曼昆经济学原理11-公共产品和公共资源.ppt
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,PublicGoodsandCommonResources,Chapter11,“Thebestthingsinlifearefree.”,FreegoodsprovideaspecialchallengeforeconomicanalysisMostgoodsinoureconomyareallocatedinmarkets,forthesegoods,pricesarethesignalsthatguidethedecisionsofbuyersandsellers.,“Thebestthingsinlifearefree.”,Whengoodsareavailablefreeofcharge,themarketforcesthatnormallyallocateresourcesinoureconomyareabsent.,“Thebestthingsinlifearefree.”,Whenagooddoesnothaveapriceattachedtoit,privatemarketscannotensurethatthegoodisproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.,“Thebestthingsinlifearefree.”,Insuchcases,governmentpolicycanpotentiallyremedythemarketfailurethatresults,andraiseeconomicwell-being.,TheDifferentKindsofGoods,Whenthinkingaboutthevariousgoodsintheeconomy,itisusefultogroupthemaccordingtotwocharacteristics:Isthegoodexcludable?Isthegoodrival?,TheDifferentKindsofGoods,ExcludabilityPeoplecanbepreventedfromenjoyingthegood.Lawsrecognizeandenforceprivatepropertyrights.,TheDifferentKindsofGoods,RivalnessOnepersonsuseofthegooddiminishesanotherpersonsenjoymentofit.,FourTypesofGoods,PrivateGoodsPublicGoodsCommonResourcesNaturalMonopolies,TypesofGoods,PrivateGoodsArebothexcludableandrival.PublicGoodsAreneitherexcludablenorrival.,TypesofGoods,CommonResourcesArerivalbutnotexcludable.NaturalMonopoliesAreexcludablebutnotrival.,TypesofGoods,TheFree-RiderProblem,Afree-riderisapersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.,TheFree-RiderProblem,Sincepeoplecannotbeexcludedfromenjoyingthebenefitsofapublicgood,individualsmaywithholdpayingforthegoodhopingthatotherswillpayforit.Thefree-riderproblempreventsprivatemarketsfromsupplyingpublicgoods.,SolvingtheFree-RiderProblem,Thegovernmentcandecidetoprovidethepublicgoodifthetotalbenefitsexceedthecosts.Thegovernmentcanmakeeveryonebetteroffbyprovidingthepublicgoodandpayingforitwithtaxrevenue.,SomeImportantPublicGoods,NationalDefenseBasicResearchProgramstoFightPoverty,AreLighthousesPublicGoods?,Cost-BenefitAnalysis,Inordertodecidewhethertoprovideapublicgoodornot,thetotalbenefitsofallthosewhousethegoodmustbecomparedtothecostsofprovidingandmaintainingthepublicgood.Costbenefitanalysisestimatesthetotalcostsandbenefitsofagoodtosocietyasawhole.,Cost-BenefitAnalysis,Acost-benefitanalysiswouldbeusedtoestimatethetotalcostsandbenefitsoftheprojecttosocietyasawhole.Itisdifficulttodobecauseoftheabsenceofpricesneededtoestimatesocialbenefitsandresourcecosts.Thevalueoflife,theconsumerstime,andaestheticsaredifficulttoassess.,CommonResources,Commonresources,likepublicgoods,arenotexcludable.Theyareavailablefreeofchargetoanyonewhowishestousethem.,CommonResources,Commonresourcesarerivalgoodsbecauseonepersonsuseofthecommonresourcereducesotherpeoplesuse.,TragedyoftheCommons,TheTragedyoftheCommonsisastorywithagenerallesson:Whenonepersonusesacommonresource,heorshediminishesanotherpersonsenjoymentofit.Commonresourcestendtobeusedexcessivelywhenindividualsarenotchargedfortheirusage.Thiscreatesanegativeexternality.,ExamplesofCommonResources,CleanairandwaterOilpoolsCongestedroadsFish,whales,andotherwildlife,WhyIsnttheCowExtinct?,PrivateOwnershipandtheProfitMotive!,ImportanceofPropertyRights,Themarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficientlywhenpropertyrightsarenotwell-established(i.e.someitemofvaluedoesnothaveanownerwiththelegalauthoritytocontrolit).,ImportanceofPropertyRights,Whentheabsenceofpropertyrightscausesamarketfailure,thegovernmentcanpotentiallysolvetheproblem.,Summary,Goodsdifferinwhethertheyareexcludableandwhethertheyarerival.Agoodisexcludableifitispossibletopreventsomeonefromusingit.Agoodisrivalifonepersonsenjoymentofthegoodpreventsotherpeoplefromenjoyingthesameunitofthegood.,Summary,Publicgoodsareneitherrivalnorexcludable.Becausepeoplearenotchargedfortheiruseofpublicgoods,theyhaveanincentivetofreeridewhenthegoodisprovidedprivately.Governmentsprovidepublicgoods,makingquantitydecisionsbaseduponcost-benefitanalysis.,Summary,Commonresourcesarerivalbutnotexcludable.Becausepeoplearenotchargedfortheiruseofcommonresources,theytendtousethemexcessively.Governmentstendtotrytolimittheuseofcommonresources.,- 配套讲稿:
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