia, （4 ） , the people at a feast take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly

3、 to show that they （5 ） it.The richer and more educated people in the East have, （6 ） , to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people. Tables and chairs （7 ） the cushions of the past, and the lady of the house （8 ） at one end of the table in the same way that Western wom

4、en do. Many Japanese, however, still feel it would be wrong to eat unless they （9 ） on a cushion before a low table with a tray of food on it. In many parts of the world both traditional and Western styles of eating exist （10 ） .In the West there are differences between table manners in various coun

5、tries, although they are not so （11 ） . In North America it is polite to （12 ） meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand, and eat with it. Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time （13 ） they are eating food

6、 that has to be cut. In the British Isles and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) special knives and forks are sued for eating fish. In France, Belgium and Italy, （14 ） , it is correct to keep the same knife for every course, wiping it on a piece of bread.Drinking customs at table （15

7、） vary in different countries. In Europe, water, wine or beer is drunk with meals and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. In North America a beverage （16 ） coffee, tea or milk is drunk with meals.Table manners of course （17 ） with time. The earliest meals were also the simplest. They were eaten sitti

8、ng on the ground round a fire, and everyone took his food from a pot （18 ） the fire or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left.Fingers were used to eat food throughout the middle ages. Food （19 ） wooden dishes with the

9、 noblemen sitting above the salt. The ordinary people sat （20 ） . In the reign of Henry VII (1509-1547), people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food with a clasp knife which was always carried at the belt. Forks were not used in England until the 17th century.问题1选项A.fall onB.fal

10、l inC.fall offD.fall out问题2选项A.butB.soC.howeverD.nor问题3选项A.FurthermoreB.HoweverC.On the contraryD.Indeed问题4选项A.howeverB.yetC.for instanceD.but问题5选项A.finish eatingB.have appreciatedC.are likingD.prefer to问题6选项A.furthermoreB.howeverC.soD.in addition问题7选项A.are usingB.have replacedC.take awayD.take on问题

11、8选项A.presidesB.holdsC.staresD.stands问题9选项A.areB.sitC.are satD.were sitting问题10选项A.side in sideB.side to sideC.side by sideD.side for side问题11选项A.markedB.subtleC.considerateD.attractive问题12选项A.cut offB.cut awayC.cut upD.cut down问题13选项A.ifB.whichC.unlessD.when问题14选项A.soB.andC.in additionD.however问题15选

12、项A.soB.alsoC.yetD.then问题16选项A.for exampleB.such asC.for instanceD.take as an example问题17选项A.have changedB.has developedC.have replacedD.has kept问题18选项A.onB.inC.aboveD.beyond问题19选项A.is eaten upB.were eatenC.was eaten offD.has been eaten问题20选项A.at the tableB.stillC.inD.below the salt【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:

13、D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:B第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:A第12题:C第13题:D第14题:D第15题:B第16题:B第17题:A第18题:A第19题:C第20题:D【解析】（1）fall on 落到, 指向；fall in塌陷, 跌入；fall off减少, 跌落, 下降；fall out发生, 脱落。根据句意：不要让食物从盘中跌落。选项C符合句意。（2）结合原文句意可知, 这里应填入but表转折。（3）结合上下文句意可知, 这里填入Indeed最恰当, 句意：事实上, 在其他一些国家被认为是好的餐桌礼仪却是英国人竭力避免的。选项D正确。（4）根据原文可知, 这里

14、是用阿拉伯人来进行举例。对上句观点举例说明, 所以选项C符合原文。（5）根据原文可知选项A, C, D均不符合语法结构, 所以不正确。句意：他们大声打嗝以示感激。选项B正确。（6）根据句意：在东方, 富人和受教育程度较高的人在很大程度上已经接受了西方人的餐桌礼仪和习俗。没有因果关系, 也没有递进关系, 所以选项A, C, D不正确。根据have to可知, 选项B符合原文。（7）原文指桌子和椅子替代了过去的坐垫, 只有选项B符合原文。（8）preside at主持, 负责；hold at将温度保持在.度；stare at凝视, 盯住；stand at达到, 踌躇。根据句意：女主人像西方妇女一样

15、, 负责在餐桌的一头招待客人。选项A符合句意。（9）根据句意可知, 这里表示他们坐在坐垫上。选项A和B结构不完整, 首先排除；unless表假设, 等于if not, 根据语境可知选项D正确。（10）句意：在世界上许多地方, 传统和西方的饮食方式并存。选项A和D无此用法, 选项B的用法是from side to side从一边到另一边；side by side并排, 一起, 并行不悖。选项C符合原文。（11）marked有记号的, 显著的；subtle微妙的, 精细的；considerate体贴的, 顾虑周到的；attractive吸引人的, 有魅力的。句意：在西方, 不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼

16、仪, 尽管差异不是很显著。选项A符合原文 。（12）cut off切断, 中断；cut away 切掉, 砍掉；cut up抨击, 切碎；cut down削减, 砍倒。句意：在美国北部, 把肉切好后放下刀, 然后用右手拿叉子吃肉, 这是很礼貌的做法。选项C符合原文句意。（13）根据句意：大部分欧洲人, 比如英国人, 他们在吃需要切碎的食物的时候总是左手拿叉, 右手拿刀。选项D符合原文。（14）结合上下文句意可知, 这里应该是表转折, 所以选项D正确。（15）上文主要是说各个国家的餐桌礼仪不同, 这里是说各个国家的饮酒习俗也不同。所以选项B正确。（16）根据原文可知这里是举例子的意思。选项A和C

17、一般做插入语或位于句首, 需用逗号隔开；选项D后面接句子也需要用逗号隔开, 所以只有选项B正确。（17）根据下文“The earliest meals were also the simplest.”可以推测, 这里指餐桌礼仪随着时间的推移而在变化, 选项A符合原文。（18）根据句意：每个人都从架在火上的锅里拿食物, 或者从煮熟的动物或鸟身上切一块下来。所以这里用介词on最为恰当。（19）eat up吃光, 耗尽, 击垮；eat off用吃。根据句意：绅士坐在上座, 他们用木盘子吃东西。选项C符合原文句意。（20）根据上文“the noblemen sitting above the salt

18、”贵族坐在上座, 所以普通人应该与之相反, 坐在下座。选项D正确。2. 单选题Of all figures from Americas past, Abraham Lincoln is dearest to the hearts of the American people. In fact, the admiration they have for him borders on worship. Writers note that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC is not unlike the temples that ancient Gre

19、eks built in honor of their goods, and that annual ceremonies of celebrating Lincolns birthday in schools and public places have sometimes had characteristics of religious services. Certainly Lincoln is Americas ideal of a great leader. He had many of the quality of leadership that Americans admire.

20、First of all, Lincolns career fits popular American belief that every child can dream of becoming president. Americans admire the personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Lincoln was bom of poor parents. His mother died when he was young. He had l

21、ittle opportunity for schooling. His early study was done alone at night by the light of a fireplace. He did hard manual labor through the daysplitting rails for fences, taking care of livestock, working on riverboator in store. But as he grew older he studied law in his spare time and became a lawy

22、er. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him and eventually he became president of the United States.Lincoln is also admired because of his leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War. He dared to do what he thought was right at a

23、 time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. He, in a sense, represents the spirit of union among the states. Before the Civil war, the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system which made use of slave labor. When reformers in the northern states, put pressure on Congress no

24、t to permit to secede or withdraw, from the United States, they argued that the question of slavery was a matter for the individual states to decide rather than the federal government, and they did not want to accept its decision. The national government said that no state had the right to secede, a

25、nd the Civil War was the result. If the south had won the war, what is the Unites States might well have been divided into several countries. Lincoln worked hard to preserve the union, and the northern states were victorious.Furthermore, Lincoln had many personal qualities that made him dear to the

26、hearts of his country man. He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disagreed with him. As president, he appointed men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, even though some of them openly scorned him. He was generous to his opponents. There are many stories about

27、 his thoughtful treatment of southern leaders. When the war was over, he showed the South no hatred. Since generosity toward a defeated opponent is admired by Americans, Lincoln fitted the national idea of what is right.Shortly after the Civil War ended, Lincoln, was shot while attending a play in W

28、ashington Theater. He died within a few hours. The uncontrolled emotional reaction of the nation to his death was almost unbelievable and demonstrated the deep esteem in which he was held. Newspapers were edged with black; religious leaders gave praise of Lincoln instead of their prepared sermons. H

29、is funeral procession in Washington was miles long. Lincolns body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois, but in all the major cities through which the train passed, the coffin was paraded through streets lined with sorrowful thousands. In the small towns through which t

30、he train passed bells rang in honor of the dead president. Citizens lit torches along the railroad track to show their last respects.The circumstances of his death set Lincoln apart from other American leaders. Had Lincoln lived, it might well be that his postwar policies would have brought criticis

31、ms upon him that would have tarnished his popularity. Instead, an assassins bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had and emphasized his virtues.1.What are the aspects that made Lincoln ideal of a great leader?2.Lincolns beliefs used to be（ ） .3.From the last paragraph it could be in

32、ferred that（ ） .4.From the second paragraph we learn that （ ） .5.Lincoln came from a city named （ ） .6.How many personal qualities are mentioned in paragraph 4?7.The word “assassin” means （ ） .问题1选项A.Lincolns career and familyB.Lincoln was self-made personC.Lincolns leadership during the difficult p

33、eriod of the Civil WarD.His career, leadership, generosity and right time of death问题2选项A.unpopular with many people during the period of the Civil WarB.a self-made personC.worshippedD.popular with the American people问题3选项A.American people like those who are generous to their opponentsB.A president m

34、ust be like a presidentC.Lincolns death was at a right time to himD.Lincoln is still popular with the American people问题4选项A.a person who fights his or her way to the top will be presidentB.Americans believe that everyone can be president if he has abilityC.a self-made person will succeedD.its a piec

35、e of cake to be president of the United States问题5选项A.WashingtonB.SpringfieldC.IllinoisD.not mentioned问题6选项A.3B.4C.5D.6问题7选项A.helperB.assistantC.soldierD.killer【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B第6题:A第7题:D【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 本文从多个方面讲述了林肯受人们爱戴的原因, 选项D最能全面概括, 其他选项都只是一个方面。2.根据第三段的第二句“He dared to do what he though

36、t was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people.”可知, 林肯的信仰过去在内战期间并不受大多数人的欢迎, 选项A符合原文。3.根据最后一段可知, 如果林肯还活着, 很可能他的战后政策会给他带来批评, 损害他的声望。相反, 暗杀者的子弹抹去了美国人心中他的所有缺点, 并强调了他的美德。由此可知, 客观上来说, 林肯的死亡是在一个恰当的时机, 选项C正确。4.根据第二段的第二句“Americans admire the personthe one who, with neither money nor f

37、amily influence, fights his or her way to the top.”美国人欣赏那些, 既没有金钱也没有家庭影响, 却能通过奋斗达到顶峰的人。也就是说, 美国人相信只要有能力, 每个人都能成为总统。选项B正确。5.根据第五段倒数第二句“Lincolns body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois,.”林肯的遗体被火车运回了他在伊利诺斯州斯普林菲尔德的老家。由此可知, 林肯来自于Springfield这个城市, Illinois是州, 所以选项B正确。6.根据第四

38、段“He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disagreed with him.”“He was generous to his opponents.”可知, 本段提到了林肯的3个个人品质, 选项A正确。7.根据原文可知, 这里指林肯遭到暗杀, 所以选项D正确。3. 翻译题 It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed

39、, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISIs decision to cover it in Current Contents. A journals ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including cover

40、age by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.A journals reputation may not tell the complete story about its impact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship bet

41、ween a journals reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data “permit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on opinion but on the frequency of citations” and that “frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance,

42、or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others work.” The researchers go on to mention that “journals have prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish.”Translated the following paragraph into Chinese.【答案】出版者关心他们的期刊被ISI数据库选中, 这

43、是可以理解的。事实上, 有人争论一本期刊的命运取决于ISI是否将它收录在最新内容里。期刊的最终成功靠的是它的质量、发行以及许多其他竞争因素, 包括成本和及时性。这些因素中的任何一个, 包括ISI的覆盖范围都能决定成败。期刊的知名度并不能说明它对学术界的影响力。事实上, 一项对社会科学杂志的研究结果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影响力之间没有直接关系, 特别是在声望范围。他们总结道, “学者们根据引用数据评估期刊的重要性, 但是, 不是基于期刊的观点而是基于其引用频率。引用频率暗示了学术界的认可, 至少通过利用其他人的著作承认了这一重要性。”研究者们还说, “期刊也有声望, 但是他们的声望

44、仅源于他们出版的文章的有用性。”4. 写作题For this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words according to the following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided.TOPIC: In China there is a group of girls called leftover girls, generally referring to those gir

45、ls who are well beyond the normal marriage age but still remain single, and who also usually have a higher salary, and advanced academic degree. In reality, it is not that they cannot find a partner from many. There are various reasons. Please analyze this social phenomenon from your own point of vi

46、ew. Please use enough support to illustrate your position. 【答案】My View on “Leftover Girls”5. 单选题In 1885 Owen Wister (1850-1938) recorded that “it wont be a century before the west is simply the true America, with thought, type, and life of its own” and he wanted “to be the hand that once, for all, c

47、hronicled and laid bare the virtues and the ices of this extraordinary phase of American social progress.” He never became that self-envisioned Tolstoi of the old West, but in 1902 The Virginian was published. It won instant success and sky-rocketed its author to fame. It is still the most popular “

48、western” novel ever published and the master design for the fiction of the Wild West.The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as “horse opera”, whose conventions, cliches, and values have reappeared in novels and short stories, in movies and television serials, ever since

49、. The romantic cowboy is the hero and gentleman, one of those “good men in the humbler walks of life”, who seems through shams, defends justice and a ladys honor, shoots it out with the villain and conquers evil. Because of The Virginian, Wister created a character who is the original type for the w

50、estern folk hero. He represents the embodiment of certain American idealsa man who is equal to all occasions who shows independence of action, a man who keeps his word who is a broad-gauge fellow living among narrow-gauge fold”. But the literary device and cowboy code which Wister established dictat

51、ed that the hero must kill the head man. This necessity for sanctioning murder and romanticizing of the cowboy as a gentleman prohibited. The Virginian and the genre it created from becoming serious fiction, or even an authentic product of the western experience. Instead of achieving his ambition, t

52、herefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.1.Owen Wister believed （ ）.2.Stylistically, The Virginian is noted for the fact that it （ ） .3.The popularity which was accorded The Virginian indicates that Wister（ ） .4.The author of the article believes that（ ） .问题1选项A.the wa

53、y of life in the west in 1885 was a passing phaseB.the cowboy in 1885 symbolized the typical American modeC.the west would be always isolated from the rest of the country by its moral codeD.none of these问题2选项A.was written according to a pre-established formulaB.established the formula known as “hors

54、e opera”C.followed the literary conventions of the day.D.abandoned American conventions in favor of foreign ones问题3选项A.had written an account of the cowboy which appealed to American aspirationsB.gave us an authentic account of the western experienceC.became the American TolstoiD.realized his stated

55、 ambition问题4选项A.The Virginian did not deserve the success it wonB.Wister was a hackC.Wister made a definite contribution to American literatureD.cowboy stories should be considered serious fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“it wont be a century before the west is simply the true America.”

56、可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C明显错误；所以本题选D。2.根据第二段第一句“The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as “horse opera”,.”弗吉尼亚人建立了一种文学形式，一种被普遍称为“马戏”的模式。选项B与原文描述一致，所以正确。3.根据第二段最后一句“ Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.

57、”Wister没有实现他的抱负，而是给我们讲述了一部美国民间史诗，牛仔的故事。这使我们对西方的经历有了真实的了解，所以选项B正确。4.根据第一段倒数第二句“.The Virginian was published. It won instant success and sky-rocketed its author to fame.”可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C符合原文；选项D不正确，所以本题选C。6. 翻译题Passage 1当然, 水的质量及其他许多环境问题和人类健康问题密切相关。虽然许多过去的疾病危害已经得到控制甚至消灭, 但一些旧疾病至今仍能置人于死地, 而且, 人类面

58、临越来越多的新型疾病的攻击威胁。某些新的致命病毒的杀伤力更强大, 蔓延的速度更快。人类迫切需要新的医疗技术和方法。Passage 2近年来随着传感器和无线移动设备的飞速发展, 随时随地获得个人位置成为可能。一方面, 促进了基于位置服务的飞速发展, 另一方面, 个人位置隐私泄露的问题引超人们的广泛关注。由于移动环境中位置信息的特殊性, 造成无法直接利用现有的关系数据库隐私保护技术。Passage 3再次, 管理具有二重性, 管理科学只是管理自然属性的一种表现、它并不能解决管理社会属性的全部问题。其自然属性是可以并有望科学化的, 但是其社会属性只能通过正确处理人际关系来解决。从这个角度上讲, 管理

59、应当属于人文科学和社会科学, 或者说管理科学具有很强的人文性质。Choose ONLY ONE passage from the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1Naturally, water qu

60、ality and many other environmental concerns are closely related to questions of human health. While many of the health scourges of the past have been controlled and even eliminated, other old ones still have remained deadly. And people are attacked by increasing new kinds of disease, some of which k

61、ill people fatally and spread faster. Human are eager to require new medical technologies and methods.Passage 2Due to the rapid development of sensors and wireless mobile device in recent years, it has become possible to acquire information of individual positions anytime and anywhere. On the one ha

62、nd, it prompts the rapid development based on position service. On the other hand, the issue of leakage of personal position privacy arouses wide concern. Because of the particularity of position information in mobile context, it is impossible to make use of the present privacy protection technology of relational database.Passage 3Moreover, management has a dual character. As only an exhibition of the natural properties of management, management science cannot solve all the problems with the social properties of management. The issues c