2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题90（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly w

2、ith the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked

3、 to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in

4、the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending f

5、rom the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established. However, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term sol

6、ar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistent and reliable ge

7、ological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (cause

8、d by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it driv

9、es would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent o

10、n the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or mer

11、ely a transient phenomenon.1. The author focuses primarily on _.2. Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate?3. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for wh

12、ich of the following reasons?4. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concer

13、ning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with

14、 solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar

15、 activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in caus

16、ing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predi

17、cted were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary

18、from its present pattern.问题4选项A.The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.B.The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns.C.Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affe

19、ct tree-ring thickness.D.Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author focuses primarily on _. 作者主要关注_。A. presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support the

20、m A. 提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价经常被引用来支持它们的地质证据B. giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research B. 简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响C. discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena

21、with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics C. 讨论将地球现象与太阳活动联系起来所涉及的困难，并指出解决这个问题将如何影响我们对太阳物理学的理解D. outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical appro

22、ach of modern physics D. 概述了太阳物理学中一个问题尚未解决的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出“仍不清楚（remains unclear）太阳活动周期（solar-activity cycle）与地球天气和气候的关系（terrestrial weather and climate）”，第二段总结道“研究未能明确地证明陆地气候与太阳活动周期的关系（unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle）”，第三段提出“如果能找到一致

23、可靠的地质或考古证据（geological or archaeological evidence），追溯远古时期的太阳活动周期（the solar-activity cycle），它也可能解决太阳物理学中的一个重要问题（issue in solar physics）。”综上所述，前两段在讲述找到地球现象与太阳活动的联系很困难，在最后一段点出解决这个问题对太阳物理学非常重要，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价被引用来支持它们的地质证据”：这两种矛盾的太阳活动模型只在第三段出现，并且没有提到分别支持这两种理论的地质证据，属于以偏概全和无中生有；B项

24、“简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响”：文中没有提到这些研究对未来气候学研究的影响，属于无中生有；D项“概述了太阳物理学中某个尚未解决的问题的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评”：没有讲到原因，也没有批判现代物理学，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate? 如第3段所述，下列关于太阳活动的两种模型的陈述，哪一种

25、是准确的？A. In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years. A. 在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。B. In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar

26、 magnetic field. B. 在两个模型中，假设太阳活动周期依赖于大规模的太阳磁场。C. In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not. C. 在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。D. In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few dec

27、ades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted. D. 一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 3和信息词two models of solar activity定位到第三段第二句，该处讲到“有两种太阳活动模型（two models of solar activity）”，结合该段第三句“第一种假说假设太阳的内部运动（internal motions）

28、与它的大范围磁场相互作用（interact with its large-scale magnetic field）”以及该段第五、六句“另一种解释（alternative explanation）认为在这个模型中，依赖于太阳磁场的太阳机制（the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field）运行得更快。”，可知两种模型都认为太阳活动依赖于太阳磁场，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化”：对应文章最后一句“现代太阳观测的时间跨度太短，无法揭示

29、（too short a time to reveal whether）目前的周期性太阳活动是太阳长期存在的特征（long-lived feature of the Sun），还是仅仅是一种短暂的现象（transient phenomenon）。”，在阐述两种模拟太阳活动的模型后，总结说因为观察太阳的时间短，无法确定哪种情况正确，第一种情况对应第一个模型，第二种情况对应第二个模型；本选项也对应该段第四句“太阳的大规模磁场被看作是自我维持的，因此由它驱动的太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里整体变化不大（little overall change for perhaps billions of y

30、ears）。”，可知本选项是对第一种模型的阐述，不包括第二种，属于以偏概全；C选项“在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是”：两种模型都认为太阳活动由太阳磁场引起，属于反向干扰；D选项“一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期”：第一种模型对应第三段第四句“太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里（billions of years）整体变化不大（little overall change）”，第二种模型对应该段第七句“可以预测（be expected to change）太阳活动周期的特征会在很长一段时间内发生变化”，可知第一种

31、模型说的是太阳活动周期在几十亿年不会有太大变化，而不是说周期不可能超过几十年，第二种模型说的是可以预测太阳活动周期会变化，而不是可以预测周期是多长，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons? 根据文章，在17世纪晚期和18世纪早期中国的记录非常重要，是因为以下哪个原因？A. They suggest that the data

32、on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorrect. A. 他们认为蒙德极小期预测的数据是错误的。B. They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate. B. 他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关。C. They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum. C. 他们证实在蒙德极小期的时

33、候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷。D. They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern. D. 他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Chinese records定位到第二段倒数第三句，该处讲到“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers

34、）似乎与此相矛盾（contradict it）”，结合该段倒数第四句“蒙德极小期的真实性（The reality of the Maunder minimum）还有待确定（yet to be established）”，倒数第三句的it指的是Maunder minimum，可知中国的记录和蒙德极小期的观点相悖，并且根据中国的记录，蒙德极小期可能是错误的，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关”：文中没有提到他们质疑蒙德极小期与气候的相关性，而是质疑有段时间太阳黑子活动短暂停止这个假设的真实性，属于无中生有；C选项“他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常

35、寒冷”：对应第二段第三句“蒙德极小期与欧洲（in Europe）从16世纪到19世纪早期的异常寒冷有关”，可知其范围不是在全世界，而是在某一个地区，属于偷换概念；D选项“他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化”：对应第二段第一、二句“人们还研究了太阳长期变化的影响。17世纪晚期和18世纪早期欧洲观察家的笔记中没有记录到太阳黑子活动，这使得一些学者假设在那个时候太阳黑子活动短暂停止（这个时期被称为蒙德极小期）”以及第二段倒数第三句“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（c

36、ontradict it）”，可知在蒙德极小期是学者假设的内容，与当时中国所有的观察记录相反，所以中国的记录没有证实蒙德极小期的存在，更没有证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the

37、following assumptions? 从这篇文章中可以推断出，试图利用树木年轮厚度来确定太阳周期和陆地气候之间可能的联系的研究是基于下列哪个假设？A. The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew. A. 在树木年轮生长时，太阳活动周期就以现在的形式存在。B. The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather

38、patterns. B. 造成树木生长的生物机制不受短期天气模式的影响。C. Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness. C. 陆地气候和太阳活动周期随机影响树木年轮厚度。D. Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate. D. 树轮厚度反映陆地气候的变化。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词tree-ring thickness定位到第二段倒数第二句，该处讲到

39、“科学家们还通过研究间接的气候学数据（indirect climatological data），如（such as）古树年轮厚度（thickness of ancient tree rings）的化石记录。”，可知他们认为树木年轮的厚度可以反映气候，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在树木年轮生长时，太阳活动周期就以现在的形式存在”：文中没有提到是因为太阳活动周期现在和以前一样，属于无中生有；B选项“造成树木生长的生物机制不受短期天气模式的影响”：文中没有提到树木的生长不受短期天气的影响，属于无中生有；C选项“陆地气候和太阳活动周期随机影响树木年轮厚度”：文中没有提到树木年轮厚度受陆地气

40、候和太阳活动周期随机影响，属于无中生有。2. 填空题Concerns about research ethics were further heighted by a research project called the Tuskegee Study,sponsored by the United States Public Health Service to assess the clinical course of syphilis. A B C D【答案】A heighted改为heightened【解析】【考查点】被动语态。【解题思路】此句为被动语态，指的是人们对研究伦理的担忧进一步

41、被加剧，应该用heighten的过去分词heightened。【句意】一个名为“塔斯基吉研究”的研究项目进一步加剧了人们对研究伦理的担忧，该研究项目由美国公共卫生局资助，旨在评估梅毒的临床病程。3. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizonas high desert, is famous for its _ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符

42、合语境。【句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名。4. 单选题If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, however, has no such choice, for t

43、he jobs must be carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialists in many fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to underst

44、and, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts. The public school must educate both producers and users of scientific services.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such balance is defe

45、ated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural science, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases among the natural sciences themselves.Similarly, we must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. Th

46、e attention of the public is continually drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound, established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners.1. According to the first paragraph,

47、the task of education is fairly complicated because _.2. Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage?3. It can be inferred from the passage that _.4. The best title for this passage might be _.问题1选项A.the current public school system is too complicated to be understoodB.the public sc

48、hool system has no choice of what to teachC.it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schoolsD.the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students问题2选项A.One of the major tasks of education is to discover the most promising students.B.In order to

49、 teach effectively, educators are requested to lay emphasis on one particular field.C.Some subjects have been over-emphasized in public schools.D.The progress of the society cannot merely rely on inventors.问题3选项A.sufficient attention should be given to basic knowledgeB.students should learn more up-

50、to-date knowledgeC.lack of scientific knowledge will lead to poor relations between producers and users of scientific servicesD.students are getting to know the importance of a good balance among the branches of knowledge问题4选项A.Current System in EducationB.Educational Situation in Public SchoolC.Bal

51、ance in EducationD.Importance of Teaching Science and Technology【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the first paragraph, the task of education is fairly complicated because _. 根据第一段，教育的任务相当复杂，因为_。A. the current public school system is too complicated to be understood A. 目前的公立学校系统太复杂了，

52、难以理解B. the public school system has no choice of what to teach B. 公立学校系统对于所教内容没有选择的自由C. it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schools C. 很难决定是否应该在公立学校教授基础科学D. the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students D. 教育工作者必须既照顾普通学生也照顾有天赋的学生【答案】

53、D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词task of education定位到第一段第一、二句，该处讲到“如果只需要决定是大规模地向每个人教授基础科学，还是找到少数有天赋的人，并让他们走得尽可能远，我们的任务就相当简单了（task would be fairly simple）。然而，公立学校系统没有这样的选择，因为工作必须同时进行（jobs must be carried on at the same time）。”，可知教育复杂在同时教育在某方面普通的学生和有天赋的学生，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“目前的公立学校系统太复杂了，难以理解”：文中没有提到公立学校系统复杂

54、，属于无中生有；B选项“公立学校系统对于所教内容没有选择的自由”：学校不能选择教什么样的学生，而不是不能选择教什么知识，属于偷换概念；C选项“很难决定是否应该在公立学校教授基础科学”：已经做出了决定，并且这个决定是必须的，那就是在公立学校教授基础科学，属于反向干扰。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage? 以下哪一点文中没有包含在内？A. One of the major tasks of education is to discover the most promising students

55、. A. 教育的主要任务之一是发现最有前途的学生。B. In order to teach effectively, educators are requested to lay emphasis on one particular field. B. 为了有效地教学，教育工作者被要求着重于一个特定的领域。C. Some subjects have been over-emphasized in public schools. C. 公立学校过分强调某些科目。D. The progress of the society cannot merely rely on inventors. D. 社

56、会的进步不能仅仅依靠发明家。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第一段第三句“由于我们的进步如此依赖科学技术，我们必须培养许多领域的专家（must produce specialists in many fields）。”，可知教育工作者不只教授一个特定领域的内容，和文章内容不符，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“教育的主要任务之一是发现最有前途的学生”：对应第一段第一、二句“如果只需要决定是大规模地向每个人教授基础科学，还是找到少数有天赋的人（find the gifted few）工作必须同时进行（jobs must be carried on at the same

57、 time）。”，可知发现有天赋的学生是教育的主要任务之一，和文章内容相符，属于反向干扰；C选项“公立学校过分强调某些科目”：对应第二句第一、二句“知识的各个分支之间应该有一个良好的平衡（good balance）过分强调任何一个领域都会打破这种平衡（balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field）。”，以及第三段第二句“公众的注意力不断被吸引到科学领域的新可能性和新知识的发现（drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new kn

58、owledge）。”，可知过分强调科学领域让知识的各个分支之间打破了平衡，符合文章内容，属于反向干扰；D选项“社会的进步不能仅仅依靠发明家”：对应第一段最后一句“公立学校必须教育科学服务的生产者和使用者（both producers and users of scientific services）。”，可知社会的进步不仅仅依靠发明家，符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that _. 从文章中可以推断出_。A. sufficient attention should be given to basic kno

59、wledge A. 应该对基础知识给予足够的重视B. students should learn more up-to-date knowledge B. 学生应该学习更多的最新知识C. lack of scientific knowledge will lead to poor relations between producers and users of scientific services C. 科学知识的缺乏将导致科学服务的生产者和使用者之间的不良关系D. students are getting to know the importance of a good balance a

60、mong the branches of knowledge D. 学生们逐渐认识到各个知识分支之间保持良好平衡的重要性【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段最后一句，该处讲到“这些不应该让我们的注意力从为初学者建立课程基础这一事情（established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners）转移开。”，可知应该重视基础知识，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“学生应该学习更多的最新知识”：对应第三段第一、二句“我们必须在现有知识和经典知识之间取得平衡（balance between curren

61、t and classical knowledge）。公众的注意力不断被吸引到科学领域的新可能性和新知识的发现（the discovery of new knowledge）。”，需要平衡经典知识和新知识的学习，然而现在更多注意力放在了新知识，可知学生应该学习更多经典知识，属于偷换概念；C选项“科学知识的缺乏将导致科学服务的生产者和使用者之间的不良关系”：第一段第三句提出科学知识的作用，也就是“由于我们的进步如此依赖科学技术（depend so heavily upon science and technology），我们必须培养许多领域的专家。”；第四句提出广泛教育的作用，也就是“我们中的许

62、多人必须接受教育，以便于理解、支持并在必要时评判专家的工作（understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts）”；第五句点出科学知识教育和广泛教育结合的重要性，也就是这两种知识服务于“教育科学服务的生产者和使用者”。综上所述，科学知识和广泛教育的缺乏都会导致生产者和使用者之间的不良关系，属于以偏概全；D选项“学生们逐渐认识到各个知识分支之间保持良好平衡的重要性”：文章没有提到学生的观点，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage might be

63、 _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Current System in Education A. 现行教育制度B. Educational Situation in Public School B. 公立学校的教育情况C. Balance in Education C. 教育的平衡D. Importance of Teaching Science and Technology D. 科学技术教学的重要性【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段通过点出教育的现状引出第二段的观点，也就是一边教育科学技术领域的专家（specialists in many fields），一边让许多人接受教育（large numbers of us must be educated to understand）以维持社会制度的运行；第二段进一步提出需要在知识的各个分支之间保持平衡（a good balance among the branches of knowledge）；第三段讲需要在新知识和经典知识之间保持平衡（balance between current and classical knowledge