60T修井作业自动卡瓦设计【SW三维】
60T修井作业自动卡瓦设计【SW三维】,SW三维,60,作业,自动,设计,SW,三维
大庆石油学院学生开题报告表课题名称修井作业自动卡瓦设计(60t)课题来源自拟课题课题类型A指导教师姓名高胜学生姓名李雪飞学 号050401140507专 业机自05-5一调研资料的准备得到任务书后,对课题有了基本的了解,在网上查阅了关于修井作业自动卡瓦的相关资料,并到图书馆查询与其相关的文献资料,为以后的设计过程做好充分准备。二设计目的通过该题目的设计,可以掌握自动卡瓦的结构、作用及特点,培养系统设计及机构创新设计能力,提高将理论知识应用于实践的能力。三要求 卡紧方式为4爪楔形块卡紧,采用液压缸驱动。卡瓦两侧伸出有支撑臂,用于安装主、背钳上下移动用的滑道。拟定结构方案时,必须从实际出发,在最大限度满足使用要求的前提下,力求做到结构简单,安全适用,经济合理,技术先进,便于制造和装运。四思路与预期成果 通过文件检索和相关资料调研,确定了自动卡瓦整体方案,对结构进行详细设计,最终完成毕业设计。主要研究修井作业自动卡瓦的结构特点,相关方案优选及结构设计计算,相关结构的设计和改进,绘出自动卡瓦的相关图纸及论文的撰写。五内容及时间安排内容:1)设计新型修井用自动卡瓦。2)绘制自动作业卡瓦总图,自动卡瓦结构部件图和零件图。3)设计说明书一份。时间安排:第1、2周:调研分析,确定自动卡瓦结构;第 3 周:根据工作条件分析载荷情况;第4、5周:确定自动卡瓦的结构与尺寸;第 6 周:校核计算与分析;第 7 周:绘制自动卡瓦总图;第 8 周:绘制自动卡瓦部件图;第 9 周:绘制自动卡瓦零件图;第10、11周:绘制自动卡瓦总图;第12、13周:撰写毕业设计论文;第 13 周:参加毕业设计答辩。六完成设计的所具备的条件因素:1.学校给我们提供良好的设计环境。2.提供专业书籍。3.老师的耐心指导。指导教师签名: 日期:1、课题来源:课题来源分为结合实际课题和自拟课题两种,结合实际课题中来源于科研课题的要填写确切基金项目、企事业单位项目,不能写横向、纵向课题等。2、课题类型:A工程设计;B科学实验;C软件开发;D理论研究;E应用研究。大庆石油学院本科生毕业设计(论文)摘要本课题研究内容属于修井井口作业自动化系统中动力卡瓦的结构设计。课题主要目的就是用动力卡瓦实现对管柱的提升,卡紧及悬挂。设计中,利用液压缸施加作用力,经连杆机构的传递,推动卡瓦楔体沿卡瓦座体内锥面上下运动,上行时,卡瓦牙板内径不断增大,使管柱通过;下行时,卡瓦牙板收拢,内径变小,从而卡紧管柱。对于管柱的卡紧与悬挂,在井口作业中是一个重要的组成部分。动力卡瓦是卡住并悬挂下井的油管、钻杆、钻铤等管柱的必要工具,但是每一种结构的卡瓦都有它的优点和缺点。本课题主要是对动力卡瓦进行结构设计以及对动力卡瓦承载零件的受力分析和强度校核。关键词:卡瓦;结构;强度;悬挂能力AbstractThe content of this research are workover operations wellhead automation system dynamics of the structural design of Slips. The main purpose of the subject is to use power to achieve string slips upgrading cards and hanging tight. Design, use of force to exert hydraulic cylinder, the transmission linkage, and promote slips kava wedge blocks along the upper and lower body movement cone, on the line, slips increasing diameter of dental lamina, so that through the string; downlink, the slips drawing in dental lamina, smaller diameter, thereby card string tight.For the string tight and the suspension of the card, operating in well-head is an important component. Driving force for slips is jammed and flying to go down the pipeline, drill pipe, drill collar, such as an essential tool string, but the structure of each slip has its own advantages and disadvantages. The main issue is the driving force for the structural design of Slips and Slips bearing parts of the power and strength check of force analysis.Key words: slips; Structure; Strength; Hoisting capacity- 33 -大庆石油学院本科生毕业设计(论文)- 1 -APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR HANDLING PIPEReferring to Figures 1 to 13, there is shown an apparatus of the present invention generally identified by the reference numeral 1. In the art of handling pipes on a drilling rig, the apparatus 1 is often referred to as an elevator. The elevator 1 comprises a part cylindrical body 2 having lifting ears 3 and 4 arranged on opposing sides of the housing 2 for connection to a pair of bails 5, as shown in Figure 14. Doors 6 and 7 are hinged to the body 2 on hinge pins 8 and 9. A latch 10 is provided to latch the two doors 6 and 7 together to inhibit the doors 6 and 7 from inadvertent opening due to operational mechanical shocks. The body 2 has a part frusto-conical inner surface 11 which tapers inwardly from the top to the bottom of the body 2 at an angle of approximately ten degrees from vertical to define an open throat 12, see Figures 1 and 10. From Figure 7 it can be seen that the part frusto- conical inner surface 11 subtends approximately one hundred and eighty degrees. The doors 6 and 7 each have a part frusto-conical inner surface 13 and 14 which taper inwardly from the top to the bottom at an angle of approximately ten degrees from vertical. The part frusto- conical inner surface 13 and 14 each subtend slightly less than quarter of a circle, approximately eighty-four degrees. When the doors 6 and 7 are closed, a substantially complete frusto-conical surface is defined. The complete frusto-conical surface may taper from top to bottom along a straight path, or may have a slight convex or concave curvature. The complete frusto-conical surface 11, 13 and 14 is commonly referred to as a bowl.As can be seen from Figure 2, four slips 15, 16, 17 and 18 are provided in and line the frusto-conical surfaces 11, 13 and 14. Each slip subtends slightly less than ninety degrees in their operating positions. Two of the slips 15 and 17 are arranged on the part frusto- conical inner-surface 11 of the body 2 and each of the other two slips 16 and 17 is arranged on each part of frusto-conical inner surfaces 13 and 14 of each door 6 and 7. Each slip 15 to 18 has a part frusto-conical outer surface 19 to 22, which substantially corresponds with the frusto-conical inner surfaces 11, 13 and 14, when the slips 15 to 18 are located in a set position. The slips 15 are moveable along the part frusto-conical inner surface 11 to selectively engage (set) and disengage (unset) a pipe (not shown) in the throat 12 of the elevator 1. The slips 15 to 18 are each provided with a mechanism A, B, C, D for maintaining the slips 15 to 18 in an unset position. Mechanism A will be described for slip 15, although it will be understood that the slips 16, 17 and 18 and the mechanisms therefor are generally similar. Referring to Figures 9, in which slip 15 is shown in an unset position and Figure 10 in which the slips 15 and 16 are removed, slip 15 has an upper lug 23 and a lower lug 24 located on a frusto-conical outer surface 19. The upper lug 23 and lower lug 24 are in vertical alignment and have holes, the centres of which align with a line parallel to the part frusto-conical outer wall 19. The upper lug 23 and lower lug 24 are slidably arranged on a pin 25. The pin 25 is arranged in a recess 26 in the part frusto-conical inner surface 11 and lies substantially parallel therewith and is retained in a hole in a lower projection 27 and in a hole in an upper projection 28 of the body 2. The lower lug 24 of the slip 15 is arranged on the pin 25 beneath the projection 27 and the upper lug 23 of the slip 15 is arranged between the lower and upper projections 27 and 28. A spring 29 is arranged about the pin 25 and a sleeve 30 between the lower projection 27 and a lip 31 on the upper end of the sleeve 30 on which upper lug 23 seats. The sleeve 30 has a back portion 32, the top of which sits against the bottom of a small groove 32a. The spring 29 biases the back portion 32 of the sleeve 30 against the bottom of the small groove 32. The back portion 32, the upper projection 27 and the lip 31 define an opening and the distance between the upper projection 27 and the lip 31 is slightly larger than the upper lug 23, such that the upper lug can slide into and out of the opening. The spring force in the coiled spring 29 is greater than the weight of the slip, thus the spring 29 maintains the slip 15 in a raised, unset, disengaged position. The pin 25 is slideably removable from the hole in the lower projection 27, through the spring 29, sleeve 30 and upper projection 28. By removing the pin 25, the slip 15 can be removed and changed for a different slip of the same type or size, or a slip of a different size suitable for handling pipe of a different diameter or a pipe of a different kind, such as premium tubular, which might require pipe engaging teeth of a different kind to reduce the possibility of damage to the surface of the tubular. The pin 25 is then slid back through upper projection 28, sleeve 30, spring 29 and lower projection 27. The pin 25 may be threaded to threadedly engage the upper or lower lugs 27 and 28, or may have a smooth interference fit surface or may be a loose fit and may be prevent from falling out lugs 27 and 28 by a member lying over the top of the pin 25. Each slip 15 to 18 is provided with a top projection 15a, 17a and (not shown) with a hole therein to facilitate removal and replacement. For an elevator 1 as described herein, the slips 15 to 18 can be exchanged for one of six different sizes for handling pipe sizes between 2.3/8 - 2.7/8. For the first size set of slips, 2.7/8 - 3.1/2 for the second size set of slips, 3.1/2 - 4.1/2 for the third size set of slips, 4.1/2 - 5.1/2 for the fourth size set of slips, 5.5/8 - 6.5/8 for the fifth size set of slips and 6.5/8 - 7.5/8 for the sixth size set of slips. The elevator 1 is preferably suitable for holding pipe string loads of 227 tonnes (250 short tons) and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) . The slip 15 has a solid body, which may be made of any material suitable for resisting compression forces of in excess of 227 Tonnes (250 short tons) and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) or more. The solid body has three grooves 33, 34, 35 therein running from top to bottom, as shown in Figure 5. The grooves 33, 34, 35 converge towards the lower end. Inserts 36, 37, 38 which correspondingly converge towards a lower end, are slid into corresponding grooves 33, 34, 35. The inserts have a pipe engaging surface 39, which may be any suitable finish or material, such as tungsten carbide particles, diamond particles, metallic teeth, or any material which resists slippage. A pipe to be handled is offered up to the elevator 1 when the doors 6 and 7 of the elevator 1 are open. Referring to Figures 3 and 7, to open the doors 6 and 7, the latch 10 is released. The latch 10 comprises a locking bar 58 on upper and lower arms 59 and 60 which are hinged with a hinge pin 61 to door 6. A curved linkage arm 62 is located in a recess 63 in the door 6. The curved linkage arm 62 has two opposed ends, one end linked to the lower arm 60, off-centre from the hinge pin 61 and the other end to a bearing 64 freely rotatable around hinge pin 8 of door 6. A further linkage arm 65 is located in an opening 66 in the body 2 of the elevator 1 extending from the front of the elevator 1 to the back of the elevator 1 past the lifting ear 3. The further linkage arm 65 has two opposed ends one linked to the bearing 64 and the other to an elbow linkage 67 which is linked to a piston 68 of a double acting piston and cylinder 69, as shown in Figure 4. Upon hydraulic fluid pressure increasing in an annulus 68a behind the piston 68 in the cylinder 68 and/or decreasing in a chamber 68b in front of the piston 68, the piston 68 retracts pulling elbow linkage 67 and linkage arm 65 to rotate bearing 64 and pull the curved linkage arm 62 to rotate the latch 10 about the hinge pin 61 to unlatch the latching locking bar 58 from engagement with a catch 71 on the door 7. The doors 6 and 7 are then opened. Linkage arms 72 and 73 each have two opposed ends and are arranged in openings which pass from the front to the back of elevator 1. One end of the linkage arm 72 and 73 is located in a recess 74 and 75 and attached to their respective doors 6 and 7 at a point which is offset from the hinge pins 8 and 9. The other end of each linkage arms 72 and 73 is attached to an elbow linkage 76 and 77 respectively, which are rotatable about pins 78 and 79. The other end of elbow linkages 76 and 77 are attached to piston and cylinder 80. An upstand 81 is slideably arranged in fingers 82 to allow the piton and cylinder 80 to move longitudinally. Upon hydraulic fluid pressure increasing in an annulus 83 behind the piston head, the piston 84 retracts into the cylinder 85 which pulls the ends of elbow linkages 76 and 77 to rotate the elbow linkages about pins 78 and 79, which transfer a the pulling force into a pushing force on linkage arms 72 and 73 to open the doors 6 and 7. A pipe is swung into or offered up to, or the elevator 1 is offered up to the pipe, through the open doors 6 and 7 into the throat 12 of the elevator 1 and abuts the buffer 57 of the pipe guide arranged in the U- shaped cut-out 56 in the cover 53. The doors 6 and 7 are closed by raising the pressure in a chamber 86 and/or lowering the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the annulus 83 of piston and cylinder 80, which extends the piston 84 and moves the piston 84 to the left when referring to Figure 4 and the cylinder 85 moves to the right, both the piston 84 and cylinder 85 moving longitudinally, which pushes the ends of elbow linkages 76 and 77 to rotate the elbow linkages about pins 78 and 79, which transfers the pushing force into a pulling force on linkage arms 72 and 73 to close the doors 6 and 7 about the pipe. As shown in Figure 5, plastics material or metal, preferably a soft ductile metal, buffers 86 and 87 is provided on the edge of a curved cut-out 88 and 89 on cover plates 90 and 91 located on the top surface of the doors 6 and 7. The buffers 86 and 87 act as a pipe guide to facilitate the locating a pipe into the throat 12 of the elevator 1 upon closing the doors 6 and 7. The buffers 86 and 87 are bolted to cover plates 90 and 91. Buffers 92, 93 and 94 are provided on the underside of the elevator 1 in cover plates 95, 96 and 97, as shown in Figure 6. The doors 6 and 7 take a substantial portion of the weight of the pipe and are thus built to withstand 227 tonnes (250 short tons) of force and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) and 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) . The latch maintains the doors 6 and 7 closed, and thus must be substantial- and withstand the spreading force of the slips as they engage the pipe. The latch 10 is built to withstand 227 tonnes (250 short tons) of force and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) and 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) in tension between the doors 6 and 7. Referring to Figure 3, the lifting ears 3 and 4 comprise lower lugs 98 and 99 and upper shoulder 98a and 99a integral with or welded to the body 2. Curved locking arms 98b and 99b are attached at either ends with pins, so that the curved locking arms 98b and 99b can be removed. Curved locking arm 98b has an integral lug 98c and a slot 99d therein for receiving a mechanism for tilting the elevator whilst attached to the bails 5 of a top drive (not shown) . The tilting mechanism is sold by BJVarco and is used in conjunction with the state of art BX elevator currently available. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 17. 图1 图3 图2 图4 图5 图 6图7 图 8 图 9 图 10 图 11 图 12 图 13 吊卡专利通过视图1Referring to Figures 1 to 13, there is shown an apparatus of the present invention generally identified by the reference numeral 1.通过111至视图13中,对专利机构详细的介绍,显示出这些仪器的发明一般可通过参考示图1来实现。这种在钻井工艺中起提放管柱作用的机构,我们通常称之为吊卡。图1所示的吊卡是一个两侧分别带有吊耳3和4的圆柱体,从图14中我们可以看出吊耳3,4是用来将吊卡的主体部分与吊环连接在一起的零件。开门装置6,7通过销8,9铰链连接在吊卡主体2上。自锁装置10提供两个插销,用来将门6,7锁在一起,以防止由于机械装置的振动引起的开门装置6,7的意外打开。从图1和图10中我们可以看出。吊卡主体2有一个圆锥内表面11,其逐渐从顶部向底部的方向与垂直方向成10度角。从图7中我们可以看出部分圆锥内表面相对接近180度。开门装置6和7都有一个这样的与垂直方向成10度角的圆锥内表面13和14。部分圆锥内表面13和14相对于那些弧度小于四分之一圆的圆弧,其角度大约为84度。当开门装置6和7关闭时,一个完整的圆锥内表面就被确定了。完整的圆锥内表面可能是自上而下按一定比例缩小的直线路径,或可能有轻微的凸或凹的曲率。完整的圆锥内表面11,13和14通常被称为一个“碗”。从视图二中我们能看到四个滑块15,16,17,18分布在圆锥表面11,13,14上。每个滑块在其工作位置上的相对位置角度略小于90度。滑块15,17安装在吊卡主体2的部分圆锥内表面11上。滑块16,17分别安装在另外两个开门装置6,7的圆锥内表面13,14上。每个滑块15,16,17,18各有一部分圆锥外表面19,20,21,22,当滑块15,16,17和18位于合适的安装位置时,圆锥外表面19,20,21和22与圆锥内表面11,13和14是及其符合的。滑块15可以沿着圆锥内表面11移动,来选择性的进行固定和脱离机构1的卡喉12中的管柱。滑块15,16,17,18是通过机构装置A,B,C,D来确定它们的移动位置。机构A与滑块15相对应,尽管实际上它与滑块16,17,18的装置大体相似。图9中,滑块15位于一个移动位置,且在图10中,滑块15和16是被省略掉的。滑块15中有上部耳状物和下部耳状物位于圆锥外表面19上。上部耳状物23和下部耳状物24垂直排列,并有洞,该中心的配合线平行于圆锥外表面19。这两个耳状物23和24是连在销25上的。销25是安装在圆锥内表面11的凸壁26上的,且位置相互平行,并在较低的位置开了一个孔,销25被固定于机构2的上体孔28和下体孔27之间。滑块15的下部耳状物24位于销25之上,下体孔27之下,同样的,滑块15的上部耳状物23位于上下体孔27和28之间。弹簧装置29安装的销25和套筒30之间,下到27的下部分,上到套筒30的边缘31。套筒30的后部32,其顶部支撑最核心的位置是底部的一个销沟槽32a。套筒29靠在套筒30的后部32上,支撑在小沟槽32的底部。后部32,体27的上部分和边缘31一起确定一个开口,并且当其之间的距离大于上部耳状物23是,上部耳状物就能够滑进滑出了。弹簧29的张力大于滑块的重量,因此弹簧29能够保证滑块15的上升,移动和固定。销25是从洞的下体孔27通过弹簧29、套筒30和上体孔28卸除的。通过卸除销25 ,滑块15可以删除和更改为不同类型或规格的滑块,不同的规格适合处理不同直径的管柱或不同类型的管柱,如管,这可能需要选取不同类型的管牙,以尽可能的减少管柱表面的损失。销25然后通过上体孔28放回到套筒30, 弹簧29和下体孔27 。销25也许是通过线程来参与到下体孔27和上体孔28的中的,并可由一个安防在上方的销25 防止从上下体孔中滑落。每个滑块15,16,17和18是提供一个顶级的体15,17A和(未显示)有一个洞,以促进撤换.对于上面所描述的吊卡,滑块15,16,17,18能够更换六种不同直径的套管,第一类滑块针对管径从2.38到2.78,第二类滑块针对管径从2.78到3.12,第三类滑块针对管径从3.12到4.12,第四类滑块针对管径从4.12到5.12,第五类滑块针对管径从5.58到6.58,第六类滑块针对管径从6.58到7.58。吊卡1比较适合的负载是227-250吨,还可以负载454-500吨,681-750吨,907-1000吨。滑块15具有一个较为坚实的机构,这可能是由多种材料制成的抗压缩能力达到了227万吨到250短吨,其他的也能达到454吨到500吨,681吨到750吨,907吨到1000吨以上。这个坚实的机构有三个槽33,34,35,它们如图5中所示,自上而下的运行。凹槽33 ,34 ,35位于机构的较低处。插入装置36,37,38分别向相应的低处靠拢,同时滑向相对应的凹槽33,34 ,35 。对于牙尖与管柱表面39 ,可能适合完成这个运动的材料,如碳化钨颗粒,金刚石颗粒,金属牙齿,或任何能够抗压缩的材料。当吊卡的门6,7打开,管柱就被吊卡卡住。从视图一到视图七,我们能够看到自锁装置10打开,然后门6,7打开。自锁装置10是由锁销58组成的。锁销58的上下两臂59,60通过销61铰链接在门6上。曲柄连杆62安装在门6的凸壁63上。曲柄连杆62有两端,一端连接短臂连杆60上,其由销61铰接。另一端连接在轴承64上,并可以绕门6的圆销8自由转动。长臂连杆65连接在吊卡1中主体2的开口66上,开口66从吊卡1前方贯穿到吊耳3的后方。从视图四中我们能看到,长臂连杆65有两端,一端连接在轴承64上,另一端铰连接连杆67上,连杆67是连接在往复活塞68和泵69。当往复活塞68的环形接触面的液压压力增加或减小活塞68的前缸房68b,活塞68伸拉短连杆67,带动连杆65绕轴承64旋转,接着带动曲柄连杆62使自锁装置10绕销61旋转来,门销58脱离门7门锁71。然后门6,7打开。连杆72,73每个都有两端,都安装在通孔里,这两通孔从吊卡1的前方贯通到后面。连杆72,73的一端安装在凸壁74,75上,并且相应地固定在销8,9上来控制门6,7。连杆72,73的另一端相应地连接在短连杆76,77上,并且相应地绕销78,79转动。短连杆76,77是连接在活塞80上。新体81是安装在连杆82使活塞80的行程更长。当液压缸环形槽83里的液压压力增加,推动活塞头运动,活塞84使活塞杆85带动短臂76,77绕销78,79运动,从而传递拉力带动连杆72,73来打开门6,7。管柱是摆进或者直接进给的,或由吊卡1直接抓住管柱的,通过打开门装置6和7合拢形成吊卡1的喉咙12,并且管柱的毗邻缓冲区57安装在端盖53的U形管56处。开门装置6,7的关闭是通过提高环形腔86的压力或者降低液压缸80的腔体内的油液的液压压力实现的。从视图4中,我们能够看到液压缸80驱动活塞84,使活塞84向左运动并且液压缸体85向右运动。活塞杆84和液压缸体85运动足够长,因此推动短连杆76,77的末端,使短连杆76,77绕销78,79旋转。从而传动推力来推动连杆72,73来关闭门6,7进而夹住管柱。我们从视图五中可以看到,塑料或金属材料,最好是软韧性金属,缓冲器86和87提供的弯曲边缘88和89,它们覆盖位于顶面的门6和7的板90和91 。该缓冲器86和87作为管指导,以促进定位管道进入吊卡1的喉咙时关闭的门6和7 。该缓冲器86,87由螺栓90和91固定在板上。缓冲器92 , 93和94安装在吊卡 1的覆盖板95 ,96和97上,如视图6所示 。开门装置6,7承担了管柱的绝大部分重量,因此设计时必须能承受227-250吨,其他类型为454-500吨,681-750吨,907-1000吨。自锁装置保证门6,7关闭,所以也必须承担当滑块夹紧管柱时产生的压力。自锁装置10在设计时必须承担227-250吨,其他类型为454-500吨,681-750吨,907-1000吨。我们从视图3可以看到,吊耳3,4是由下部耳状物98,99和耳臂98a,99a构成的,它们是焊接在吊卡主体2上的。曲臂98b和99b都是通过销连接的,因此曲臂98b和99b能够更换。曲臂98b有一个整体的耳状物98c和小空隙,这个小空隙是用来放吊环装置进来,提升吊卡。这种吊环装置可以在BJV公司买到。它是和BX吊卡一起使用。在视图17中我们能看到这一切。 图1 图3 图2 图4 图5 图 6图7 图 8 图 9 图 10 图 11 图 12 图 13 - 16 -
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