2015年考研英语一真题及解析

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1、精品文档2015 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)Though not biologically related, friends are as“related ” as fourth cousins, sharing aboutThat is _(1)_a study,

2、published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Scie nces, has_(2)_.The study is a geno me-wide an alysis con ducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated frie nds and un related stra ngers. The same people were used in

3、 both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a gen eticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical gen etics at UCSan Diego, says, “ Most people do not eve n _(7)_their fourth cous ins but somehow man age to select as friendsthe people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_fo und that the genes for sme

4、ll were somethi ng shared in frie nds but not genes forimmunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, itdraws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working togetherthat _(12)_us in choos

5、ing genetically similar friends_(13)_” functional Kirfriends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolutio n_(15)_tha n othergenes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social en vironment being

6、 a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgroundsthe researchers. Though all the subjects were draw n from a populati on of Europea n extracti on, care was take nto_(20)_that all subjects, frie nds and stra ngers, were take n from the

7、 same populati on.1. A when B why C how D what【答案】D what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词 引导从句;再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容 (what)，不是指研究的时间 (when)，原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为 what。2. A defe nded B con cluded C withdraw n D advised【答案】B concluded【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_中的 that 是指第一句话的内精品文

8、档容(朋友与我们基因上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为con eluded。3. A for B with C on D by【答案】 C on【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容 （研究对 1932 分独特的受试者进行分析 ）判断出进行分析的对象 是 1932unique subject conduct analysis on 是固定表达。4. A compared B sought C separated D connected【答案】 A compared【解析】该空格所在的句子是 which 引导的定语从句修饰 study,意思是：对几对基因不相关的朋 友和陌生人进行 _ 。

9、因为 “研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为 compared。5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples【答案】 C samples【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五 个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类 _ 。所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的 samples 样例）.因此，答案是 samples6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable

10、D incredible【答案】 A insignificant【解析】空的语境为：尽管这 1%看起来似乎 _ ，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家James Fowler 对这 1%基因的态度是肯定的，故答案为 A。7. A visit B miss C seek D know【答案】 D know【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不 _ 他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些 _ 我们亲戚的人作为朋友。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有 D 选项符合上 下文语义。8. A resemble B influence C

11、 favor D surpass【答案】 A resemble【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些 _我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本题选择 A。9. A again B also C instead D thus答案】 B also精品文档【解析】空所在的句子开头用“The study 显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有 1%的基因关系，而空所在句 “the genes for smell were something shared in friend 在进- 步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案为

12、B。10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps【答案】 D Perhaps【解析】从选项和文字中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关 系的副词，空前的句子谈到 “为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释 ”，空后却紧接着对此得出 一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike【答案】 B to【解析】该题为介词选择题。后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和上半句介 词保持一致，用介词 to。该句翻译：它（这种相似性

13、）吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。 因此答案为 to。12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit【答案】 A drive【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而 _我们选择基因相似的朋友， _和_交朋友的 “功能关系 ”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构 _ sb. in doing sth， B 选项observe 观察，遵守）和 C 选项 con fuse（困惑）均无此用法。符合该结构只有 A 选项 drive（驱使）和 D 选项 limit（限制）。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。如果选限 制则为反

14、向干扰。因此答案为 drive。13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with【答案】 B rather than【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有 “实用关系 ”的朋友， 可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定B 选项 rather than。A选项 according to（根据）没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除;C 选项 regardless of 不管）表让步关系， 干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除；D 选项 along with（伴随）

15、表顺接，故排除。故答案为 rather than。14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits【答案】 D benefits【解析】根据前文 functional kinship（实用关系 河得出 D 选项 benefits（利益），前后形成呼应。A 选 项cha nces 机会）、B 选项 respo nses 反应）、C 选项 missi on s（使命）均不符合题意。故答案为 ben efits。15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier答案】 C faster精品文档【解析】该句为：evolving_ tha

16、n other genes 比其他基因进化得 _ .根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years 人类进化在过去 30000 年 间提速）。C 选项 faster 与下文 picked pace 加速）形成呼应，故答案为 faster。16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress答案】 C understand【解析】此题考查动词。根据语意。空格后面是一个 why 引导的宾语从句，意为 “人类进化在过 去三万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义

17、。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C 选项 understand A 选项 forecast 预“测”与 过去三万年”相矛盾，B 选项 remembe“记住”和 D 选项 “express均不符合文意。17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive【答案】 B contributory【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。help，pick pace 这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词，因此排除 A 选项不可预测的”和 D 选项 破坏性的”；B 而 C

18、选项 可控的”与语意无关；因此正确答案为 B 选项 contributory 促进的 ”。18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency【答案】 D tendency【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A 选项 endeavor 努力”，B 选项 决定”，C 选项 安排”， D 选项“倾向”。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举 动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为 D。19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic【答案】 C ethnic【解析】结合文意，人们普

19、遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C 选项 ethnic 意为种族的，民族的”，是对上文中多次重复出现的 genes 以及下文的 the same population 的同义复现。 因此正确答案为 C。 A 选项 political政治的”，B 选项 宗教的”，D 选项 经济的”均不符合原文文意。20. A see B show C prove D tell【答案】 A see精品文档【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。 see that 构成固定词组，意为 务必使：符合文意，即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们 )仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一群种。选项B

20、展示”选项 C 证明”，选项 D 辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“ kings don t abdicate, they dare

21、in their sleep.embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eathis words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does thatmean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, wit

22、h their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularlypolarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above politics and“ embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this ap

23、parent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularAnd also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royalfam

24、ilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respectedpublic figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim tobe, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today -embodies out

25、dated and indefensible privilegesand inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heartof modern democratic states.The most

26、successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesseshave day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with theinternational 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain

27、 the right image.While Europe s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the Britishroyals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchyputation witshrheer rather ordinary (ifwell-heeled) granny style. The d

28、anger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyleand a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived精品文档because they provide a serviceas non-con troversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that

29、as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainA used turn enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC cased his relationship with his rivalsD ended his reign in embarrassmen

30、t【答案】 D ended his reign in embarrassment【解析】事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“Butembarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eathis words and stand down. 在最近的”欧（洲选举中， 令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党， 均迫 使 Carlos 收回前言并退位）。D 选项中，“stand down 是 “end

31、reign 的伺义置换，且 “embarrassmen 与导致 Carlos 卸任的原因“ embarrassi ng scan dal 是相呼应的。故 D 是正确答案。A、B C 均属于无中生 有。22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voter more public figures to look

32、 up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment【答案】 A owing to their undoubted and respectable status【解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“monarchs” “heads of state 定位到第三段的最后一句话“.most royal families have survived because they allow votertso avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public fi

33、gure. 大多数的王室”幸（存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻 找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难）其中“nofcontroversial but respected public figure 正是 A ” 选项中“undoubted and respectable statu 啲同义置换。故 A 是正确答案。23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealthB The role of th

34、e nobility in modern democraciesC The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesD The nobility s adherence to thveiliergpersi【答案】 B The role of the nobility in modern democracies精品文档【解析】事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句话“.it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic familiesshould still be the symbolic heart of moder

35、n democratic states. 离奇的是，富有的”贵（族竟然仍是现代民 主国家的象征核心 ）其中， the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 是题干 the role of the nobility in moder ndemocracies 的同义置换。24. The British royals“have most to fear ” because CharlesA takes a rough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC

36、 takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role【答案】 D fails to adapt himself to his future role【解析】事实细节题。该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯。根据题干专有名词 Charles 可定位到文章第七段 “ the dan ger will come with Charles.worst en emies 本段指出 危险源 自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著 ;并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供

37、了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项 A 意为：对待政治问题态度强硬，文章并无提及；选项 B 意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生 活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式；选项 C 意为：视共和党人为潜在盟友，文章中提到，共和党人并 非最大的敌人，并未指明把共和党人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项D 意为：适应未来身份失败，文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言 行，与选项 D表述吻合，故为正确答案。25. Which of the following is the best title of the

38、text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats【答案】 C Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs【解析】主旨大意题。该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国王 Carlos 退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨

39、论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项 B 查 尔斯一继位焦虑”和 D查尔斯一应对威胁缓慢”而选项 A 卡洛斯一荣辱并存”和 C 卡洛斯一欧洲君精品文档王们的前车之鉴”中，选项 A 属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C 可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词 Monarch 只有在选项 C 中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whetherpolice can search the contents

40、 of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during anarrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the oldassumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. I

41、t is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California s advice. Enough of the impdiscernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, la

42、wyers anddefendants.They should start by discarding California s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smaphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspectscourt has ruled that police don t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wa

43、llet or pocketbook ofan arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one s smart phone is more like ente her home. A smart phone maycontain an arrestee soreya, dfiinnagnhcisatl history, medical history andcomprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of“ cloud computing,” mhas made th

44、at exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devicesis increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain privateand protected by the Constitution s

45、 prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn t ease the ch-adllreanwginego.fInlinmeanycases,it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could stillinvalidate Fourth Amendment protections when

46、 facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could takereasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court,though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swal

47、low California s argument whole. New, disruptive technologysometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professocompares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment ofautomobile use as a virtual necessi

48、ty of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personaldomain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA prevent suspects fr

49、om deleting their phone contents.精品文档mobile phones without a warrant.C check suspecst phone contents without being authorized.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.【答案】 C check suspects phone contents without being authorized【解析】这是一道事实细节题，根据题干关键词The Supreme Court 回文定位到第一段的第二句话， “The Supr

50、eme Court will now consider whtheer police can search for the contents of a mobile phone withouta warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest 一一比对选项， 原文”中,的 “police can searchfor the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant 与选项 C “ c h e”ck suspects phone contents withoutbeing

51、 authorized 是同”义替换，其他选项均是无关选项。27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA disapproval.B indifference.C tolerance.D cautiousness.【答案】 A disapproval【解析】本题是观点态度题，考察作者的态度。根据题干关键词“California s argume 可 t 以定位至 U 文章第四段第一句 “They should start by discarding California s lamea 由第四段第一句话中的“di

52、scar 抛弃）和“lame 没有说服力的）可以看出作者对于 California s argum 是不支持的态 度，因此选 A。28. The author believes that exploring one s phone contents is comparable toA getting into oneidenscere. sB handling one s historical records.C scanning one s correspondences.D going through one s wallet.【答案】 A getting into one s resid

53、ence【解析】 根据题干关键词 the author believes 和 “exploring one s phone contents is comparab 可 to 回文定位至 U 文章第四段第三句“But exploring one s smartphone is more like entering his or her hifene项 A 语义与之一致，其中， getting into 与 entering 对应，one s residenc 与 his or her home 对应，故 A 选项为正确答案。B search for suspects精品文档29. The au

54、thor believes that exploring one s phone contents is comparable toA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C citizens privacy is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information.【答案】 C citizens privacy is not effectivel

55、y protected【解析】根据题干信息 In paragraphs 5and 6 定位第 5 段第一句话 “Americans should take steps to protecttheir digital privacy.及第 6 段最后一句话，.a nd they could take reas on able measures to., 可 推知作者的顾虑，因此答案为 C.30. Orin Kerr s comparison is quoted to indicate thatA the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B

56、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.D principles of the Constitution should never be altered【答案】 A the Constitution should be implemented flexibly【解析】这是一道例证题，根据题干关键词 Orin Kerr 可以回文定位到文章最后一段。作者引用Orin Kerr 这个人的比较是为

57、了说明相关的论点。分析最后一段结构可知，最后一段的第三句和第四句都是在阐述该例子本身，所以相关论点应该往前面找，即是第二句话，“New， disruptive technologysometimes dema nds no vel applicati ons of the Con stituti on选项 pA 与之 o 同义替换，其中， beimplemented 和 applications 对应， novel 和 flexibly 对应。Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to

58、its peer-review process, editor-in-chiefMarcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concernthat basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in t

59、he conclusions published in our journal,” writesMcNeditorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statisticsboard of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal s internaleditors, or by its

60、 existing Board of Reviewing Esd iotor rby outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then findexternal statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:“The creation精品文档 statistics board was motivated bybcroonacdelrynws ith the app

61、lication of statistics and dataanalysis inscientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research wpublish. ”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to“play p

62、rimarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join“ found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lastingimpact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group ofpublishing places that may

63、want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the polyicis “a most welcome stepforward ” and “long overdue. ” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages th quality ofwhat they publish. I think that, for the ma

64、jority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essentialthan expert review, ” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, theJournal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional sc

65、ientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly commonin published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, hewrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line,s wh“o aernegagingreviestatistica

66、lly literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science papers to statisticians“has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editorsidentifythe papers that need scrutiny in the first place ”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 thatA Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D lack of data analysis is common in research pro