2018--2019学年人教版必修三Unit 4 Astronomy- the science of the stars grammar课时作业(6).docx
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Unit 4 Astronomy- the science of the stars课时作业grammar.阅读理解A2019长沙市南昌市第一次联考Watching what you eat can be easier said than done, but a recent study shows it might not just be about whats on your plate it could be about how quickly it disappears.Japanese researchers followed 1,083 adults for five years, splitting them into three categories based on how quickly they ate: slow, normal, and fast. They also answered a questionnaire at the beginning of the study, sharing their diet, physical activity, and medical history. In the beginning, none of the volunteers had metabolic syndrome (新陈代谢综合征) meaning at least three risk factors which can lead to health problems like heart conditions and diabetes. When the participants reported back five years later, 84 had been diagnosed (诊断) with metabolic syndrome and their eating speed was a major predictor, according to the results in the journal Circulation. The fast eaters were 89 percent more likely to have metabolic syndrome than slow and normal eaters. Just 2.3 percent of slow eaters received the diagnosis, compared to 11.6 percent of fast eaters. But thats not all. Fast eaters also saw more weight gain, larger waistlines, and higher blood sugar levels than slow eaters. The researchers say gobbling makes it easier not to take notice of fullness before your body has a chance to signal you to stop. “So when people eat fast they are more likely to overeat,” said Takayuki Yamaji, MD, study author and cardiologist at Hiroshima University in Japan in a statement. Previous research backs up the weight benefits of slow eating, too. One study of New Zealand women found fast eaters have higher bodymass indexes (指数), and a Chinese study found that both healthy and fat men ate less when told to chew 40 times instead of 15 times before swallowing. Initial research even suggests chewing your food longer could burn more calories up to about 1,000 extra every month.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。不只吃什么影响健康,吃的速度也影响健康。【难句分析】In the beginning, none of the volunteers had metabolic syndrome(新陈代谢综合征) meaning at least three risk factors which can lead to health problems like heart conditions and diabetes.分析:这是一个复合句。主句是In the beginning, none of the volunteers had metabolic syndrome; which can lead to health problems like heart conditions and diabetes是定语从句。译文:起初,没有一个志愿者有新陈代谢综合征意味着至少三种危险因素,新陈代谢综合征可引起心脏病和糖尿病等健康问题。1What are the participants divided by?AMedical history. BHealth condition.CPhysical activity. DEating speed. 答案与解析:D考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“splitting them into three categories based on how quickly they ate: slow, normal, and fast”可知,按照参与者吃饭的速度,研究者将他们分为吃得慢、正常、快三个类别。2Which may be the result of the study?AFast eaters are 4 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome.BNormal and slow eaters dont have metabolic illness.C89% of fast eaters have higher blood pressure.DSlow eaters are healthier than fast eaters.答案与解析:D考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Fast eaters also saw more weight gain, larger waistlines, and higher blood sugar levels than slow eaters”可知,比起吃得慢的人,吃得快的人体重增加更多、腰围更大、血糖水平也更高,反向推知,吃得慢的人比吃得快的人健康。3What does the underlined word “gobbling” in Paragraph 4 best mean?ATasting slowly.BDigesting quickly.CEating greedily.DCooking carefully.答案与解析:C考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“when people eat fast they are more likely to overeat”可知,吃得快可能会让人吃得过多,所以这个词的意思应是“狼吞虎咽地吃”,故选C项。4What does the last paragraph tell us?AThe importance of eating speed.BThe advantage of eating slowly.CThe result of a Chinese study.DFast eating and overeating.答案与解析:B考查段落大意。根据文章最后一段的中心句“Previous research backs up the weight benefits of slow eating, too”及下文内容可知,本段主要讲慢点吃的好处。B2019长春监测二Sleep repairs the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long hours, or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects (实验对象) who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a lab during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several tasks, such as mathematics and word problems, while researchers were undergoing scans of their brain activity. The researchers found that the temporal lobe (颞叶) of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was active during speech tasks in rested subjects but not in subjects who lacked enough sleep. After several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region.Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage shortterm memory and reaction time thus causing a serious risk of accident. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.5 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleepdeprived driving.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文,说明了睡眠缺失对人们大脑的影响,以及驾驶员如果缺乏睡眠可能导致的严重后果。【难句分析】Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. 分析:本句是一个复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句,在从句中不作句子成分;第二个that引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,指代先行词certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity;because引导原因状语从句。译文:研究表明大脑会因为睡眠不足而受到负面的影响,因为在睡眠期间发生的某些电子和化学活动被打断,大脑不能正常地运转。5The underlined word “deprivation” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _. Aweakness BlossCdiscomfort Dpain答案与解析:B考查词义猜测。根据第一段第二句“However, many adults do not get eight hours of sleep each night”可知,许多成年人睡眠不足,由此可推知,deprivation是“缺失”的含义,这与本段最后一句“A significant number of people work at night, work long hours, or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag”呼应,故选B。 6The passage mentions all of the following as causes of sleep deprivation EXCEPT _. Ajet lag Blong work hoursCboring work Dworking at night答案与解析:C考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句“A significant number of people work at night, work long hours, or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag”可知,睡眠缺失的原因很多,但不包括工作枯燥,故选C。7The purpose of the study described in Paragraph 2 was to determine _. Ahow many hours people can survive without sleepBhow people react when their sleep is interruptedCthe changes in brain activity that occurs during sleepDthe effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity答案与解析:D考查推理判断。根据第二段第一句“Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally”并结合本段的内容可推知,本段主要论述的是睡眠缺失对大脑的影响,故选D。 8Why does the author mention blood alcohol level in Paragraph 3? ATo show how sleep deprivation reduces the blood alcohol level. BTo show that sleep deprivation has the same dangerous effects as being drunk. CTo suggest that sleepdeprived drivers are also likely to drink. DTo argue against raising the legal limit for drunk driving.答案与解析:B考查推理判断。根据文章第三段第二句“In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk”可推知,作者提到血液中酒精浓度的例子是为了证明之前的结论,即:睡眠缺失和饮酒在驾驶中的危害同样严重,故选B。.七选五2019湖北省七市联考Do teenagers know how to sleep? If youre the parent of teens, you might be laughing to yourself. Thats all they know how to do. In truth, teens might not know enough about how to sleep, when to sleep and why. _1_.Just as we focus on our diets and exercise for health, we need to consider sleep necessary to our mental, physical and psychological health. “Good” sleep is sleep that is long enough to allow your brain to remove the side effects of daytime brain activity. Consistent bed times and wakeup times are the key to keeping our sleep cycles. _2_.Teens are social creatures, and the most attractive social “gathering” place these days is on their digital devices. _3_. Ideally, we should avoid blue light for at least half an hour before bed. But social media and homework that requires screen time mean too many kids are powering up their devices when their bodies should be powering down for the night._4_. Equally contributing to sleep issues are eating too late, taking naps, and failing to get enough exercise. In other words, these people never learned how to sleep.Over time, poor sleep leads to a decline in mood. _5_. Significantly, when I speak to my adult patients who are struggling with sleep issues, nearly all of them say their sleep problems started in high school.Therefore, I recommend sleep education. Otherwise, we wont necessarily solve the health, safety and economic issues of sleepy teens.AWhen they are disturbed, our sleep is affectedBGoing to bed too late is only one part of sleep problemsCBeing exposed to blue light from our screens delays sleepDCurrent school schedules allow for about seven hours of sleep a nightEIt also contributes to a lot of medical issues, from being fat to heart diseaseFLater school start time really contributes to more sleep and improved healthGAs far as Im concerned, one important element is missing: sleep education 【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了要对青少年进行睡眠教育。1答案与解析:G本句位于段落末尾句,要么是段落主题句或是承上启下的过渡句。段落首句提出问题,第二句介绍父母的反应,第四句介绍孩子们的情况,故可推知,空处所在句是提出本段的观点也就是对首句问题的回答,所以选G项。2答案与解析:AA项中的代词they指代前句中的“Consistent bed times and wakeup times”,前后意思连贯,所以选A项。3答案与解析:CC项中的screens是空前“digital devices”的列举,同时句中的blue light在空处后句再次出现,这是同义复现。C项“接触来自我们屏幕的蓝光推迟了睡眠”与空后“理想情况下,我们应该在睡前至少半小时避免蓝光”构成了因果关系,所以选C项。4答案与解析:B空后列举了造成睡眠不好的几个方面,由此可见此段主要介绍导致睡眠不好的主要表现形式,所以B项中的“Going to bed too late(睡觉太晚)”也是之一,所以选B项。5答案与解析: EE项中的“contributes to”与前句中的“leads to”是相同的表达,同时also一词更好体现二者之间的连贯,所以选E项。.语法填空2019江西五校第一次联考The World Health Organization (WHO) has made an appeal to scientists, drug manufacturers and governments. The WHO wants them to work together _1_ (develop) drugs to fight 12 bacteria. These bacteria _2_ (be) able to resist _3_ (power) antibiotic(抗生素) drugs. The resistance is so unusually strong that all the 12 bacteria have been given a special name “superbug” The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human _4_ (healthy). It said they have _5_ ability to easily turn treatable infections into killers. The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material _6_ helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment. MariePaule Kieny is the Assistant DirectorGeneral at the WHO. She said, “Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out _7_ treatment options.” She urged governments to give drug companies reasons to develop new treatments. “If we leave it to market forces alone, the new antibiotics we most _8_ (urgent) need are not going to be developed in time,” she said. Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount _9_ (require) by doctors. When this happens, infections that _10_ (treat) at one time easily become resistant.【语篇解读】本题主要讲述了世界卫生组织呼吁开发新的药物,以应对超级病菌对人类健康的威胁。1答案与解析:to develop考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语,故填to develop。2答案与解析:are考查动词时态。此处表示客观的陈述,故用一般现在时;结合空前的“These bacteria”可知,应填are。3答案与解析:powerful考查形容词。此处应用形容词作定语修饰名词短语,故填形容词powerful。4答案与解析:health考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语。human health意为“人类健康”,作介词to的宾语。5答案与解析:the考查冠词。ability被不定式短语“to easily turn treatable infections into killers”所修饰,表示特指,故用定冠词the修饰。6答案与解析:that/which考查定语从句。that/which引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,修饰先行词genetic material。知识储备:that/which引导定语从句时,先行词一般指物或者一件事情,在从句中作主语或宾语;作主语时,不能省略。7答案与解析:of考查介词。固定搭配run out of意为“用完”,故填介词of。8答案与解析:urgently考查副词。副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子,故此处应用副词urgently修饰动词need。9答案与解析:required考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,require和amount之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词作后置定语。10答案与解析:were treated考查动词时态和语态。根据时间状语“at one time”可知,treat所表示的动作发生在过去,且动词treat和infections是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。- 配套讲稿:
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