2022年考博英语-山西大学考试题库及模拟押密卷67（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into（ ）.问题1选项A.dissolutionB.decayC.declineD.depression【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dissolution “分解，溶解”；B选项decay “衰退，衰减；衰败；腐烂，腐朽”；C选项decline “下降；衰退；斜面”；D选项depression“沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区”。题干大意说，图书

2、馆是将来的一种投资，不允许（图书馆）掉入（ ）。常识储备：当今社会我们并没有注意图书馆的价值，现在的图书馆是冷冷清清，一副衰退、衰亡的景象。其实体现一个国家、民族的真正素质就是看图书馆是否冷冷清清。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题In English learning, a（ ）circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.问题1选项A.vigorousB.viciousC.voluntaryD.vertical【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vigorous“精力充沛的，有力的”；B选项vicious

3、“恶劣的，严重的”；C选项voluntary“志愿的；自发的”；D选项vertical“垂直的；直上的”。句意：在英语学习中，如果学生挨骂后犯错更多，就会形成（ ）循环。根据语境，vicious“恶劣的，严重的”搭配circle“循环”比较合理，翻译成恶性循环。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, before（ ）any other objective.问题1选项A.recoveringB.searchingC.chasingD.purs

4、uing【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项recovering“恢复，再生”；B选项searching“查找，思索”；C选项chasing“追赶；追求（事业、金钱、异性）”；D选项pursuing“追赶；追问；努力实现（目标）”。句意：一个人必须先满足生理需要，如衣食住行，才能（ ）任何其他的目标。根据语境，pursuing“努力实现（目标）”搭配objective“目标”比较合理。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题Were extremely interested in the source of these（ ）rumors.问题1选项A.salientB.fictitiousC.ascet

5、icD.indelible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项salient“显著的；最重要的”；B选项fictitious“虚假的”；C选项ascetic“清苦的，苦行的”；D选项indelible“无法忘记的，不可磨灭的”。句意：我们对这些（ ）谣言从何而来非常感兴趣。既然是rumors“谣言”，很多人会不假思索地相信，就不至于salient“显著的；最重要的”，fictitious“虚假的”比较符合生活实际。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题If the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test pr

6、ep classes, tired college kids is any indication, cramming (临时抱佛脚) is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like “Evolution” or “World history 1914 to present” into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC

7、-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a hopeless approach for retaining information. But its not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, and it doesnt necessarily need dogged discipline and routine

8、.To arrive at their prescription, the scientists tested the “spacing effect” on long-term memory. In other words, they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as “Wh

9、o invented snow golf.” (Rudyard Kipling) and “What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food” (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.The findings Students perform better

10、 when they space their study sessions rather than when they try to cram everything into their heads during one sitting. But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day thats closer to when you first learned th

11、e material than when you take the testbut not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a m

12、onth to review what you learned.Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers dont realize the error of their ways. “Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular,” he told me in an email. “And I have never heard people w

13、ho take these courses even notice the fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting.”1.Which of the following can best describe professors attitude toward cramming?2. According to Paragraph 1, the new study on cramming（ ）.3.In Paragraph 2 the author mainly describes（ ）.4.According t

14、o the passage, the most important cramming strategy is（ ）.5.By mentioning the science community, Hal Pashler tries to stress that（ ）.问题1选项A.Rationally rejecting.B.Reasonably ignoring.C.Readily accepting.D.Reluctantly helping.问题2选项A.proves the correctness of the general understandingB.makes us confus

15、ed about how to understand itC.points out the problems of the popular theoriesD.raises questions as to what should be avoided问题3选项A.the necessity of the testB.the procedure of the testC.the selection of the test subjectsD.the content of the test questions问题4选项A.putting things into categoryB.dividing

16、 the study sessionC.lengthening the review sessionD.choosing the optimal review time问题5选项A.people are not fully aware of the problems with crammingB.it is important to develop better study habits than crammingC.forgetting is one of the major negative effects of crammingD.science people should take t

17、he lead in giving up cramming【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段中的“Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like Evolution or World history 1914 to present into the last week of a course.（教授们对此并不赞成，但他们会在课程的最后一周，把进化论或1914年世界史这样的大话题挤到课堂上，共同密谋。）”很好地诠释了教授们对临时抱佛脚的态度，即理性地拒

18、绝。B选项“合理的忽略”；C选项“欣然接受”；D选项“不情愿的帮助”都不能代表教授们的态度，因此A选项正确。2.推理判断题。文章第一段主要阐明了临时抱佛脚式学习策略以及教授们对此的态度，还有关于该学习策略的研究。文中“So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no.（那么死记硬背到底有效还是无效呢？加州大学圣地亚哥分校的心理学家进行的一项新研究证实了你内心深处的猜测：答案是否定的

19、。）”说明该研究证明了一般人的理解是正确的，所以选择A选项。B选项“让我们对如何理解它感到困惑”文中没有提到；C选项“指出流行理论的问题”也不符合段意；D选项“提出了应该避免什么的问题”也没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.推理判断题。第二段主要描述了专家进行的研究。“They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as Who invented snow golf. (Rudyard Kipling) and What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican foo

20、d (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.（他们要求1354名志愿者记住32件小事，比如谁发明了雪高尔夫球（拉迪亚德吉卜林）。和欧洲哪个国家吃的墨西哥菜最辣（挪威）。在第一次学习答案后，参与者在几分钟到几个月的时间内对答案进行复核，然后在一年后进行测试。）”这句话主要描述了该研究的程序，并没有侧重于A选项“研究的必要性

21、”，也没有侧重于C选项“研究对象的选择”，更没有侧重于D选项“测试的内容”，即描述32件小事的内容，因此B选项正确。4.事实细节题。第三段中的“But for those who must cram, timing is everything.（但对于那些必须死记硬背的人来说，时机就是一切。）”指出死记硬背最重要的就是选择好记忆时机。A选项“把东西分类”；B选项“划分学习环节”；C选项“延长复习期”都没有提到，因此D选项“选择最佳的复习时间”正确。5.事实细节题。最后一段中的“Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most cr

22、ammers dont realize the error of their ways. Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular, he told me in an email.（该研究的主要作者之一哈尔帕什勒（Hal Pashler）在一封电子邮件中告诉我他怀疑大多数死记硬背式学习的人没有意识到他们学习方法的错误。即使在科学界，关于新研究方法的临时暑期课程也非常受欢迎。）”说到大多数人并没有完全意识到死记硬背这个方法的不可行

23、，尽管在科学界也是如此。B选项“养成更好的学习习惯比死记硬背更重要”原文没有提到；C选项“遗忘是死记硬背的主要负面影响之一”与题干无关；D选项“科学人应该带头放弃死记硬背”文中也没有提到，因此A选项“人们没有完全意识到死记硬背的问题”正确。6. 单选题Of all the classical composers, Tchaikovsky has been a veritable gold-mine as a（ ）source of themes for popular arrangements.问题1选项A.lucrativeB.ostensibleC.orthodoxD.tentative【

24、答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题Well continue along the road（ ）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.问题1选项A.given outB.made

25、 outC.wiped outD.mapped out【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项give out“发出，排放，公开，分发”；B选项make out“艰难地看到，理解，填写”；C选项wipe out“消灭”；D选项map out“认真安排或设计，绘制”。句意：我们将继续沿着我们两国总统七十多年前（ ）的道路前进。“发出道路/理解道路/消灭道路”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。8. 单选题The second definition, though accurate, is equally as（ ）and useless as the first one, from a practi

26、cal point of view.问题1选项A.penitentB.constitutedC.repellentD.pedantic【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项penitent“后悔的，愧疚的”；B选项constituted“组成；建立”；C选项repellent“令人厌恶的；防的”；D选项pedantic“迂腐的，学究气的”。句意：第二个定义虽然准确，但从实用性看，也和第一个定义一样（ ），毫不实用。definition不至于repellent“令人厌恶的”，但是有可能pedantic“学究气的”，这里可以翻译成纸上谈兵的，符合生活实际。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Many co

27、untries have made it illegal to talk into a hand-held mobile phone while driving. But the latest research provides further confirmation that the danger lies less in what a motorists hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a “hands-free” device can im

28、pair a drivers attention to an alarming extent.Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned

29、equivalent in difficulty to driving. One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation about their hobbies using a speakerphone. As Dr. Kunar and Dr. Horowitz report in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an avera

30、ge reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not. That, they calculate, would add 5.7 meters to the braking distance of a car traveling at 100kph. They found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83 percent more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.Dr. Kunar a

31、nd Dr. Horowitz also explored the effect of simply listening to somethingsuch as a radio programme. For this they played a recording of the first chapter of Bram Stokers “Dracula.” Even though the test subjects were told to pay attention because they would be asked questions about the story afterwar

32、ds, it had little effect on their reaction time. The research led by Frank Drews of the University of Utah suggests the same thing is true of the idle chatter of a passenger. Dr. Kunar reckons that having to think about responses during a phone conversation competes for the brains resources in a way

33、 that listening to a monologue does not.Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen from outside the car. Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossibleespecially because more and more vehicles are now being fitte

34、d with the necessary equipment as standard. Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls. And theyll be more likely to arrive in one piece.1.In Kunar and Horowitzs ex

35、periments, the subjects who performed tasks while talking（ ）.2.According to Frank Drews, listening to a passenger talking（ ）.3.According to the last paragraph, the law forbidding the use of hand-held phones when driving （ ）.4.The best hope of stopping people from using hands-free phones lies with（ ）

36、.5.The purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.reacted more quickly, but made more mistakesB.reacted more quickly and made fewer mistakesC.reacted more slowly and made more mistakesD.reacted more slowly, but made fewer mistakes问题2选项A.affects drivers more than listening to a storyB.affects drivers mor

37、e than a phone conversationC.has less effect on the drivers than listening to a storyD.has less effect on the drivers than a phone conversation问题3选项A.has been frequently brokenB.is necessary and feasibleC.has been strictly enforcedD.will arouse heated debate问题4选项A.car manufacturersB.lawmakersC.new t

38、echnologyD.drivers themselves问题5选项A.call on lawmakers to make strict laws on the use of cell phonesB.inform people of the danger of using cell phones while drivingC.weigh the benefits and harms of using cell phones when drivingD.offer suggestions for drivers who use cell phones while driving【答案】第1题:

39、C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not（做了相当于接听免提电话的人跟没有做这个任务的人相比，平均反应时间慢了212毫秒）和第五句group using the hands-free kit made 83 percent more errors in their tasks than t

40、hose who were not talking（使用免提工具的那一组在任务中比那些没有说话的那一组多出83%的错），可知受干扰的那一组反应更慢，错误更多，故C反应更慢，错误更多正确。其他选项不符合题意。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句they would be asked questions about the story afterwards, it had little effect on their reaction time（他们之后会被问到关于这个故事的问题，但这对他们的反应时间几乎没有影响）和第四句The research led by Frank Drews

41、of the University of Utah suggests the same thing is true of the idle chatter of a passenger.（这项由犹他大学的弗兰克德鲁斯领导的研究表明，乘客的闲聊也是如此。），可知听故事和听顾客讲话一样对司机几乎没有影响，A选项“比听故事更影响司机”和C选项“对司机的影响小于听故事”错误。根据第一题，可知电话交谈让司机反应变慢，犯错更多，因此B选项“比电话交谈更影响司机”错误，D选项“对司机影响小于电话交谈”正确。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第四段第一句Punishing people for using

42、hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult（惩罚开车时手握小工具的行为很难），可知不能严格禁止，C选项“被严格执行”错误。根据第二句Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossible（不可能阻止人们使用免提电话），可知禁止开车时使用不可行，B选项“必要且可行”错误。根据第三句Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be

43、the only answer.（劝诫人们在开车时关机也许是唯一的解决之道。），结合全文内容，可知很多人在开车时打电话，法律限制不了，只能劝诫，故A选项“经常被打破”正确。D选项“将引起激烈辩论”没有提到。因此A选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段第三句Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer.（劝诫人们在开车时关机也许是唯一的解决之道。），可知最大希望是D选项“司机自己”，故D选项正确。A选项“汽车制造商”：根据

44、第二句Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossibleespecially because more and more vehicles are now being fitted with the necessary equipment as standard（不可能阻止人们使用免提电话尤其是现在越来越多的车辆都配备了必要的标准设备。），可知汽车制造商甚至加剧了问题。B选项“立法者”：法律不能发挥作用。C选项“新技术”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。文章通过各种实验说明不同活动对开车的影响，

45、点出使用手机打电话影响最大，最后一段说唯一能够规避这种情况的就是司机自己，可知本文目的是D选项“为开车时使用手机的司机提供建议”，故D选项正确。A选项“呼吁立法者对手机的使用制定严格的法律”不符合文章观点。B选项“告诉人们开车时使用手机的危险”没有特别提出；C选项“权衡开车时使用手机的好处和坏处”没有讲到好处。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert

46、Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and conv

47、enience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of pe

48、ople living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned. This is bec

49、ause in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some

50、academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarket

51、s means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the countrys trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed s

52、uburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attract

53、s flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.1.According to the USDA, food deserts（ ）.2.Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to（ ）.3.The author seems to think that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million（ ）.4.The scholars in paragraph 3 believe that the USDA definition of a food des

54、ert is（ ）.5.Renton is mentioned in the passage to（ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to urban povertyB.are the direct cause of overweightC.tend to be found in poor rural areasD.refer to the places with a food shortage问题2选项A.address the growing weight problemB.ensure food safety across the nationC.increa

55、se access to healthier foodD.change the American way of living问题3选项A.isnt based on latest informationB.doesnt make much differenceC.represents a real progressD.is at least a good beginning问题4选项A.outdatedB.creativeC.justifiableD.problematic问题5选项A.tell us to put food deserts in perspectiveB.point out

56、the solutions to food desertsC.raise public awareness about food desertsD.highlight the problems of food deserts【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第三句food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay（食物沙漠已经成为城市衰败的象征），可知食物沙漠与城市贫困直接相关，故A选项“与城市贫困直接相关”正确。B选项“是超重的直接原因”：根据第一段最后一句overweight custom

57、ers who have never tasted organic vegetables（从未吃过有机蔬菜的超重顾客），可知文章没有提到超重和食物沙漠的因果关系。C选项“往往出现在贫困的农村地区”和D选项“指食物短缺的地方”：根据第一段第二句low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food（低收入家庭很少或根本无法获得健康新鲜的食物）文章没有提到农村，也不是食物短缺。因此A选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第一句Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Hea

58、lthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017.（因此，米歇尔奥巴马(Michelle Obama)去年宣布了一项4亿美元的健康食品融资计划，目标是到2017年在全国范围内消除食品沙漠。），可知其目的是让更多人吃到健康食品，故C选项“提高健康食品的份量”正确。A选项“解决日益增长的体重问题”不是目的。B选项“确保全国食品安全”文章没有提到食品安全。D选项“改变美国人的生活方式”涉及很多方面，不能仅仅通过某个方面的措施改变。因此C选项正确。3.

59、语义推测题。根据第二段第三句Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned.（虽然从表面上看，这可能意味着该倡议有了一个出色的开端，但令人遗憾的是，它实际上并没有多买一根香蕉或避免喝苏打水。），也许意味着有一个很好的开始，代表作者不持乐观态度，与D选项“至少是一个好的开始”的乐观态度不符，D

60、选项错误；但遗憾的是，这并没有让人多买什么东西，作者认为这没多大作用，故B选项“没多大区别”正确，C选项“这代表真正的进步”错误。A选项“不是基于最新的信息”：文章没有提到数据是否是最新或是很早以前的。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage（一些学者甚至说许多食物沙漠不过是幻想），可知有学者不认同食物沙漠这个词的出现，故D选项“有问题的”正确，C选项“有道理的”错误。A选项“过时的”和B选项“

61、创造性的”和本题无关。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句和第三句The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert（该镇位于美国农业部的食品沙漠中心） Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers fro

62、m well outside the desert.（然而，这里有一个卖有机水果和蔬菜的路边摊，一家摆满营养丰富的谷物的健康食品店，以及一家研究人员发现的吸引大批来自沙漠之外的消费者的超市。），结合文章开头美国农业部提出食物沙漠的定义，第三段作者提到自己认同的有学者提出食物沙漠是幻想的观点，可知作者认为食物沙漠这个现象不是大问题，不需要太过于重视，故C选项“提高公众对食物沙漠的认识”和D选项“强调食物沙漠的问题”错误；并且目的是让大家正确看待食物沙漠，故A选项“告诉我们要正确看待食物沙漠”正确。B选项“指出食物沙漠的解决方案”文章没有提到。因此A选项正确。11. 翻译题Quitting smo

63、king is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful co