休闲学期末开卷考试答案

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1、1. The significance of leisure as a research subject2. List of “happiness boosters” advocated in the reading “The new science of happiness”答案：（SectionI-Leisure+in+perspective 34页+文章）Gratitude journala diary in which subjects write down things for which they are thankful.Performing acts of altruism o

2、r kindnessvisiting a nursing home, helping a friends child with homework, mowing a neighbors lawn, writing a letter to a grandparent.Three blessingstaking time each day to write down a trio of things that went well and why.Figuring out strengths and find new ways to deploy them: cerebral virtues vs.

3、 interpersonal virtues3. Definition of leisure as time/activity/a state of mind答案：时间l Leisure defined as time spent free of obligation and necessityl Non-work/non obligated timel Discretionary任意的自由决定的/non occupied /spare timel Time when we are free to do what we choosel Time during which feelings of

4、 compulsion 强迫should be minimall Time beyond what is required for subsistence 生存(work, school) and existence存在 (things we must do biologically to stay alive e.g. eat, sleep, etc)l It is not about time but about how the time is spentl Higher chance to have leisure when we are comparatively 相对的free, b

5、ut leisure can also occur in un-free conditions活动l Leisure defined as a cluster of一串 activities resulting in relaxation and rejuvenation恢复活力 (external world)l “Leisure is an activity apart from the obligation of work, family and society to which the individual turns at will任意, for either relaxation,

6、 diversion消遣, or broadening his/her experiences and spontaneous自发的 social participation, the free exercises of his creative capacities.” - Dumazedier (1967)l No activity can be said to always serve as leisure for the participantl Activities may be meaningful, pleasurable, or compelling to different

7、individuals or only in certain situations, cultures, lifestyles, life stages, tastes, etc.心境 想法l Leisure defined as a state of mind leading to self-meditation 冥想and self-improvement (internal world)l A mood of contemplation沉思l Religious celebrationl Perceived freedom and internal locus of control 控制

8、点l Leisure the necessities of being willfully and meaningfully occupiedl Leisure an internally located compulsion to shun 避免from pure pleasure seeking but find/establish/invent meaning through choices from heart。4. Conditions and common characteristics of the “flow” experience答案：1）52页 Conditions of

9、flow experience：l Challenging activity that requires skillsl The merging of action and awareness l Clear goalsl Immediate feedbackl Concentration on the task at handl Sense of controll The loss of self-consciousnessl The transformation of time2）53页Common Characteristics of “Flow” Experiences：A sense

10、 that ones skills are adequate to cope with the challenges at hand, in a goal-directed, rule-bounded action system that provides clear clues as to how well one is performing (The balance between challenge and skills boredom vs. anxiety ) Concentration is so intense that there is no attention left ov

11、er to think about anything irrelevant, or to worry about problems (Capability of concentration and developed skills the sense of satisfaction ) An activity that produces such experiences is so gratifying that people are willing to do it for its own sake, with little concern for what they will get ou

12、t of it, even when it is difficult, or dangerous.5. Aristotle and Platos major arguments about leisure答案：PPT Section2第7页开始AristotleFor Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most

13、 importantly, contemplation.Aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. Happiness can appear only in leisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free mans whole life.What is the idealized leisure for Aristotle?We should n

14、ot play. We play to relax and to regenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose. Play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. For Aristotle “leisure is a different matter”. It has its intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity

15、. This kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure.Aristotles notion of leisure As against any purposeful activities As unoccupied freedomIntrinsic happiness , intrinsic pleasure and intrinsic felicity Not equals to play Appropriate activities: Music and contemplation Cultiv

16、ate the minds PlatoTime for thought, contemplation, philosophy, and self-development are required for happiness. That time is leisure.Music, poetry and philosophy lead to beauty and eternal truth.6. Key ideas of Protestantism and their influence on Western leisure 答案：l Key ideas of Protestantism:God

17、 elects or chooses those who will be saved. People were Gods instrument on earth to “glorify” the deity.This does not involved withdrawal from the world into Catholic monasteries or contemplation but in serving God in everyday callings or jobs. People were expected to grow in sanctity by their dilig

18、ence in ordinary work.l These concepts affected ideas about work and leisure in many subtle ways: For Protestants work was an end in itself, almost a form of worship, it became a holly task. They rejected the attitude that work was merely the means to pleasure. For them work was its own reward and a

19、lso a promise of future benefits. Protestants were highly critical about any forms of leisure. Leisure was feared as a lure to sin and as a threat to godliness. Leisure was also perceived as an offence to God. Puritans believed that they should not only avoid any pleasures in their lives but also tr

20、y to eradicate pleasures form the rest of the community. 7. Rational Recreation Movement (When, where, who, what, how)【PPT上有】8. TED Presentation: Being together, alone the major critics of the presenter答案：The plugged-in life is so psychologically powerful, and it not only changes what we do, it also

21、 changes who we areThe relationship between people the Goldilocks effects: not too close, not too far, just right9. Four ways of time deepening and their consequences答案：Time deepening the four ways 时间深化四种方式1、Attempting to speed up a given activity试图加快某一活动visiting a national park without getting out

22、of the cartelling a date your life story in less than two minutes2、Substituting a leisure activity that can be done more quickly for one that takes longer将需要更长时间的活动换成一个可以更快地完成的休闲活动, Phoning for home-delivered fast food instead of cooking it yourselfRap music vs. Peking Opera3、Rather than thinking of

23、 human behavior in “either-or” terms that is, a person does either one activity or another some people develop the ability to do both activities at the same time放弃“非此即彼”角度思考的人类行为，发展的同时做两个活动的能力watching television while reading the newspaper and eating dinnereating and drinking and doing your income t

24、ax while watching a movie4、Undertaking a leisure activity with more precise regard to time有精确时间地进行一项休闲活动Tight travel schedule (7 days-7 countries package tour)Consequences of time deepening 时间深化的重要性1、We never experience anything fully我们从来没有充分体验什么do it all and see it alldo it and see it now2、Actions

25、are means to some other end 活动可以带来其他收获walk for fitness, play golf for contacts, and travel to gain social status 3、“walking resumes” 行走简历Loosing “ascribed” statuses e.g., gender, ethnic heritage, religionDefining by “achieved” statuses e.g., Director of Marketing, Black Belt in karate, wine connoiss

26、eur4、Rarely lose ourselves in any activity 在任何活动中不要失去自我Take from an activity rather than totally giving ourselves to itRare occurrence of the state of flowSimply no longer have time for the commitment: the acquisition of skills, patience, and learning10. The implication of time famine and time deepe

27、ning for the tourism industry答案：Location：Section III work,time,& leisure 第16-25页Time famine the scarcity of time，leisure time is shrinking例如：商务旅游（business tourism）由于工作繁重，没有时间去旅游，而是凭借着出差，开会等工作需要在当地旅游。The four ways of Time deepening：1.Speed up a given activity 例如：visiting a national park without getti

28、ng out of the car2.Go with a leisure activity that can be done more quickly 例如：自由行 vs. 跟团游 3.Develop the ability to do both activities at the same time 例如：游学旅游。学习的同时游览当地。4.Undertake a leisure activity with more precise regard to time 例如：Tight travel schedule (7 days-7 countries package tour)注我在PPT上能

29、够找到的就只有这些了，老师给的阅读材料上也没有，如果谁有更好的答案求分享！11. Three theories regarding work & leisure relationship【PPT上有】12. TED presentation: new work motivation the whole new approach of intrinsic motivation答案：Robust findings in social sciences (science of human motivation) reveal a factHigher incentives does not nece

30、ssarily lead to better performances “the pay for performance scheme” is not workingExtrinsic motivation VS. intrinsic motivation“if-then” contingency How to motivate people in the 21st century? Different nature of the workSimple rules and narrow focus VS no single solution, no set of rulesMechanical

31、 skills VS cognitive （认知）skills （pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning)A whole new approach intrinsic motivation (self-engagement)Autonomy the urge to direct our own livesMastery the desire to get better at something that mattersPurpose the yearning of doi

32、ng what we do and serving something bigger than ourselves13. Reading: what happened to the leisure society the cost of 24/7 economy and “post traditional scheduling”【PPT】14. Examples of serious/casual/project-based leisure【PPT】15. Qualities of serious leisure【PPT】16. Reading: Review on serious leisu

33、re SDL in SLP答案：带上规定的阅读材料“Leisure Reflections”，里面有一段“SDL in the serious leisure perspective”（文本不能复制，只能截图，最好自行打印）SDL: self-directed learningSLP: serious leisure perspective大意：1. What is serious leisure, casual leisure and projected-based leisure?2. Devotee work is essentially leisure.3. Hobbyists can

34、 be divided into consumers and buffs.4. Many participants SDL can be explained between learning-oriented and goal-oriented motives.5. The essence of SDL is that participants decide when and where to seek information needed to engage effectively in the activity.17. Definition and five dimensions of “

35、destination conspicuousness” 答案： (Section+IV,16-20)Destination Conspicuousness A conspicuous destination is a destination where tourists believe they can be observed and/or judged by significant others. Categorizing tourist destinations as conspicuous or inconspicuous would depend on culture, countr

36、y of origin, resident regions, age, gender, income level, and other consumer social demographics.induce respect, value, and popularity from others (interpersonal mediation 调解); make tourists feel unique and trendy (materialistic hedonism); make tourists feel a sense of belonging to their social grou

37、ps because others have visited the same destinations (communication of belonging); Symbolize success, prestige, and wealth to tourists (status demonstration); Be known as expensive and luxurious (ostentation炫耀虚饰浮夸).Five dimensions of CC (Marcoux et al, 1995) 1.Interpersonal mediation调解2.Materialisti

38、c hedonism3.Communication of belonging4.Social status5.Ostentation炫耀虚饰浮夸18. One dimensional man VS three dimensional man19. Definition of constraint/constraint negotiation答案：Factors that are perceived or experienced by individuals to limit the formation of leisure preferences and to prohibit partici

39、pation and enjoyment in leisure (Jackson, 1997, 461)Leisure constraints：It refers to factors that prohibit our participation in leisure and tourism activities -barriersIt also limits-The enjoyment in the desired activity ；The frequency or intensity of participationIt covers a whole range of issues a

40、nd has much broader meaning Constraints negotiation： There is not necessarily an inverse relationship between participation and constraints People often participate in leisure activities despite constraint.” Nonparticipants, as well as participants, both can be constrained. Successful participants a

41、re those who somehow find a way to overcome the constraints. They have negotiated them.20. Examples of structural/interpersonal/intrapersonal constraints答案： Structural constraints：Refers to intervening (介入，阻挠）factors between leisure preference and participation. Examples of structural constraints: L

42、ife-cycle stage；Financial resources；Seasons；Climate；Work schedule ；Availability of opportunity and knowledge of such availability Interpersonal constraints：Refers to the result of interpersonal interaction or the relationship between individuals; it may interact with both preference for, and subsequ

43、ent participation in certain activities.Examples: Lack of partner; Limited social circle; Family problems; Reference group attitudes; Reference group theory in psychology we do what our reference groups tells us to do reference group can be conceptualized as a peer group, society, social class Intra

44、personal constraints: Involves individual psychological status and attributes which interact with leisure preferences rather than intervening between preferences and participation. Examples of intrapersonal constraints: Stress; Depression; Anxiety; Religion; Perceived self-skill; Subjective evaluati

45、ons of the appropriateness21. Exploratory/descriptive/explanatory research答案：The purposes of social research maybe organized into three groups based on what the researcher is trying to accomplishExplore a new topic exploratory research Describe a social phenomenon descriptive researchExplain why som

46、ething occurs explanatory researchWhen we explore a new topic or issue in order to learn about it. This is called exploratory researchExploratory research may be the first stage in a sequence of studies. Sometimes we do exploratory research so we know enough to be able to design second, more systema

47、tic study.Addresses the “what” question: “What is the social activity really about?”Example constraints on leisure experienced by students newly arrived on campus/tourist behavior of newly emerging source marketsDescriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social s

48、etting, or relationship. The researcher begins with a well-defined subject and conducts research to describe it accurately. Example leisure participation patterns of BISU student population we know students spend time in gyms, sport centers, clubs and so onWe do research to determine how many people

49、 prefer clubs over rec. facilities, who goes to rec. facilities and who goes to clubs, when, how often, ect. Explanatory research answers the question “why things are the way they are” Looks for causes and reasons Builds on exploratory and descriptive research and identifies reasons for something to

50、 occur.22. Example Why some students prefer to go to a bar on Friday afternoon and others will spend hours in a gym. Major differences between qualitative and quantitative research ontologically, epistemologically and methodologically（定量研究定性研究的本体论、认识论、方法论的区别）答案： PPT：Section+VI-research+paradigms 232

51、5Ontology ：Positivism developed from the tradition of natural science and sees social science capable of the same possibilities as in the natural science.Positivist researchers strive to conduct “objective” research. Epistemology：The researcher remains detached, neutral and objective as he/she measu

52、res various aspects of social life and examines evidences. Positivism sees social science as an organized method for combining deductive （演绎、推理） logic with precise empirical （以观察或实验为依据的）observations of individual behavior. Methodology : The data collection techniques focus on gathering hard data in

53、the form of numbers to enable evidence to be presented in quantitative form .23. Theory of optimal level of arousal and its implication in leisure/tourism答案：People seek neither an absence nor an excess of stimulation, but an optimal level of stimulation. What constitutes the optimal level varies fro

54、m person to person and from time to time.Implication: In search for optimum level of arousal people seek stimulus conditions that are at appropriately novel in leisure.We participate in activities that provide us with excitement and stimulation.Roller coaster rides, bungee jumping, sky diving, rock

55、climbing.We participate in activities that allow for relaxation. Meditation, walking for pleasure, picnicking.People who are generally under stimulated in their live will seek additional stimulation in leisure while people who get too much stimulation in their jobs will be drawn to more sedate leisu

56、re activities.Leisure works as a balancing factor!24. Over justification phenomenon答案：People are often hindered from doing self-determined activities, or their initial intrinsic motivation maybe constrained by certain factors: Lack of opportunity to choose leisure behaviorImposition of a deadline fo

57、r a completion of an activityThe mere presence of observer or evaluatorThe presence of extrinsic rewards “over justification phenomenon” A natural extension of the predisposition toward intrinsic motivation is serious leisure Some people become highly specialized in their chosen activity like amateu

58、r archeologists and astronomers The more specialized and serious we become about our leisure pursuits, the more important are the intrinsic rewards of involvement Those intrinsic rewards are simply easier to find in serious as opposed to mass or casual leisure 人们常常阻碍自己去做自主的活动,或他们最初的内在动机可能受到某些因素:1缺乏选

59、择休闲行为的机会2强迫自己在期限内完成一个活动3他人的存在和观察，在意他人的看法4外部奖励的存在过度理由现象 ”追求内在报酬的倾向的动机所进行的活动是严肃活动：1 有些人成为他们所选择的活动的高度专业化者,如业余考古学家和天文学家2我们对我们的休闲活动有越专业化和严肃的追求,就表明参与休闲活动的内在报酬的相关性就越强3这些内在报酬在严肃的活动中是容易找到的并且与随意的休闲是截然相反的。我在网上找的：每个人都力图使自己和别人的行为看起来合理，因而总是为行为寻找原因。一旦找到足够的原因，人们就很少再继续找下去，而且，在寻找原因时，总是先找那些显而易见的外在原因。因此，如果外部原因足以对行为做出解释

60、时，人们一般就不再去寻找内部的原因了。例子：一位老人在一个小乡村里休养，但附近却住着一些十分顽皮的孩子，他们天天互相追逐打闹，喧哗的吵闹声使老人无法好好休息。在屡禁不止的情况下，老人想出了一个办法，他把孩子们都叫到一起，告诉他们谁叫的声音越大，谁得到的报酬就越多，他每次都根据孩子们吵闹的情况给予不同的奖励。到孩子们已经习惯于获取奖励的时候，老人开始逐渐减少所给的奖励，最后无论孩子们怎么吵，老人一分钱也不给。结果，孩子们认为受到的待遇越来越不公正，认为“不给钱了谁还给你叫”，再也不到老人所住的房子附近大声吵闹。老人这就是巧妙地利用了过度理由效应。对于这些孩子，他们如果只用外在理由(得到报酬)来解

61、释自己的行为(吵闹)，那么，一旦外在理由不再存在(没有报酬了)，这种行为也将趋于终止。因此，如果我们希望某种行为得以保持，就不要给它足够的外部理由。 我对此的想法是人们总是给自己所做的活动去找一些外在的理由，例如 我做这件事情会得到什么样的好处或者是否会得到相应的报酬，这些都是外部的原因,并且我们往往认为这样才是合理的。导致我们忽略了内部自身的原因，即自己的意愿，自己对一项活动的喜爱。电影中唱歌的老爷爷，他并不想出名，只是自己单单喜欢唱歌而已，在他身上就不存在过度理由现象。另外的答案：过度理由现象Over-justification phenomenon每个人都力图使自己和别人的行为看起来合理

62、，因而总是为行为寻找原因。一旦找到足够的原因，人们就很少再继续找下去，而且，在寻找原因时，总是先找那些显而易见的外在原因。因此，如果外部原因足以对行为做出解释时，人们一般就不再去寻找内部的原因了。举例：在日常生活中我们常有这样的体验：亲朋好友帮助我们，我们不会觉得奇怪，因为“他是我的亲戚”、“他是我的朋友”，理所当然他们会帮助我们；但是如果一个陌生人向我们伸出援手，我们却会认为“这个人乐于助人”。因为我们无法用“亲戚”、“朋友”这样的外部理由来解释别人的行为，只能追究到他人格内部的这个原因。25. Examples of leisure/tourism motivationNeeds-Felt

63、 needs The desires that an individual has but has not yet actively expressed When felt needs are “put into action” expressed needsExpressed needs The needs which are expressed or the activities in which individuals actually participateCreated needs Recreation activities been introduced to individuals in which they will subsequently participate at the expense of some activity in which they previously participatedChanging needs Needs change as one progresses from one phase of life to anotherFalse needs The society encourages the individual to develop