2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷30

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1、2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There is a standard method（ ）officers are selected for promotion.问题1选项A.wherebyB.thatC.whereD.whereas【答案】B【解析】考查从句。A选项whereby“凭此，借以，由于”，B选项that“那个”，C选项where“哪里”，D选项whereas“然而，尽管”。句意：选拔军官晋升有一个标准的方法。因此, B选项符合句意。2. 单选题According to the new school of scientists t

2、echnology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scien

3、tific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement an invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and

4、philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable

5、in scientific experiments.The core of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileos role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system often sky put Earth at th

6、e center of all heavenly motions. Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scienti

7、sts, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs genius dispute. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of

8、which is seen as the driving force.1. What leads to the expansion of science in terms of the new school of scientists?2.What is the nature of scientific revolution according to a leader of the new school?3.Why does modern school of scientists pay attention to the invention and improvement of tools a

9、nd technology?4.What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.The creative ideas of the great minds.B.The scientific knowledge of the geniuses.C.The improvement of ordinary tools and techniques.D.The neglected force in scientific innovations.问题2选项A.It helps to invent a series of new in

10、struments.B.It is actually the result of the development of a series of instruments.C.It pushes the science toward a particular direction.D.It has improved the techniques in innumerable directions.问题3选项A.Because they can be applied in scientific experiments.B.Because they are greatly admired by scie

11、ntists and inventors.C.Because they are overlooked by historians and philosophers.D.Because they can be served as a source of basic innovations.问题4选项A.The governments decision on its finance allocation is determined by its opinion on thepriority between science and technology.B.The government has de

12、veloped pure science at the expense of technology.C.The government has attached more importance to technology than pure science.D.The government will no longer increase the financial support to pure science.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第一段，“Science moves forward, they say, not so mu

13、ch through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.”他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。A选项“伟大思想的创造性思想”，B选项“天才的科学知识”，C选项“普通工具和技术的改进”，D选项“科学创新中被忽视的力量”。因此，C选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段的最后一句，“ In short, a leader of the new school

14、 contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement an invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”简而言之，新学派的一位领袖认为，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列仪器的改进、发明和使用，这些发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。A选项“它有助于发明一系列新仪器”，B选项“它实际上是一系列仪器发展的结果”，C选项“它把

15、科学推向一个特定的方向”，D选项“它在无数方面改进了技术”。因此，B选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第二段，“Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.”多年来，工具和技术本身作为基础性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们所忽视。A选项“因为他们可以应用于科学实验”， B选项“因为他们深受科学家和发明家

16、的尊敬”， C选项“因为他们被历史学家和哲学家所忽视”, D选项“因为它们可以作为基本创新的源泉”。因此，D选项符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据题干定位到文章的最后一段，“Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.”政府是应该以牺牲技术为代价增加纯科学的融资，还是反过来增加纯科学的融资，往

17、往取决于哪一方被视为驱动力的问题。A选项“政府对其资金配置的决定取决于其对科学与技术优先地位的看法”，B选项“政府以牺牲技术为代价发展了纯科学”，C选项“政府更重视技术而不是纯科学”，D选项“政府将不再增加对纯科学的资金支持”。因此，A选项符合题意。3. 单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he（ ）over the meeting with great skill.问题1选项A.presidedB.administeredC.masteredD.executed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项presided“主

18、持”；B选项administered“管理”；C选项mastered“支配”；D选项executed“实行”。句意：虽然这是他第一次当主席，但他还是娴熟地主持了这次会议。本句表示主持会议，只有presided才能与over搭配。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题（ ）native to North America, corn has now spread all over the world.问题1选项A.In spite ofB.That it isC.It wasD.Although【答案】D【解析】考查让步状语从句。A选项In spite of“尽管”，后应接名词；B选项That it is“

19、那是”；C选项It was“这是”；D选项Although“尽管”。句意：虽然玉米原产于北美，但现在已遍布世界各地。如果状语从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，从而使句子更加简洁明了。在这句话中，从句中的主语也是corn，因此其主语corn和is可以省略。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it（ ）as well as we had hoped.问题1选项A.came offB.went offC.brought outD.made

20、 out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项come off“成功，实现”；B选项go off“离开，变质”；C选项bring out“出版，生产”；D选项make out“辨认出，理解”。根据句意：在深谷里建发电站是个大胆的想法，但结果与我们原来所希望的一样。也就说，这个想法得到实现，所以选项A符合语境。6. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3.

21、就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expression of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gives a pre

22、cise and serious explanation of all phenomena.2. From Sveibys point of view, since knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from external resources to employees, is an important capability of an enterprise.3. Like a driver stuck in an ac

23、cident and fuming on the evening rush hour road, people who surf the Internet can get fidgety if the page opens slowly or they cant get to it quickly enough.4. It is this information system that influences the scope and quality of peoples health care, it makes social services more just, it increases

24、 the comfort of individuals and takes more measures for safety and free movement.7. 翻译题Healthy FoodAn active lifestyle and a healthy, fish-rich diet are not only good for your heart, they may also help tackle the memory loss associated with old age, two leading neuroscientists said on Wednesday.As p

25、eople live longer, finding ways of halting the decline in mental agility is becoming increasingly important, said Professor Ian Robertson, director of the Institute of Neuroscience at Trinity College Dublin.“The biggest threat to being able to function well and properly is our brains,” he told journ

26、alists.“There is very strong evidence, particularly in the over-50s, that the degree to which you maintain your mental faculties depends on a handful of quite simple environmental factors,” he said.Those who remained physically fit, avoided high stress levels and enjoyed a rich and varied social lif

27、e are better equipped to stay alert as they age. Mental stimulation, learning new things and simply thinking young also help.【答案】健康的食物美国两位著名的神经科学家于本周三称，积极的生活方式，健康的、富含鱼类的饮食不仅对心脏有好处，还有助于解决因年老而导致的记忆丧失问题。都柏林三一学院神经科学研究所主任伊恩罗伯逊教授说，随着人类的寿命越来越长，寻找能够阻止人类思维敏捷度下降的方法正变得越来越重要。他告诉记者：“对身体机能正常运转的最大威胁是我们的大脑。”他说：“有强有

28、力的证据表明，一个人能否保持良好的智力水平取决于一些非常简单的环境因素，对那些50岁以上的人来说尤其如此。”那些身体健康、能避免高压力、享受丰富多彩的社交生活的人，在他们上了年纪后，头脑会更清醒。精神刺激、学习新事物和保持年轻的心态也有帮助。8. 单选题Immigration officials have to be very careful in deciding whether to（ ）all or only some of those illegal immigrants.问题1选项A.dissolveB.deportC.distractD.detect【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。

29、A选项dissolve“解散，使溶解”，B选项deport，“驱逐出境，放逐”，C选项“转移，分散”，D选项detect“察觉，发现”。句意：移民官员在决定是将全部非法移民驱逐出境还是仅将部分非法移民驱逐出境时必须非常谨慎。因此, B选项符合句意。9. 单选题Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of（ ）grouping is advisable.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.instantaneousC.s

30、pontaneousD.anonymous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Our civilization cannot be thought of as（ ）in a short period of time.问题1选项A.to have been c

31、reatedB.to be createdC.having been createdD.being created【答案】C【解析】考查被动语态。as在这里是介词，后面应接名词性质的词，排除A、B，create的动作是过去发生的，应该用过去时态，排除D。句意：不应把我们的文明看作是短期内创造出来的。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Educat

32、ion are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the

33、decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated t

34、eenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we sho

35、uld be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone tha

36、t most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie

37、 technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of

38、composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is（ ）.2.The authors biggest concern is（ ）.3.A major problem wi

39、th most adolescents who can read is（ ）.4.The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（ ）.5.About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（ ）.问题1选项A.quite encouragingB.fairly brightC.very impressiveD.rather bleak问题2选项A.the reading abilit

40、y and reading behavior of the middle classB.the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C.the musical setting American readers require for readingD.elementary school childrens disinterest in reading classics问题3选项A.their fondness of music and TV programsB.their lack of attentiveness and basic un

41、derstandingC.their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureD.their inability to focus on conflicting input问题4选项A.to make a fair appraisal of its artistic valueB.to analyze its essential featuresC.to think it over conscientiouslyD.to be able to appreciate it and memorize it问题5选项A.upsetB.uncer

42、tainC.alarmedD.pessimistic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者所描绘的美国人的阅读能力是怎样的？根据原文第一段的首句It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy.（我几乎没有必要列举所有令人沮丧的人们的识字状况）。由此可知，D选项“相当凄凉”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者最关心的是？根据原文第二段的首句But my own worry today is less

43、 that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the i

44、mage of the classic act of reading.（但我今天担心的与其说是基本识字这个压倒性的问题，不如说是一个更为奢侈的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读技能的衰退，他们不愿意在安静的地方，牺牲难得在家的时间，集中注意力用以读书，而这些与经典阅读行为息息相关），由此可知A选项“中产阶级的阅读能力与阅读行为”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数识字青少年最主要的一个问题是？根据原文第二段中的It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no

45、 longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception.（有人认为，近80%有文化，受过良好教育的美国青少年，没有背景音乐和闪烁的电视屏幕的陪伴就无法阅读）以及this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible c

46、ertain essential acts of apprehension and concentration（而这种边阅读边在背景干扰下进行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行为变得不可能），由此可知，B选项“他们缺乏注意力和基本理解力”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为，读者对一篇诗歌或散文表现赞赏的最好方式是？根据第二段倒数第二句let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is

47、to learn it by heart.（更不用说人们对他们真正喜欢的诗歌或散文给予的最高评价了，那就是把它记在心里），由此可知D选项“能够欣赏它并记住它”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是：关于阅读艺术的未来，作者的感觉是怎样的？根据原文最后一段的第一句Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one.（在这种情况下，阅读艺术的未来是什么，这确实是一个大问题。）以及最后一句话No one in the book industry can

48、 say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.（在图书界没有人能自信地说他知道未来将会发生什么。）由此可推断，作者认为阅读艺术的未来充满了不确定性，所以选项B正确。12. 单选题There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from sending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time wo

49、rk for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) for young people before they take up full-time employment,（1）there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians in developing countries. Some people, （2）those who retire early, offer thei

50、r technical and business skills in countries（3）there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or paid community service, there are more opportunities than there（4）were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, and depend very much on volunteers a

51、nd part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seem more（5）and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial（6）.The people who work with them do so for different reasons and

52、with different objectives, both personal and organizational. One should not join them（7）to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined with commitment to the cause, not business（8）Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired p

53、eople take part in community service for（9）， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible in retirement were also possible during ones working life but they are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusua

54、l to do should not consider（10）community service.问题1选项A.asB.soC.thenD.that问题2选项A.passionatelyB.partiallyC.particularlyD.peculiarly问题3选项A.whichB.whereC.asD.that问题4选项A.everB.beforeC.neverD.lately问题5选项A.casualB.formaC.activeD.usual问题6选项A.valueB.normC.criteriaD.perspective问题7选项A.expectingB.to expectC.be

55、ing expectedD.expected问题8选项A.effectB.sufficiencyC.deficiencyD.efficiency问题9选项A.freeB.freedomC.healthD.salary问题10选项A.to be takenB.to takeC.being takenD.taking【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:C【解析】1.本题考查连词的用法。本句意为:“正如年轻人在参加全职工作前有机会参加海外志愿服务一样,发展中国家的合格技术人员也有机会参加海外服务。”just asso”意为也，因

56、此，B选项为正确答案。2.本题考查副词的用法。根据句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，空格所在句子的前后均是逗号，并且紧跟在主语的后面，因此后面的应该加上表示更进一步的副词， A选项passionately“热情地，强烈地”，B选项partially“部分地，偏袒地”， C选项particularly“特别地，尤其地”，D选项peculiarly“特殊地，奇怪地”，因此，C选项为正确答案。3.本题考查关系副词的用法。countries ,表示地点, where用于表示地点，放在地点之后,意为“在那;该处”,句意：在有特殊需要的国家提供他们的技术和商业技能。根据空格前的countries，可

57、知此处缺少一个表示地点的副词，引导一个定语从句，因此，B 选项为正确答案。4.本题考查副词辨析。此处是一个more than的比较结构,现在和以前做比较，因此此句缺少的是一个表示过去状况的时间副词。A选项ever“曾经”，B选项before“以前”，C选项never“决不“，D选项lately“近来”，before作副词需要放在动词后，lately和never都不符合与过去时态之间的逻辑关系，本句意为“所以在考虑义务或付费的社区服务时,现在比一个人刚开始工作时有更多的机会。”5.本题考查形容词的用法。A选项casual“随便的，疏忽的”， B选项forma“植物型，变型”，C选项active“

58、忙碌的，活跃的”， D选项usual“通常的，惯例的”,此空的后面有个less efficient，并列成分，因此应该是more casual，来表达同一个意思，与之相对应，句意：在某些方面，他们可能看起来更随意，效率更低。因此，A选项为正确答案。6.本题考查名词用法。根据judge可以得出，后面应该是有一个评判的标准，才可以去根据这个标准做出判断，A选项value“价值，益处”，B选项norm“准则，惯例” ，C选项criteria“标准”，D选项perspective“态度，观点”，因此，C选项为正确答案。7.本题考查动词+ ing作宾语补足语的用法。此句中them和they指代的都是志愿

59、者组织的全职员工，join them后面所跟的部分为伴随状语，故应使用动词的现在分词形式。因此，A选项为正确答案。8.本题考查名词用法。A选项effect“影响，结果，效应”，B选项sufficiency“足量，充足”，C选项deficiency“缺点，缺陷”，D选项efficiency“效率，功效”，该空前面一句话说的是人们不应该加入他们指望用专业知识武装他们;之后有提到必须结合对事业的承诺，而不是什么，那么也就是前文所提到的用专业知识所获取的商业的效率。因此，D选项为正确答案。9.本题考查词汇的固定搭配。A选项free“自由的，免费的”，B选项freedom“自由”，C选项health“健

60、康”，D选项salary“薪资”，由上下文可知，他们选择做这项工作只是因为他们喜欢，因此可以推断他们不要求报酬，无偿参加社区服务的工作，for free表示“无偿的”。因此，A选项为正确答案。10.本题考查非谓语动词。consider要求后面动词用ing形式,作宾语。句意：那些只是想在退休之后寻找一些新鲜事情做的人并不应该考虑做社区服务。因此，C选项为正确答案。13. 单选题Its time you（ ）some reading or the other students will leave you behind.问题1选项A.got down toB.adapted toC.held on

61、 toD.attended to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项got down to“开始认真”；B选项adapted to“适应于”；C选项held on to“坚持”；D选项attended to“注意”。句意：你该认真读书了，否则其他学生就会把你甩在后面。本句表示开始认真读书。因此A选项正确。14. 单选题Please（ ）yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.问题1选项A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit【答案】A【解

62、析】考查近义词辨析。A选项restrain“控制，约束”；B选项hinder“阻碍，打扰”；C选项restrict“限制，约束”；D选项prohibit“阻止，禁止”。根据句意可知，这里是说控制自己不要抽烟，对自身的控制和管理应使用restrain，而restrict多指限制在一定的范围内。所以选项A最为恰当。15. 单选题Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could（ ）.问题1选项A.descendB.declineC.deteriorateD.depress【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项descend“下降”，多指从高处落向低处；B选项decline“衰退”，多指数量，质量或价值的下降；C选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；D选项depress“压抑，使沮丧”。根据句意：总有一天，软件可以很好地翻译书面语和口语，以至于对通用第二语言的需求可能会减少。这里是指需求减少，所以选项B最恰当。16. 单选题I waited until he had（ ）before I told him I was leaving and headed for the