2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷4

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight lossthese terms are part of the economists language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use

2、in specialized ways.（1）At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity. They approach th

3、e study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life:（2）They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that econo

4、mics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. （3）The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nations economy as i

5、t is to studying the earths gravity or a species, evolution. （4）As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.” (225 words).Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from E

6、nglish into Chinese.【答案】1. 一开始，这种新的语言似乎毫无必要地晦涩难懂。但是，正如你会看到的一样，它的价值在于它能够为你提供一种全新的、有用的方式来思考你所生活的世界。2. 他们设计理论，收集数据，然后分析这些数据，试图验证或反驳他们的理论。3. 然而，科学的本质是科学的方法，即冷静客观地创立并检测关于世界如何运转的科学理论。4. 正如爱因斯坦曾经提出的：“整个科学只不过是对日常思维的提炼。”2. 单选题Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Eart

7、hs surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.Many millions of years ago the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Can

8、yon area contained 10,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14layered formations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.Approximately 65 million years ago the

9、plateaus flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to his bulging action as up warping; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that meande

10、red across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upwarp; it eventually conn

11、ected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-mile-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.Since then, the canyon forming has been cum

12、ulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting tool, tons of debris, rainfall running off t

13、he high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, the first phenomenon to contribute to the formation of

14、the Grand Canyon was（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage?4.The passage would most likely be found in a textbook on which of the following subjects?问题1选项A.Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges.B.Forces that made the Grand Canyon.C.Th

15、e increasing pollution of the Colorado River.D.The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon.问题2选项A.a series of volcanic eruptionsB.the collapse of rock formations in the Colorado PlateauC.a succession of floods from the Hualapai River and what is now the Colorado RiverD.the Earths internal pressure lif

16、ting the Colorado Plateau region问题3选项A.Its contours are constantly changing.B.It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock.C.Its eruptions have increased in recent years.D.It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants.问题4选项A.Astronomy.B.Botany.C.Geology.D.Chemistry.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解

17、析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 1. 这篇文章主要讨论什么？A. Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges. A. 不同山脉的侵蚀模式。B. Forces that made the Grand Canyon. B. 形成大峡谷的因素。C. The increasing pollution of the Colorado River. C. 科罗拉多河日益严重的污染。D. The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon. D.

18、 大峡谷的突然出现。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，根据首段第二句“事实上，形成峡谷的事件远不是突然的、灾难性的，而是缓慢而有序的侵蚀过程”，和末段第一句“从那时起，峡谷的形成是累积的”可知，本文关注的话题是峡谷的形成；然后，结合文章的行文结构，文章的后面三段都是在论述峡谷形成的一些因素；综合理解可推断，文章主要讨论的是形成大峡谷的因素，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“不同山脉的侵蚀模式”只是在文章中部分提及，属于以偏概全；C项“科罗拉多河日益严重的污染”在文中并没有提到，属于无中生有；D项“大峡谷的突然出现”根据原文可知，峡谷的形成是一个缓慢的过程，所以该项属于反向干扰。第2题:2.【

19、选项释义】2. According to the passage, the first phenomenon to contribute to the formation of the Grand Canyon was _. 2. 根据这篇文章，第一个促成大峡谷形成的现象是_。A. a series of volcanic eruptions A. 一连串的火山爆发B. the collapse of rock formations in the Colorado Plateau B. 科罗拉多高原岩层的崩塌C. a succession of floods from the Hualapai

20、 River and what is now the Colorado River C. 来自瓦拉派河和现在的科罗拉多河的一连串洪水D. the Earths internal pressure lifting the Colorado Plateau region D. 地球内部的压力抬升了科罗拉多高原地区【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干可定位至文章第三段对大峡谷促成因素的描述：大约6500万年前，大峡谷地区高原的平坦表面由于内部压力而隆起；接下来是整个科罗拉多高原的整体提升，随着高原逐渐升高，蜿蜒流过高原的浅水河流开始变得更加湍急，水流的方向也更加明确。它最终连接了古老的科罗拉多

21、河并获得了它的水。这条新河流随后开始挖出长达277英里的海沟，最终形成了大峡谷。”从中可知，最初促成大峡谷形成的现象是地球内部压力抬升了整个科罗拉多高原，D项“地球内部的压力抬升了科罗拉多高原地区”符合原文。因此，该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项“一连串的火山爆发”和C项“来自瓦拉派河和现在的科罗拉多河的一连串洪水”在文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项“科罗拉多高原岩层的崩塌”是其他的累积因素，并不是最初造成大峡谷的现象，属于本末倒置。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be d

22、rawn from the passage? 3. 下面哪个关于大峡谷的结论可以从这篇文章中得出？A. Its contours are constantly changing. A. 它的轮廓在不断变化。B. It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock. B. 它含有大约1400万吨的岩石。C. Its eruptions have increased in recent years. C. 近年来，火山喷发次数有所增加。D. It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants. D. 它正

23、受到有毒废物和污染物的侵蚀。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句中的“这个过程仍在继续（a process that is still going on）”，和第四段最后一句中的“侵蚀的模式仍在继续（the pattern of erosion continues）”可推测，大峡谷的轮廓还在持续地变化，所以A项“它的轮廓在不断变化”符合原文。【干扰项排除】B项“它含有大约1400万吨的岩石”、C项“近年来，火山喷发次数有所增加”和D项“它正受到有毒废物和污染物的侵蚀”在原文中没有依据，属于无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The passage would most lik

24、ely be found in a textbook on which of the following subjects? 4. 这篇文章最有可能在教科书中找到下列哪一个主题？A. Astronomy. A. 天文学。B. Botany. B. 植物学。C. Geology. C. 地理学。D. Chemistry. D. 化学。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，这篇文章主要描述的是大峡谷形成的成因，而这是地质学研究的范畴，所以这篇文章可能见于一本地质学教材，因此C项“地理学”正确。【干扰项排除】A项“天文学”、B项“植物学”和D项“化学”都与本文无关，属于张冠李戴。3. 不定

25、项选择题Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the Wests dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are

26、not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the

27、authors admire.On the pessimists side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivi

28、ty in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with th

29、e figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the Internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the Internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the

30、past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fund

31、amental” in Paul Krugmans phrase. But Silicon Valleys best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars

32、 could result in $ 507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy?2.The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the offici

33、al figures（ ）.3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley?4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?问题1选项A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms a

34、re not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.问题2选项A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the Internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.cant explain the decline in productivity growth问题3选项A.They have only focused on the fun part o

35、f life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.问题4选项A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free fr

36、om driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy? 1. 是什么导致了对世界经济的悲观看法？A. It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity. A.

37、它是基于生产率的宏观统计数据。B. It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior. B. 它是基于对公司和投资者行为的密切观察。C. It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats. C. 因为许多老公司并不是由官僚管理的。D. It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created. D. 这是由于没有建立足够多的新公司。【考查点】事实细节

38、题。【解题思路】根据关键词pessimistic定位到第二段第一句“在悲观主义者看来，最有力的论据不在于密切关注企业和投资者的行为，而是基于生产率的宏观统计数据”，理解可知，基于生产率的宏观统计数据导致了对世界经济的悲观看法。故选项A符合原文。【干扰项排除】B选项“它是基于对公司和投资者行为的密切观察”与原文相反，反向干扰；C选项“这是因为许多老公司并不是由官僚管理的”与题干无关，张冠李戴；D选项“这是由于没有建立足够多的新公司”没有提及，无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing b

39、ecause the official figures _. 2. 乐观主义者的第一个论点并不令人信服，因为官方数据_。A. are both wrong and unconvincing A. 是错误的，也没有说服力B. downplay the Internet revolution B. 低估了互联网革命C. fail to include the consumer surplus C. 没有包括消费者剩余D. cant explain the decline in productivity growth D. 无法解释生产率增长的下降【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词opti

40、mists定位到第三段，根据最后两句“但这并不能令人信服。官方数据很可能低估了互联网革命的影响，就像他们过去低估了电力和汽车的影响一样，但他们的低估程度不足以解释最近生产率增长的下降。”，理解可知，即使乐观主义者认为官方数据低估了互联网革命的影响，但是这个低估的程度并不足以解释最近生产率增长的下降。所以乐观主义者的第一个论点并不令人信服，是因为官方数据无法解释生产率增长的下降。D选项符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“是错误的，也没有说服力”表述与原文不符，文中并没有表达官方数据是错误的且没有说服力，曲解原文；B选项“低估了互联网革命”和C选项“没有包括消费者剩余”是乐观主义者的观点，与题干不符，

41、张冠李戴。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley? 3. 关于硅谷的IT公司，什么是正确的？A. They have only focused on the fun part of life. A. 他们只关注生活中有趣的部分。B. They have made a difference in the real world. B. 他们改变了现实世界。C. They have more persuasive productivity. C. 他们的说服力更强。D. They have only j

42、ust begun to develop. D. 他们才刚刚开始发展。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Silicon Valley定位至倒数第二段最后两句“过去十年，许多IT公司可能专注于Paul Krugman所说的有趣而非根本的东西。但硅谷最好的公司肯定专注于改变物质世界（change the material world）。”，理解可知，硅谷的IT公司在过去十年可能是专注于有趣的东西，但是最好的IT公司一定关注于改变世界。B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们只关注生活中有趣的部分”中的only太过绝对，曲解原文；C选项“他们的说服力更强”和D选项“他们才刚刚开始发展”未提及

43、，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. How can driverless cars benefit American industries? 4. 无人驾驶汽车如何使美国工业受益？A. Driverless cars have revived two large American industries. A. 无人驾驶汽车重振了美国两大产业。B. The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars. B. 无人驾驶汽车的销售额可达数千亿美元。C. Thanks to them people free from

44、 driving can do more creative work. C. 多亏了他们，人们不用开车就能做更多有创意的工作。D. Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb. D. 无人驾驶汽车刺激了优步和爱彼迎的发展。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词driverless定位到文章最后一段，由最后一句“无人驾驶汽车每年将为美国带来5070亿美元的生产力增长，这主要是因为人们可以盯着自己的笔记本电脑而不是看着道路”可知，无人驾驶汽车能为美国带来5070亿美元的生产力增长，主要是因为人们可以在车

45、上干别的事情，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“无人驾驶汽车重振了美国两大产业”和B选项“无人驾驶汽车的销售额可达数千亿美元”未提及，无中生有；D选项“无人驾驶汽车刺激了优步和爱彼迎的发展”，文中没有提到无人驾驶汽车与优步和爱彼迎的关系，该项无中生有。4. 单选题Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on th

46、e earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environments tolerable and some ultraviolet rays penetrate the atmosphere. Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from t

47、he sync are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of radiation are measur

48、ed in units called “rems”. We all receive radiation here on the Earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The “normal” dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems (0. 1 rem) ; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. S

49、cientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs

50、 may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of ( deformed) children or even grandchildren.Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun ( solar flares),

51、they are accompanied by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour. Missions to the moon (the Apollo flights) have had to cross the Van Allen belts

52、 of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 millirems per man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of the Apollo moon walks because the walls of the LEMs (lunar excursion modules) wer

53、e not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command modules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they sp

54、end weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory or in a base on the moon. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far.At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to spac

55、e travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazard will turn out to be in the future.1.Scientists have fixed a safety level of （ ） .2.The spacemen were worried about solar flares when they were （ ） .3.When men spend long periods in space how will they protect themselves?4.Which of

56、the following is true?问题1选项A.10 rems per yearB.60 rems per yearC.100 millirems per yearD.5 rems per hour问题2选项A.crossing the Van Allen beltsB.setting up a moon baseC.exploring the surface of the moonD.waiting in the command module问题3选项A.By taking special drugs.B.By wearing special suits.C.By using a

57、protective blanket.D.No solution has been found yet.问题4选项A.The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed.B.The children of astronauts have damaged sex organs.C.Radiation damage may show only in later generations.D.Radiation does not seem to be very harmful.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. S

58、cientists have fixed a safety level of _. 1. 科学家们确定了_的安全水平。A. 10 rems per year A. 每年10雷姆B. 60 rems per year B. 每年60雷姆C. 100 millirems per year C. 每年100毫雷姆D. 5 rems per hour D. 每小时5雷姆【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第二句“科学家们有理由认为，一个人可以忍受比这多得多的辐射而不受伤害，60雷姆的数字已经商定”，从中可知，科学家们能够确定每年60雷姆是安全水平，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“每年10雷姆

59、”和D项“每小时5雷姆”为测量的空间辐射量，并不是科学家们确定的安全水平，属于张冠李戴；C项“每年100毫雷姆”是对我们每年接受的“正常”辐射剂量的粗略估计，不是科学家们的计算，属于张冠李戴。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The spacemen were worried about solar flares when they were _. 2. 宇航员们在_时担心太阳耀斑。A. crossing the Van Allen belts A. 穿过范艾伦带B. setting up a moon base B. 建立月球基地C. exploring the surface of the m

60、oon C. 探索月球表面D. waiting in the command module D. 在指令舱等待【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第四句“人们希望在阿波罗号月球行走期间不会有任何大的太阳耀斑，因为月球旅行模块的墙壁不够厚，不足以保护里面的人，尽管指令模块确实提供了合理的保护”，从中可知，宇航员们在探索月球表面时担心太阳耀斑，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“穿过范艾伦带”和B项“建立月球基地”都是在探索月球表面中做的事情，从属于C项，所以这两项属于以偏概全；D项“在指令舱等待”没有提到，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. When men spend long pe

61、riods in space how will they protect themselves? 3. 当人长时间待在太空时，他们将如何保护自己？A. By taking special drugs. A. 通过服用特殊药物。B. By wearing special suits. B. 穿特殊的衣服。C. By using a protective blanket. C. 用保护性的毯子。D. No solution has been found yet. D. 目前还没有找到解决办法。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句“药物可能有助于减少辐射造成的损害，但迄今为止还没有发

62、现真正有效的药物”，从中可知，虽然迄今为止没有找到特效药，但是药物也是有助于减轻射线带来的危害，所以是一种解决办法，A项“通过服用特殊药物”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“穿特殊的衣服”和C项“用保护性的毯子”在文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D项“目前还没有找到解决办法”根据解题思路可知，该项属于曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Which of the following is true? 4. 下列哪项是正确的？A. The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed. A. 宇航员的孙辈都是畸形的。B. The children of astron

63、auts have damaged sex organs. B. 宇航员的孩子会损坏性器官。C. Radiation damage may show only in later generations. C. 辐射损伤可能只会在后代中表现出来。D. Radiation does not seem to be very harmful. D. 辐射似乎不是很有害。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“问题是，很难确定辐射是否会造成损害，一个人可能感觉很好，但他或她的性器官细胞可能会受到损害，而且这种损害要等到孩子甚至孙辈出生后才会被发现”，可知，射线的危害程度不好确定，一个人可能感觉正常，但是潜在的危害要在后辈中才能发现，故C项“辐射损伤可能只会在后代中表现出来”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“宇航员的孙辈都是畸形的”表述太绝对，属于曲解原文；B项“宇航员的孩子会损坏性器官”，根据解题思路可知，是宇航员的性器官细胞可能会受到损害，该项曲解原文；D项“辐射似乎不是很有害”，根据第二段第一句“辐射是已知的对太空探索者最大的危险”可知，该项属于反向干扰。5. 翻译题中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。然而，我国人口众多，资源相对不足，经济规模