2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第26期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 判断题测试使用的判断题，请勿组到其他试卷中，该试题只用于后台测试，造成不便请多包涵问题1选项A.对B.错【答案】A【解析】试题解析2. 翻译题人类建立秩序是出于必须和渴望战胜环境的挑战，这样一种有秩序的状态就称作 “国家”，而“法律”就是维持国家存在的规则，时间伴随着这些由法律和秩序建立起 来的安宁和平静，在时间的流逝中，经过了数世纪的进化，人类终于进入了探索他自己 所在的星系的时刻，只有人类在所有的生物中的进化能被视为进步。当社会发生变革 时，每个人在其所生活的大群体中的价值和权力都会增加，个人价值在人类群体从部落 渐渐变成

2、文明社会时并未减少，它反而成了统治所有人的法令的指导。【答案】Order was caused by the need and desire to survive the challenge of the environment. This orderly condition called the state, and the roles that maintained it, file law. With time the partner to this tranquility, man marched across the centuries of his evolution to the

3、 brink of exploring the boundaries of his own galaxy. Of all living organisms, only man has the capacity to interpret his own evolution as progress. As social life changed, the worth and rights of each member in the larger group, of which he was a part, increased. As the groups grew from clans to ci

4、vilizations, the value of the individual did not diminish, but became instead a guide to the rules that govern all men.3. 写作题In this part, you are required to write a passage in at least 200 words on the following topic. You should use an appropriate title for your passage.More and more students cho

5、ose to go abroad for higher education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it?【答案】Go Abroad for Higher Education, A Double-edged Sword4. 翻译题在中国较大的城市中，自行车流曾一度是中国城市最生动的形象之一，已经被挤满汽车的街道取代了，可怕的是，驾驶者大多是新手。通过禁止或严格限制 在这些城市使用摩托车，中国跳过了它的亚洲邻国的发展模式，在这些国家中，摩托车 通常使新富们初次尝到了不需费力就可四处移动的滋味

6、。拥有大约九百万辆普通自行车 的上海，去年因禁止自行车在市中心的主要街道上行驶，引起了媒体的一阵批评。但是 近来自行车用得是越来越少了。【答案】In Chinas bigger cities, the rivers of bicyclesonce one of the most vivid images of urban Chinahave been replaced with streets jammed with cars, most of them, terrifyingly, are in the hands of novice drivers. By banning or sever

7、ely restricting motorcycle use in these cities, China has leapfrogged the development pattern of its Asian neighbors, where the motorbike has usually provided the newly affluent with their first taste of effortless mobility. Shanghai, home to about 9 million ordinary bikes, aroused a flurry of media

8、 criticism last year by banning them from main roads in the center. But they are less and less used these days.5. 写作题Write an essay of at least 250 words on the topic My View on High Housing Price. You are required to base your writing on the following outline.(1) 问题与现状(2) 危害(3) 原因(4) 解决办法【答案】My Vie

9、w on High Housing Price6. 单选题The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.问题1选项A.arisen fromB.contributed toC.patched upD.participated in【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。句意: 美国内战是 （ ）人们对奴隶制是否废除持不同的态度。arise from 产生于，起因于。contribute to 有助于，捐献。patch up 修补，平息。participate in 参加，分担。stem

10、from:起源于，来自于。故选A。7. 多选题该试题是用于测试的试题，请勿组卷到其他试卷当中，测试题干内容问题1选项A.12B.23C.34D.45问题2选项A.54B.43C.32D.21【答案】第1题:B、C、D第2题:A、B【解析】第1题:第2题:试题解析测试8. 单选题He was（ ） to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.问题1选项A.deducedB.dampedC.diminishedD.destined【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 他注定从小就要从他父亲那

11、接过所有的担子和责任。Be destined to do sth. 注定要做某事。9. 单选题The difference in tone and language must strike us, as soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide. This function is performed in the two cases by very different or

12、gans. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us idea

13、lly only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into l

14、ife by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal .constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ide

15、as. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that th

16、e soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society. Science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive

17、aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart or things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.Nevertheless, we must confess that this rel

18、igious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the var

19、ious religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while o

20、thers might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural deaththe inevitable correlate of birt

21、h and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-si

22、ded morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and im

23、pedes the science it ought to fulfill.What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imagina

24、tive substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remolds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdomI mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends

25、to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by

26、unchecked poetical conceits.1.As used in the passage, the author would define wisdom as （ ）.2.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?3.According to the author, science differs from religion in that（ ） .4.The author states that religion differs from rationality in that （ ）.5.According to the a

27、uthor, the pursuit of religion has proved to be （ ）.问题1选项A.the pursuit of rationality through imagination.B.an unemotional search for the truth.C.a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.D.a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness问题2选项A.Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason. I

28、n its search, utilizes the emotions.B.Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving mans problems.C.Science seeks a piece meal solution to mans questions.D.The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.问题3选项A.it is unaware of ultimate goals.B.it is unimaginative.C.its findings are exact a

29、nd final.D.it resembles society and art.问题4选项A.it relies on intuition rather than reasoning.B.it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.C.it has disappointed mankind.D.it has inspired mankind.问题5选项A.imaginativeB.a provider of hope for the futureC.a highly intellectu

30、al activityD.ineffectual【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。最后一段指出: 宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件 或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负 时，以想象代替智慧智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。故选C。2.细节题。参照第一段的第4句话，“不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会催促或责备我们，除了以事物的 本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们 付出任何感情。”即理性是非感情的。因此A项 “宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情”是不正确的。3.细

31、节题。参考第一段倒数第二句话: (宗教)无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确, 故选A。4.细节题。参考第一段中: 宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。因此D项(它激起人类情感)正确。5.态度方向。第二段指出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是流产了（很失败）。故选D项(无效)。10. 单选题It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society

32、 where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an in

33、exhaustible an economical source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be

34、 run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy poin

35、t out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in

36、 Russia.The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about t

37、he destruction of the human race. Thus if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it

38、is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on.Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is a doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it s

39、eems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.1.The writers attitude toward nuclear energy is（ ） .2.According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?3.Some people claim that unclear energy is essential

40、 because （ ）.4.Which of the following statements does the writer support?5.The function of the last sentence is（ ） .问题1选项A.indifferentB.tolerantC.favorableD.negative问题2选项A.PrimitiveB.CheapC.ExhaustibleD.Unsafe问题3选项A.it provides a perfect solution to mass unemploymentB.it represents an enormous step

41、forward in our scientific evolutionC.it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing societyD.nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff问题4选项A.The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.B.Nuclear ene

42、rgy is something we cannot do without.C.Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.D.Grater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programmes.问题5选项A.advance the final argumentB.reflect the writers attitudeC.reverse previously expressed thoughtsD

43、.show the disadvantages of nuclear power【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.态度方向。作者在第一段引出了大众观点, 后面再否定。而且最后一段指出: Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power(权衡利弊 后我们有理由认为应该选择使用核能以外的其他能源)。因此作者对于核能的

44、态度是否定的。2.细节题。根据题干关键词opponents of nuclear energy定位至第一段倒数第三句: 但是，核能的反对者们指出，核电站不仅仅给环境，而且是给全民的自由带来了直接的威胁。因此, 核能反对者认为核能不安全。3.细节题。根据题干定位至第一段, 第一句就指出: 有人认为核能必不可少，紧接着给出了原因: 工业持续发展的社会对便宜的能源有不断增长的需求，而核能可以满足这一需求。故选C。4.细节题。倒数第二句表明: Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consum

45、er demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue (这种扩张表现为工业生产和消费者需求正在不断的增长。但是，这种增长会不会，或者说能不能持续，是值得怀疑的)。即作者认为它不一定会增长。5.态度方向题。最后一句是表明了作者对核能的态度。11. 单选题We all want to stand first in line, first in the hearts of our country, first in the polls, first in the standings. The （1）o

46、f Number One is surely an important thing in sports, but for universities, being first is not as important as being （2） the best.The twenty-first century shows no （3）of interest among researchers, institutions, donors, boards of trustees, and governments in using various university rankings to （4）th

47、e performance of higher education institutions. Most national research universities measure themselves （5）a wide range of dimensions that the institutions believe important for determining improvement and success. At the same time, no single indicator or composite number （6） represents what an indiv

48、idual institution has done, can do, or will do. To improve the quality and productivity of a （7）national research university, its faculty, students, staff, and supporters need to （8） a number of indicators that,（9）together, give a reasonable approximation of accomplishment and strength （10）to the be

49、st universities in the country.Many indicators （11） this purpose, but most observers know that research （12） more than anything else in （13） the best institutions. In its annual reports, The Center provides both the （14） research and development expenditures and the highly-competitive federally （15）

50、research and development expenditures as indicators of research scale. （16）the dollars give a good approximation of research activity, （17） is the faculty who provide the critical resource for university success, and The Center reports the number of members of the National Academies among an institu

51、tions faculty along with the number of significant faculty awards earned as indicators of faculty distinction. Students provide a （18）indicator by reflecting both the externally perceived quality of the institution and （19） with their own credentials an important contribution to that quality. For th

52、e graduate and research instructional dimension, The Center provides the number of doctorates （20）and the number of postdoctoral appointments supported; and The Center offers median SAT scores as indicators of student competitiveness.问题1选项A.eagerB.ambitionC.pursuitD.desire问题2选项A.inB.amongC.forD.on问题

53、3选项A.fewerB.lesseningC.weakerD.worsening问题4选项A.assessB.assumeC.commentD.reflect问题5选项A.asB.forC.onD.in问题6选项A.moderatelyB.accuratelyC.equitablyD.fairly问题7选项A.majorB.mainC.basicD.fundamental问题8选项A.pursueB.evaluateC.followD.appraise问题9选项A.takenB.gotC.gettingD.taking问题10选项A.referenceB.superiorC.closeD.re

54、lative问题11选项A.meetB.serveC.fillD.integrate问题12选项A.impliesB.meansC.symbolizesD.matters问题13选项A.determiningB.disclosingC.differentiatingD.defining问题14选项A.totalB.wholeC.majorD.sum问题15选项A.recognizedB.sponsoredC.sponsoringD.recognizing问题16选项A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.WhileD.Nevertheless问题17选项A.thatB.whichC.thi

55、sD.it问题18选项A.secondB.doubleC.twiceD.twin问题19选项A.providingB.provideC.providedD.provision问题20选项A.wonB.awardedC.awardingD.winning【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:D第11题:B第12题:D第13题:D第14题:A第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:A第20题:B【解析】（1）语义连接。此处表示对第一的争夺, 追求。Eager 渴望; ambition抱负; pursuit追求;

56、 desire要求。（2）逻辑分析。.for universities, being first is not as important：对许 多大学来说，成为第一并不重要.。universities:用的是复数形式，可推测此处为：在一堆的大 学中进行比较，故选择B项。（3）语义连接。第一段提到到处可以见到争“第一”的现象，所以这种现象在现在依旧没有减少，由此得出选择B:减轻，变小，no lessening:没有减小，符合句意。Fewer 更少; lessening 减轻，变小;weaker较弱的; worsening 恶化的。（4）动词辨析。空格处选A, 意思是: 评估高等院校的绩效。A:评

57、估; B:假设; C:评论; D:反映。（5）固定搭配。on a wide range of dimensions：在一个更为广阔的空间。（6）副词辨析。上一句提到评估要在一个更为广阔的空间进行， 所以下一句句意为: no single indicator or composite number .represents：单个的指标或合成数不能准确地反映出情况，选B:精准地，准确地。A:适度地; C:公正地; D:公平地。（7）固定搭配。major national research university：重点国家级研究型大学。（8）动词辨析。对大学的评估要依据不同的指标，故选择C，依据。A:追

58、赶; B:评价，评估; D:评价，鉴定。（9）固定搭配。taken together：总算，合起来。（10）短语辨析。give a reasonable approximation of accomplishment and strength 20 to the best universities in the country: 对其成绩与实务给出一个合理的近似值，参照国内最好的大学。由此得出选择D: relative to:相对于，涉及，有关。A:参考， 参照，是名词，后面不接介词。B: superior to:优于，比.越。C: close to:接近。（11）动词辨析。上文提到对研究院的

59、考核要遵循一些指标，故Many indicators serves this purpose：许多指标服务于这个目的，故选择B:服务。（12）动词辨析。句意: 研究院的成果对学院的考核很重要。因此D项符合句意。A:暗示; B:手段，方式; C:象征，代表; D: 要紧。（13）动词辨析。此处句意为: 依据指标对研究院进行考核，再评定其是不是最好的学院。故D项符合句意。A:测定，决定; B:公开; C:区分; D:定义，界定。（14）形容词辨析。In its annual reports意思是: 在年度报告中。所以推测此处为: 搜集全部的资料。故选A。（15）动词辨析&语法分析。此处指的是联邦政

60、府对大学的赞助。这里应该用sponsor的过去分词形式, 表示已经发生。（16）逻辑分析。此处表示: 从事研究所需的经费到齐之时。故选择C:当.时 候，引导时间状语从句。（17）语法分析。此处为强调句型：It is/was +被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状 语）+ that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其他部分。故选择D。A:那个; B:哪个; C：这个。（18）语义连接。句子中用到：both.and: 两者都.，可知这两方面 都发挥了作用，故选择B:双重的，两倍的。（19）动词辨析。此处意思为: 学生们提供了一些指标反映学院的实力， 故选择A:提供，现在分词表伴随, 表主动。B:提供;

61、 C:假如; D:规定，条款。（20）固定搭配。doctorates awarded：被授予博士头衔。12. 单选题That trade protection hurts the economy of the country that imposes it is one of the oldest but still most startling insights economics has to offer. The idea dates back to the origin of economic science itself. Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nati

62、ons, which gave birth to economics, already contained the argument for free trade: by specializing in production instead of producing everything, each nation would profit from free trade. In international economics it is the direct counterpart to the idea that people within a national economy will be better off if they specialize at what they do best instead of trying to be self-sufficientIt is important to distinguish between the cases f