杠杆(二)机械加工工艺及其钻φ10孔的工装夹具设计
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外文文献原文The machining process and fixture is introduced1.1 machining process definition Machining process is to point to by machining methods to change the shape of the blank, size, and the relative position and properties, make it become the finished product or the whole process of semi-finished products. Machining process directly determine part and the quality of the products and the cost of the product performance, the production cycle, there are great influence, the whole process is an important part of the process. 1.2 the composition of the machining process Composition machining process is the basic unit of the process. Process is installed, Labour, work by step and go up of the sword. (1) process is to point to a or a group of workers in a work, the same or at the same time for the continuous finish by several that part of the process. Process is to develop work quota, equipped with workers and machine tool equipment, arrange work plan and conduct quality inspection of basic unit. (2) is the installation work after a fixture that part of the complete process. (3) when application inversion (or shift) processing of machine tools (or fixture) in a processing clamping, workpiece (or tool) relative to machine tools to go through several position in processing, in every work position finished that part of the process, called work station. The progressive process can reduce the number of clamping, reduce the clamping error and raise productivity. (4) work step is processing cutting tool and surface in cutting dosages (refers to only spindle speed and feed) are unchanged under the situation of that part of the complete process technology. in a work in step, if to cut off metal layer is very thick, can divide a few times each cutting a cutting, is called a walk the knife. 1.3 the machining process planning definition Provisions products or components manufacturing process and operation method of process documents, called the technical process, it is the enterprise production guiding technical document. 1.4 the machining process planning role and content 1.4.1 machining process planning of the main role (1) the machining process planning is the main basis of production preparation work. According to it to organize the supply of raw materials and blank, machine tool, the special craft equipment adjusted design and manufacturing, prepare production work plan, the deployment of labor, and production cost, etc. (2) the machining process planning and organization production, or to the plan scheduling basis. It can make the product in the schedule and the corresponding scheduling plan, and can do it each working procedure, make scientific cohesion production equilibrium, smooth, high yield, high and low consumption. (3) the machining process planning is the new factory of basic technical documents. According to it and production program, and to determine the amount and type of machine tool, the factory area, machine tools layout, and the type of work of production workers, grades, and quantity, and the auxiliary departments arrangement. 1.4.2 mechanical processing procedure including content Machining process card and machining process card, is two main process documents. Machining process card, is that in parts processing process process documents. In single or small batch production, machining process card to direct production, process card for all projects are detailed. Mechanical processing process card for each working procedure is formulated to directly, the detailed guidance for the production workers, more for mass production and mass production of the parts of the important parts. 1.5 make the machining process planning of the principles and steps In certain production conditions, with minimal labor consumption and the lowest cost, is planned for the drawings of the request processing parts, is to make the machining process planning basic principles. Make the machining process planning of the procedure is as follows: (1) according to the production of parts production type; decision program (2) analysis parts processing technology; (3) choose the type of blank and manufacturing methods; (4) the draft process; (5) process design; 2. prepare process documents. Second, clamp design 2.1 the concept and composition. Fixture In the machine tool used by the jacket clip process equipment called machine tool fixtures. Fixture is mechanical processing indispensable component in the machine tool technology to speed, efficient, precision, composite, intelligent, environmental protection direction drive, the fixture technology is high precision, high efficiency, module toward, combination, general motors, and economic development direction. By positioning components, machine tool fixtures clamping device to the sword, and guide components, connections with concrete, other components, device or components. Positioning components, clamping device and clip concrete is the basic component of fixture. 2.2 the type of fixture and function According to the application range of the fixture classification have general fixture, special jig, group clamps, modular fixture, etc.; According to the power source of the clamping fixture classification have manual fixture, pneumatic fixture, hydraulic clamp, electric fixture, magnetic fixture, vacuum clamp, cutting force and the centrifugal force fixture, etc. The key role of the machine tool fixtures for: (1) the processing accuracy and easy assurance that a group of workpiece machining precision of the stability; (2) the assistant time shorten, improve labor productivity, reduce production cost; (3) to reduce the operating intensity, lowering the technical requirements of the workers; (4) to expand the scope of machine tools, machine can realize process; (5) reduce production preparation time, shorten new product production cycle. 2.3 the orientation and clamping fixture Positioning refers to make work in machine or occupies the correct position of fixture process. Clamping workpiece is to point to to secure its position, to make the work in the machining process keep constant operation position positioning. The fixture in positioning of the usually have the following four conditions: complete orientation, part of the orientation, owe orientation, repeat positioning. In the clamping fixture workpiece is by the fixture clamping device finish. Clamping device by power device and usually clamping organization composed of two. The typical clamping institutions are inclined wedge clamp institutions, spiral clamping institutions, circular eccentric clamping institutions, centering clamping institutions, hinge clamping institutions, linkage clamping institutions, etc. Clamping power device has a pneumatic clamping device, hydraulic clamping device, electromagnetic clamping device, vacuum clamp device etc. 外文文献中文翻译机械加工工艺及夹具介绍1.1 机械加工工艺过程的定义机械加工工艺过程是指用机械加工方法改变毛坯的形状,尺寸,相对位置和性质等,使其成为成品或半成品的全过程。机械加工工艺过程直接决定零件及产品的质量和性能,对产品的成本、生产周期都有较大的影响,是整个工艺过程的重要组成部分。1.2 机械加工工艺过程的组成组成机械加工工艺过程的基本单元是工序。工序又是由安装、工位、工步及走刀组成的。 工序是指一个或一组工人,在一个工作地对同一个或同时对几个工件所连续完成的那一部分工艺过程。工序是制定劳动定额、配备工人及机床设备、安排作业计划和进行质量检验的基本单元。 安装是工件经一次装夹后所完成的那一部分工序。 当应用转位(或移位)加工的机床(或夹具)进行加工时,在一次装夹中,工件(或刀具)相对于机床要经过几个位置依次进行加工,在每一个工作位置上所完成的那一部分工序,称为工位。采用多工位加工可以减少装夹的次数,减少装夹误差,提高生产率。 工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量(仅指主轴转速和进给量)都不变的情况下所完成的那一部分工艺过程。 在一个工步中,如果要切掉的金属层很厚,可分几次切削,每切削一次就称为一次走刀。1.3 机械加工工艺规程的定义规定产品或零部件制造过程和操作方法等的工艺文件,称为工艺规程,它是企业生产中的指导性技术文件。1.4 机械加工工艺规程的作用及内容1.4.1机械加工工艺规程的主要作用机械加工工艺规程是生产准备工作的主要依据。根据它来组织原材料和毛坯的供应,进行机床调整,专用工艺装备的设计与制造,编制生产作业计划,调配劳动力,以及进行生产成本核算等。机械加工工艺规程也是组织生产、进行计划调度的依据。有了它就可以制定生产产品的进度计划和相应的调度计划,并能做到各工序科学地衔接,使生产均衡、顺利,实现优质、高产和低消耗。机械加工工艺规程是新建工厂的基本技术文件。根据它和生产纲领,才能确定所需机床的种类和数量、工厂的面积、机床的平面布置、生产工人的工种、等级和数量、以及各辅助部门的安排等。1.4.2机械加工工艺规程包括的内容机械加工工艺过程卡片和机械加工工序卡片,是两个主要的工艺文件。机械加工工艺过程卡片,是说明零件加工工艺过程的工艺文件。在单件、小批量生产中,以机械加工工艺过程卡片指导生产,过程卡的各个项目编制较为详细。机械加工工序卡片是为每个工序详细制定的,用于直接指导工人进行生产,多用于大批量生产的零件和成批生产中的重要零件。1.5 制订机械加工工艺规程的原则及步骤在一定的生产条件下,以最少的劳动消耗和最低的费用,按计划加工出符合图纸要求的零件,是制订机械加工工艺规程的基本原则。制订机械加工工艺规程的步骤如下:根据零件的生产纲领决定生产类型;分析零件加工的工艺性;选择毛坯的种类和制造方法;拟订工艺过程;工序设计;编制工艺文件。二、夹具设计2.1 夹具的概念及组成在机床上装夹工件所使用的工艺装备称为机床夹具。夹具是机械加工不可缺少的部件,在机床技术向高速、高效、精密、复合、智能、环保方向发展的带动下,夹具技术正朝着高精、高效、模块、组合、通用、经济方向发展。机床夹具由定位元件、夹紧装置、对刀及导引元件、连接元件、夹具体、其他装置或元件组成。定位元件、夹紧装置和夹具体是夹具的基本组成部分。2.2 夹具的类型及作用按夹具的应用范围分类有通用夹具、专用夹具、成组夹具、组合夹具等;按夹具上的动力源分类有手动夹具、气动夹具、液压夹具、电动夹具、磁力夹具、真空夹具、切削力及离心力夹具等。机床夹具的主要作用为:易于保证加工精度,并使一批工件的加工精度稳定;缩短辅助时间,提高劳动生产率,降低生产成本;减轻工人操作强度,降低对工人的技术要求;扩大机床的工艺范围,实现一机多能;减少生产准备时间,缩短新产品试制周期。2.3 夹具的定位和夹紧定位是指确定工件在机床或夹具中占有正确位置的过程。夹紧是指工件定位后将其固定,使工件在加工过程中保持定位位置不变的操作。工件在夹具中的定位通常有以下四种情况:完全定位、部分定位、欠定位、重复定位。工件在夹具中的夹紧是由夹具的夹紧装置完成的。夹紧装置通常由动力装置和夹紧机构两大部分组成。典型的夹紧机构有斜楔夹紧机构、螺旋夹紧机构、圆偏心夹紧机构、定心夹紧机构、铰链夹紧机构、联动夹紧机构等。夹紧动力装置有气动夹紧装置、液压夹紧装置、电磁夹紧装置、真空夹紧装置等。7
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