2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题25（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The reason that the city attracts lots of inhabitants lies in that its a city of（ ）.问题1选项A.intensityB.diversityC.adversityD.necessity【答案】B【解析】句意:这个城市吸引很多居民的原因在于它是一个多元化的城市。考查名词辨析。Intensity 强度,强烈;diversity 不同(点),多样性,多样化; adversity困境,逆境; necessity 必然,必要,需要。因此B符合句意。

2、2. 单选题Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help（ ）friendly relations between our two universities.问题1选项A.fosterB.harnessC.installD.exhibit【答案】A【解析】句意:频繁的文化交流必将有助于促进我们两所大学之间的友好关系。考查动词辨析。foster 培养,促进;harness 驾驭,利用;install 安装,安顿：exhibit 展览,显示,提出。由题干关键词“friendly relations(友好关系)”可知A符合句意。3. 单选题Anthro

3、pology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the soci

4、al sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthrop

5、ologists, our customs and those of New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with common problems, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one traditio

6、n, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and

7、the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior

8、at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the pred

9、ominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.1. According to the passage, we can say that anthropology（ ）.2. For serious study, an anthropologist（ ）.3. In the third paragraph, the author is trying（ ）.4. Which of the following does the author m

10、ost probably agree with?5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living worldB.can reveal an enormous diversity of traditionsC.can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and natureD.can dis

11、tinguish the human race from other creatures问题2选项A.must not study his own cultureB.is not supposed to have a prejudice against any societyC.should focus on those societies which are historically related to each otherD.is obliged to work only on those societies that have no historical relationship to

12、 each other问题3选项A.to be critical of customB.to say that anthropology is more important than psychologyC.to strengthen the role custom plays in experience and beliefD.to draw our intention to the importance of custom问题4选项A.The goal of the anthropologist is to understand the way in which people expres

13、s themselves.B.The anthropologist tries to understand why cultures are carried on without any change.C.The anthropologists professional interest is as wide as the variety of customs.D.The anthropologist is to explore social relations of different people.问题5选项A.Human Behavior.B.Creature of Society.C.

14、The Science of Custom.D.The Functions of Cultures.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition (它把注意力集中在那些自然特征和工

15、业技术、 传统和价值观上，它们使一个社区区别于从属于不同传统的其他社会), 即人类学能体现从属于不同传统的社会之间的不同,因此B项“揭示传统的巨大多样性”正确。2.判断推理题。A项中“must not”和D项中“only”表述过于绝对,故排除。B:不应该对任何社会存在偏见,第二段指出: .and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other (只要他还作为一位人类学家，他就一定会避免厚此薄彼，对任何文化存在偏见),因此B与原文所述

16、相符。C:应关注历史上相互关联的社会,第二段指出: For its purposes, any social regulation.and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization (就其目的而言，任何社会规则都与我们文化中的社会规则不可能有历史联系),因此C与原文不符。故选B。3.作者意图题。题干为:在第三段,作者打算?第三段开始指出: Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment (当前，习俗并没有被

17、看作是一门重要的学科), 随后强调了 As a matter of fact, it is the other way round (事实正好相反)。而后谈及了习俗的作用和多样性。因此作者第三段谈及的是习俗的重要性和地位。故选D。4.判断推理题。第二段指出: He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate,

18、 the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals (他感兴趣的是在各种文化中所发现的浩瀚的习俗范围，他的目标就是弄懂这些文化变化和相互区别的方式，搞清楚它们表达自己的不同方式，弄明白任何一个民族的习俗在某一特定文化中的个人生活中的作用方式),故选C“人类学家的专业范畴与习俗的丰富性一样广泛”。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了人类学的研究范围、对象和

19、目标。通篇都在介绍人类学所研究的重点是人类的习俗，以及后文重点介绍了习俗的重要性和地位。故C项“习俗的科学”比较适合做文章标题。4. 单选题My daughter lias walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk（ ）far.问题1选项A./B.suchC.thatD.as【答案】C【解析】句意:我女儿今天己经步行了8英里。我们从未想到她能步行那么远。考查连词辨析。Such是代词或限定词表示“这样（的）”，一般不修饰形容词；that （与表数量或范围的形容词和副词连用）那样，那么；as 同样地；和一 样的。因

20、此C符合句意。5. 单选题Many functions available from modern software are quite（ ）and have a number of options.问题1选项A.flexibleB.sustainableC.accessibleD.applicable【答案】A【解析】句意:现代软件提供的许多功能非常灵活且有多种选择。考查形容词辨析。Flexible能适应新情况的,灵活的,可变动的,柔韧的;sustainable,足可支撑的, 养得起的,可持续的,;accessible ,易接近的,可进入的,可理解的,;applicable ,可适用的,可应

21、用的。根据and后面的关键信息“have a number of options (有多种选择)”可知A符合句意。6. 单选题Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little lias changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social classwhether a person is

22、working-class or middle-classis one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workersjobs were generally much less secure, distinct differe

23、nces in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her housekeeping, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with

24、 his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as an important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in

25、 very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws, combined with a gener

26、al rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years

27、 for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for hol

28、idays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that

29、new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.1.Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?2.The writer seems to suggest that the description of（ ）is closer to truth?3.According to the passage

30、, which of the following is not a typical feature of the middle class?4.Working-class peoples sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors except?5.Which of the following statements is incorrect?问题1选项A.life style and occupationB.Attitude and incomeC.income and job securityD.j

31、ob security and hobbies问题2选项A.middle -class ways of spending moneyB.working-class ways of spending the weekendC.working-class drinking habitsD.middle-class attitudes问题3选项A.desiring for securityB.Making long term plansC.having priorities in lifeD.saving money问题4选项A.better social securityB.more job op

32、portunitiesC.higher living standardD.better legal protection.问题5选项A.Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B.The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C.difference in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D.middle-clas

33、s people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段指出: In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workersjobs were generally much les

34、s secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence (过去，工人阶级的工资往往低于中产阶级，如教师和医生。由于这一点，也由于工人的工作普遍不太稳定，生活方式和态度出现了明显的差异),因此选C “收入和工作稳定”。2.细节事实题。第三段指出: The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth (中产阶级花钱的旧模式或许更接近真实),因此A项“中产阶级花钱的方式”

35、正确。3.细节事实题。A: 渴望安全,C: 在生活中有优先考虑的事情,第三段指出: Not only did he regard buying a house as an important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security (他(中产阶级) 不仅将买房子看成是一件重要的事情，且他还认为自己孩子的教育非常重耍。这两个方而为他和自己的家庭提供了安全),因

36、此A和C属于中产阶级的典型特点。B: 制定长远的计划,由第三段“He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view(他（即中产阶级）过去且现在仍然倾向于去采取更长远的观点)”可知B项属于中产阶级的典型特点。只有D项“攒钱”没提及,故选D。4.细节事实题。A:更好的社会保障,B: 更多的工作机会,C:更高的生活水平,D:更好的法律保护,第三段指出: Social security and laws, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-

37、fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow(社会保障和法律，以及 20 世纪以来生活水平的普遍提高，让大家相比以前更没有必要去担心明天),故A、C、D属于导致工人阶级安全感提升的因素。B项文章未提及。5.细节事实题。A:英国社会的各个方面都正在发生缓慢变化,第一段指出: Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal or at least many parts of it

38、 have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned (过去 25 年里，英国社会发生了很大变化或至少它的很多方而发生了很大的变化，但有些方而却没什么变化),因此A项与原文不符。B: 工人阶级和中产阶级年轻人之间的差距正在缩小,由最后一段“The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people(（工人阶级与中产阶级

39、）在生活方式和态度上的改变可能最容易在年轻人身上被看到)”可知B与原文相符。C: 收人差异将仍然存在，但是在职业上的那些差异将会消失,最后一段指出: Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid （whatever the type of job they may have） and the low-paid(然而，我们在收入高的人（无论他们可能有的工作种类是什么）和收人差的人之间仍然将会有大的落差),因此C与原文相符。D: 中产阶级有时感觉不如工人阶级,第四段指出: In fact there has been a

40、growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position (实际上，在过去数年里中产阶级为自己的位置感到有些羞愧的倾向在不断增加),因此D项与原文相符。故答案选A。7. 单选题We are dealing with two different perspectives that（ ）, intersect, but dont seem to yield a synthesis.问题1选项A.overrunB.overlapC.overworkD

41、.overuse【答案】B【解析】句意:我们正在处理有部分重叠、交叉却似乎不能生成综合体的两种不同的透视图。考查动词辨析。Overrun 泛滥，横行，肆虐，多用(时间、钱财等)，超时;overlap部分重叠，部分地同时发生;overwork工作过度;overuse 使用过度（或过久）。由题干中关键信息intersect交叉”可知“部分重叠”符合。8. 单选题His（ ）brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.问题1选项A.richB.quickC.productiveD.fertile【答案】D【解析】句意:他脑子很灵,己经想

42、出了一个靠谱的治疗方法。考查形容词辨析。rich 富有的,肥沃的,昂贵的;quick 快的,迅速的;productive 生产的,多产的,富有成效的；fertile （土地）富饶的，肥沃 的；（人的头脑）主意多，有创造力的；能生育的。9. 单选题The two countries have（ ）friendly relations for many years.问题1选项A.retainedB.sustainedC.maintainedD.remained【答案】C【解析】句意:这两个国家多年来保持着友好关系。考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。Retain持有,保留; sust

43、ain维持(生命、生存),使稳定持续,遭受; maintain维持,保持,维修; remain仍然是,保持不变,剩余,遗留,续存在。因此C符合句意。10. 单选题The tone of the article（ ）the writers mood at the time.问题1选项A.reproducedB.reflectedC.imaginedD.imitated【答案】B【解析】句意:这篇文章的语气反映了这位作者当时的情绪。、考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去式。reproduce 复制，再生，生殖；reflect 反映，反射；imagine 想像，猜想，臆断；imitate 模仿，

44、仿造。空格处动词的宾语为the writers mood (作者的情绪),因此B符合句意。11. 单选题The TV program is so（ ）that I cant move my eyes away from the screen.问题1选项A.freestandingB.devastatingC.compellingD.fascinating【答案】D【解析】句意:这个电视节目如此吸引人,以至于我眼睛不能从屏幕上移开。考查形容词辨析。freestanding 独立式的;devastating 毁灭性的;compelling 引人注目的,强制的,激发兴趣的;fascinating 迷

45、人的,吸引人的,使人祌魂颠倒的。由后半句句意可知D正确。12. 单选题It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial （ ）will be conducted by computer.问题1选项A.transmissionsB.transitionsC.transactionsD.transformations【答案】C【解析】句意:事实上，所有的资金交易都将由计算机来处理，人们将不需要携带大量的现金

46、，所以在街上闲逛将会更安全。考查名词辨析。transmission传送，传递，传达，传播，传染；transition 过渡，转变，转换；transaction 交易，事务；transformation 转化，转换，改革，变形。由句意“人们将不需要携带大量的现金”可知C正确。13. 单选题The vast majority of people in any given culture will（ ）to the established standards of that culture.问题1选项A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm【答案】B【解析】句意:在

47、任何特定文化中的绝大多数人将遵守那种文化己确立的标准。考查动词辨析。confine 限制，限定，禁闭，confine to 只限于，关在里面；conform 使遵守，使致，使顺从，conform to 符合，遵守;confront （为及物动词，其后可以直接跟宾语）使无法回避，降临于，处理，面对；confirm （为及物动词，其后可以直接跟宾语）确认，证实。空格与介词to的宾语standards(标准),因此B无论从语义还是搭配上都符合题干要求。14. 翻译题The necessary urban development of our cities must be compatible wit

48、h the conservation of the Cultural and Historical Patrimony. This is particularly true in the case of those cities, numerous in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe, that are the result of a long historical tradition, often uninterrupted during almost two thousand years. （1）The preservation of the Archa

49、eological Patrimony in these cities, however, conies up against conflicts difficult to resolve，with very differine and opposed positions: the demand and the price of the ground, the liamionious development of the city, the presence of infrastructures and services, the aspiration of the citizens to w

50、orthy housing, the business projects of the promoters or the working plans of the constructors.The common resource established to solve these conflicts is Urban Planning. （2）Arcliaeolouv must take part actively in the elaboration of this planning，and use its abilities positively to prevent archaeolo

51、gical problems and look for an acceptable solution fi.oni the point of view of the protection of the Archaeological Patrimony with regaid to urban development.（3）Lainentablv，archaeology frequently ignores the possibilities of this course of action and does not have the resources necessary to use the

52、 urban standard and the planning figures as other methodological instruments (alongside those traditionally used archaeology) to solve the archaeological impact of urban development.（4）Given that the planning figures are the most efficient wav of regulating the ground plan and classify and organize

53、the territory, they are also a useful instrument for organizing an action of urban Archaeological Patrimony within the plan. This outlining must extend from the element under protection towards its surroundings, and must seek the conservation of that space, as well as guarantee the control of the ag

54、ents or activities that may act negatively upon them.（5）The adequate organization of these spaces needs not only to apply the existing ground legislation, but also develop in each particular case (whether a city or a superior organiziii2 community) a defined regulation. This regulation, adapted to t

55、he specification of the elements and surroundings to be protected, provides an adequate organization of the spaces that, due to their own historical values and potential social function, thus require it. To achieve this, it will be necessary to not only limit their use, but also to establish solutio

56、ns for their management and, even, for their socio-cultural use.【答案】1.然而，这些城市的考古遗产保护遇到了难以调和的冲突，其中包括一些非常不同，甚至对立的观点。2.考古学（家）必须积极参与城市规划方案的制定，并积极地利用其影响力来阻止考古相关的问题。而且，在城市开发方面，必须从保护历史遗产的角度来寻求可接受的解决办法。3.可惜，考古学经常忽视这一行动的可能性，他们缺乏必要的资源将城市标准和规划数字用作其他方法学工具（与传统考古学一样）,以解决城市开发对考古学造成的冲击。4.假使规划数据是规定土地使用和对用地进行划分以及管理的最

57、有效的途径，它们也可以成为在规划范围内组织城市历史遗址保护行动的有效手段。5.为了对这些地的空间进行充分管理，不仅需要应用现成的一些规范，还要针对每一种具体情况（无论是一座城市还是高级的组织社区）制定特殊规定。15. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival

58、 of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be

59、seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategi

60、c decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrasts, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on t

61、raining their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also muc

62、h more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn

63、how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological