2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷38

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 案例题Computer SecurityIt is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as business, through an increased use of information technology (IT), have become more and more dependent on information and the associated information syst

2、ems (IS). However, at the same time, there has been limited change in the implanted security or safeguards to these information systems. In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies.A: The Internet has been roughly doubling in size every

3、 year, and the associated security incidents have been running to parity. Even if the percentage of malicious users is small, the increase in size of the Internet and in the number of incidents of ailed security is significant. The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the f

4、act that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.B: In 1988, the “worm” was introduced on the Internet to invade, attack and replicate itself on the network. The response was to shut down E-mail and connectivity. However,

5、 the “fixes” were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating. As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.C: One of the problems with Internet security is the fact that the incidents are incre

6、asing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. Although these toolkits are designed to assist computer systems designers to protect and develop their sites, they also allow relatively ignorant intruders to carry out increasingly complex inciden

7、ts with the utilization of many routers and disguises to reach their “target”. According to a US Development of Defence report, less than 1% of incidents are identified but 65% of these are successful. Another thing to bear in mind with intruders and hackers is that they do not respect geographical

8、or administrative boundaries. Or time zones. They may be geographically disclosed from the point of attack and therefore operation in “off-duty” hours.D: The thing to remember with security is that the system administrations must get it right all the time; the intruder must get it right just once. E

9、vidence of this is easy to find. In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His backing crashed the computer and resulted in 600 homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours. And what was the punishment for this offence? Two year

10、s probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.E: Governments are getting tough on cybercrimes, especially in the wake of September 11th. These crimes are being linked to national security, which in the US is now of major concern to government officials and the general public alike. And the g

11、overnment has been swift to act. In late 2001, the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Then in July 2002, the House of representatives approved the Cyber Security Enhancement Act. Now if a cybercrime results in t

12、he death of an individual, the offender could face a life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11th attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet. This has pushed some hackers further underground, fearf

13、ul that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.F: On the other hand, the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight agains

14、t terrorism.G: However, even with the increased the threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread. Long-time security measures which have been utilized by companies and individuals are not fail-sale. One of the more IS security measures is the use of fire

15、walls, which “filter” the data entering/leaving the corporate IS. It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.They can provide a false sense of security and have limited protection from

16、 internal attacks. In short, the corporate world needs to realize that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense.Questions 1-3Complete the table below with information found in the text.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.【答案】1.50%2.19923.knowledge【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文

17、章第二段，“The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.”，可知1991年7月有33%互联网用户来自商业领域，而1996年7月这一数字已上升到50%，这一事实突出了互联网增长的重要性。可判断出1996年商业领域使用电脑的占比增加到了50%。2.

18、事实细节题。根据文章第三段，“As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.”，可知由于“蠕虫病毒”，1992年成立了CERT(计算机应急响应团队)。可判断出CERT成立的时间为1992。3.事实细节题。根据文章倒数第三段，“the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive know

19、ledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.”，可知一些前黑客利用他们广泛的知识和经验与安全部队合作，帮助打击恐怖主义。2. 单选题Good things are divided into three classes: (1) external goods, (2) goods of the soul, and (3) goods of the body. Of these, we call the goods pertaining to the soul

20、 goods in the highest and fullest sense. But in speaking of “soul”, we refer to our souls actions and activities. Thus, our definition of good tallies with this opinion which has been current for a long time and to which philosophers subscribe. We are also right in defining the end as consisting of

21、actions and activities; for in this way the end is included among the goods of the soul and not among external goods.Also the view that a happy man lives well and fares well fits in with our definition: for we have all but defined happiness as a kind of good life and well-being.Moreover, the charact

22、eristics which one looks for in happiness are all included in our definition. For some people think that happiness is a virtue, others that it is practical wisdom, others that it is some kind of theoretical wisdom; others again believe it to be all or some of these accompanied by, or not devoid of,

23、pleasure; and some people also include external prosperity in its definition.1. According to the passage, the greatest goods are those that（ ）.2.The word “tallies” in line 4 means（ ）.3.The authors definition of happiness in paragraph 2 is related to the definition of good in that（ ）.4.The authors ma

24、in purpose in the last paragraph is to（ ）.问题1选项A.create prosperityB.are spiritualC.are intellectualD.create happiness问题2选项A.keeps countB.recordsC.labelsD.corresponds问题3选项A.living a good life will bring you happinessB.happiness is the same as goodnessC.happiness is often sacrificed to attain the good

25、D.all things that create happiness are good things问题4选项A.show that different people have different definitions of happinessB.provide guidelines for good behaviorC.prove that his definition of happiness is validD.explain relationship between happiness and goodness【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根

26、据文章第一段，“we call the goods pertaining to the soul goods in the highest and fullest sense.”，我们把与灵魂相关的美好事物称为最高的意义。可判断出最好的事物就是精神上的美好。选项B符合题意。2.词义题。根据文章第一段，“this opinion which has been current for a long time and to which philosophers subscribe.”，这样的观点已经流行了很长一段时间，并且哲学家们也赞成。可判断出我们对于美好的定义符合这一观点。keeps count

27、 “计数”，record “记录”，label “标记”；correspond “符合，一致”。选项D符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第二段，“for we have all but defined happiness as a kind of good life and well-being.”，我们几乎把幸福定义为一种美好的生活和幸福。可推断出生活和幸福的联系为：美好的生活会带来幸福。选项A符合题意。4.作者意图题。根据文章最后一段，“the characteristics which one looks for in happiness are all included in our

28、definition.”，一个人对幸福特征的观念都包含在我们的定义中。可知作者对自己的定义是持坚定态度。下文继续列举了人们对幸福的种种定义，可推断出作者在最后一段证明他对幸福的定义是正确的。选项C符合题意。3. 填空题Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti

29、-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here the reports on his findings.Section ABullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbalbeing taunted or called hurtful namesto the physicalbeing kicked or shovedas well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from socia

30、l groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying

31、, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.Section BBullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties w

32、ith interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.Section CUntil recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Pe

33、rhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. “There is no bullying at this school” has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: “There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.”Section DT

34、hree factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying

35、, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidenc

36、e that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted “before and after” evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools s

37、uggested that, over a two year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.Section EEvidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying cl

38、early what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time not just imposed from the head teachers offi

39、ce! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively.Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are

40、useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short te

41、rm effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute.There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to group bullying such as “no blame”, can be useful in

42、 changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fight

43、ing, and help them break up conflicts. Another possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led into bullying from boredom or frustration.Section FWith these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be

44、 prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullyingand the consequent improvement in pupil happinessis surely a worthwhile objective.Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from

45、the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a（1）which makes the schools attitude towards bullying quite clear. It should include detailed（2）as to

46、 how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the（3）. This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion. On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solu

47、tion.Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups. For example, potential（4）of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident. Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a “no blame” approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playgro

48、und supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognize the difference between bullying and mere（5）.【答案】1.policy2.guidelines3.curriculum4.victims5.playful fighting【解析】1.根据文章Section E第一句“Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly w

49、hat is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs”，证据表明解决欺凌问题最关键的一步是制定一项关于欺凌的政策，明确欺凌的含义，并给出明确的指导方针，如果欺凌一旦发生应该如何应对。可判断出对于学校权威来说，最重要的事情是制定政策。句意：对于学校当局来说，最重要的一步是制定一项政策，使学校明确对待欺凌的态度。所以答案为policy。2.根据文章Section E第一句“saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and givi

50、ng explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs”，应该明确欺凌的定义，并且对于应对措施给出详细的指导。句意：它应该包括详细的指导，关于欺凌发生时学校和其他工作人员应该如何行动。所以答案为guidelines。3.根据文章Section E第二段“There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness”，可以通过

51、课程的许多方式来处理这个问题，比如使用录像、戏剧和文学。这有助于提高意识。可判断出可以通过课程来采取行动和举措，以此提高意识，鼓励讨论，在初期发挥作用。句意：此外，可以通过课程采取行动。所以答案为curriculum。4.根据文章Section E第三段“There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approac

52、hes to group bullying such as no blame”，有一些针对个别小学生和小组行动的方法。对于容易受伤害的学生进行自信心训练是有效的，也可以采取对于群体的特定措施，如“不责备”等。可判断出举措之一是针对那些易受欺凌的小学生的。句意：潜在的欺凌受害者可以参加自信心训练，而变得更自信。所以答案为victims。5.根据文章Section E“Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying

53、 from playful fighting”。在运动场上的工作也很重要。其中一个有用的措施就是在培训午餐时段，让监督人检查并区分欺凌和嬉戏打斗。故应填入playful fighting。句意：如果监督工作人员能区分欺凌和单纯的嬉戏打斗，训练场上的监督将会更有效。4. 填空题Scientists have discovered that addictions may be（1）. A team from Britains University of Cambridge found that（2）of drug addicts share the same brain abnormalities

54、 as their drug（3）brothers and sisters. The research team said these abnormal brain structures are linked to（4） self-control and drug dependence. The researchers suggest that addiction is in some ways a “（5）of the brain”. This may provide important new ways into helping people with problems of self-c

55、ontrol when it（6） to addictions. The study sought to find out if drugs changed the “（7）” of the brain or whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently from（8）.Lead researcher Dr Karen Ersche told the BBC: “It has（9）been known that not everyone who（10）drugs becomes addicted.” She continue

56、d: “It shows that drug addiction is not a（11）of lifestyle, it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognize this. These brothers and sisters who dont have addiction problems, what they can tell us is how they（12）these problems, how they manage self-control in their（13）life.” Dr Ersche and her

57、colleagues studied 50（14）of siblings, one with a history of drug addiction and one with no（15）of taking drugs. She compared these with 50 healthy people. She concluded: “We need to find out how these non-addicted siblings were able to resist using drugs.”【答案】1.hereditary2.siblings3.using4.poor5.diso

58、rderes7.wiring8.birth9.long10.take11.choice12.overcome13.daily14.pairs15.experience【解析】1.上下文语义。根据下文 “share the same brain abnormalities as brothers and sisters.”，可知和他们的兄弟姐妹存在同样的异常情况，可判断出这种吸毒成瘾是与遗传相关的。故填入hereditary。2.上下文语义。根据上文可知，吸毒成瘾与遗传有关，并且下文提到 “brothers and sisters”，可判断出填入的答案与兄弟姐妹相关。故填入siblings。3.

59、上下文语义。根据上文siblings of drug addicts，这里表达“吸毒成瘾的兄弟姐妹”，可知此处对应下文空格中的drug- （ ）brothers and sisters，故填入using，drug-using “吸食毒品的”。4.上下文语义。根据下文drug dependence “毒品依赖”，可知空格应该表达“较弱的自控力”。句意：这些异常的大脑结构与差的自控能力和药物依赖有关。故填入poor。5.上下文语义。根据文章第二段，“it is a disorder of the brain and we need to recognize this.”，这是一种大脑紊乱的现象，我

60、们需要认识到这一点。可判断出上下文相互照应。句意：研究人员认为，上瘾在某种程度上是一种“大脑紊乱”。故填入disorder。6.固定搭配。根据固定搭配when it comes to “当提到，当涉及到”，可知句意：当提到上瘾，这可能提供重要的新方法来帮助有自控问题的人。故填入comes。7.上下文语义。根据下文“whether the brains of drug addicts were wired differently”，可知这项研究试图找出吸毒者的大脑构造是否不同，又根据并列连词or，可知前后两句构成并列关系，空格中填入wired的动名词形式wiring，句意：这项研究试图找出是药物

61、改变了大脑的“构造”，还是吸毒者的大脑构造发生了变化。故填入wiring。8.上下文语义。根据文章开头提出吸毒成瘾与遗传相关，可知这里强调遗传给吸毒者的大脑构造带来的差异。句意：吸毒者的大脑构造是否与出生时不同。故填入birth。9.固定搭配。根据固定搭配It has been long known that “长时间来众所周知的是”，句意：一直以来众所周知的是，不是所有吸毒的人都会上瘾。故填入long。10.固定搭配。根据固定搭配take drugs “吸毒”，句意：不是所有吸毒的人都会上瘾。故填入take。11.上下文语义。根据下文“it is a disorder of the brai

62、n and we need to recognize this.”，可知我们都应该认识到吸毒成瘾是一种大脑紊乱现象，可判断出吸毒成瘾并不是一种生活方式的选择。句意：这表明吸毒成瘾不是一种生活方式的选择，而是一种大脑的紊乱，我们需要认识到这一点。故填入choice。12.上下文语义。根据文章“These brothers and sisters who dont have addiction problems, what they can tell us how they manage self-control.”，没有成瘾问题的兄弟姐妹能够告诫我们如何自控。可判断出空格表达的意思为“如何克服问

63、题”。句意：没有成瘾问题的兄弟姐妹能够告诫我们如何克服问题以及如何自控。故填入overcome。13.固定搭配。固定搭配daily life “日常生活，句意：他们在日常生活中如何实现自控。故填入daily。14.固定搭配。根据固定搭配a pair of “一对”，可知这里表达的意思为“50对兄弟姐妹”。句意：Ersche博士和她的同事调查了50对兄弟姐妹。故填入pairs。15.上下文语义。根据并列连词and，可知前后两句构成并列关系。根据上文“one with a history of drug addiction”，先研究了一些有毒瘾史的人，可判断出下文强调的是没有吸毒经历的人。句意：E

64、rsche博士和她的同事研究了50对兄弟姐妹，其中一些有吸毒史，另一些没有吸毒经验。故填入experience。5. 单选题Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them.（1）that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still（2）in their minds. Americans watche

65、d hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U. S. history, on（3）TV. Anyone who didnt know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made（4）worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our（5）to work together before everything goes to hell.Granted, some amount of delusion is probably part of the（6）condition. In A.D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an