学术英语(人文)Unit 1

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1、学术英语学术英语(人文人文)Unit 1)Unit 1Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inTextATextBTextCAcademicLanguageandDiscourseListeningSpeakingWritingUnit ContentsLead-inLead-inactivitiesSupplementaryinformationUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureWhat is literature?Choosefromthefollowingformsofwritingwhatcanbecountedasliteratur

2、e:newsreportnovelresearchpaperdiarypoemletterLead-inActivitiesUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureHowdoyoumakethechoice?(Whatmakesyoutreatsomethingasliteraturewhiledismissingothersasnon-literature?)What is literature?Manycollegeprofessors,upholdingatraditionalstandardofliteraryquality,believethatstudentssho

3、uldreadworkswhoseartisticmerithasbeenestablishedovertheyears.However,somehavebeguntoquestiontheverynotionofliteraryqualityandthenotionofwhatisliterature.Therehavebeenanincreasingnumberofstudiesofwritersmainlyforwhattheyhavetosayratherthanhowwelltheysayit.Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inSupplement

4、ary informationThehistoricalandsocialimpactofworksisgainingimportance,whiletheonce-honoredstandardssuchasgraceofstyleandoriginalityofexpressionhavebeendowngraded.Literature as defined in dictionarieslstories,poemsandplays,especiallythosethatareconsideredtohavevalueasartandnotjustentertainment(MacMil

5、lan Dictionary)lwritingsinproseorverse;especiallywritingshavingexcellenceofformorexpressionandexpressingideasofpermanentoruniversalinterest (Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary,11thEdition)Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureLead-inSupplementary informationLiterature as defined in dictionariesUnit 1 The Art

6、of LiteratureLead-inSupplementary informationlwrittenartisticworks,especiallythosewithahighandlastingartisticvalue(Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary)lwrittenworks,especiallythoseconsideredofsuperiororlastingartisticmerit(Compact Oxford English Dictionary)Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureTextATheScop

7、eandContentofLiteratureClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkeyThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelDoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7lSummarizeTextAonthebasisofyouranswerstoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7ScopeofliteratureContentofliteraturelWorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstoth

8、equestionsinTask2CriticalReadingandThinkingP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText AClassroom activitiesThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheoriginalarticle“TheArtofLiterature”Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationTextAisadaptedfromthearticle“TheArtofLiterature”,writtenbyKennethRex

9、roth.Theoriginalarticleconsistsofsevenparts:1.thescopeofliterature2.literarycomposition3.contentofliterature4.literatureanditsaudience5.literatureanditsenvironment6.literarygenres7.writingsonliteratureThe Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheMusesInGreekmythology,poetryandliterature,Musesarethegoddess

10、eswhoinspirethecreationofliteratureandthearts.Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationCalliope:Museofheroicorepicpoetry(oftenholdingastylusandwaxtablets)Clio:Museofhistory(oftenholdingaparchmentscrollorasetoftablets)Erato:Museoflyricandlovepoetry(oftenplayingalyre)Euterpe:Museofmu

11、sicorflutes(oftenplayingaflute)Melpomene:Museoftragedy(oftenholdingatragicmask)Polymnia:Museofsacredsongandoratory(oftenwithapensivelook)Terpsichore:Museofdancingandchoralsong(oftendancingandholdingalyre)Thalia:Museofcomedy(oftenholdingacomicmask)Urania:Museofastronomy(oftenholdingaglobe)The Scope a

12、nd Content of LiteraturelClassicsurveysofhistoryasnobleexamplesoftheartofliteratureUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThe History of the Peloponnesian War waswrittenbyancientGreekhistorianThucydides,who,asanAtheniangeneral,servedinthewar.Somescholarsviewtheworkasanobjectivean

13、dscientificaccountofthepast,writtenfromapurelyintellectualpointofview.Butsomeunderstanditasapieceofliterature,inwhichtheauthoris“anartistwhorespondsto,selectsandskillfullyarrangeshismaterial,anddevelopsitssymbolicandemotionalpotential”.Oneexample:History of the Peloponnesian WarThe Scope and Content

14、 of LiteraturelEssaysUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationananalytic,interpretative,orcriticalliterarycompositionFrancisBaconsessays,publishedinbookformin1597,1612,1625,werethefirstworksinEnglishthatdescribedthemselvesasessays.The Scope and Content of Literaturel DialoguesbyPla

15、toUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationPlato(428/427BC348/347BC),thegreatestphilosopherandmathematicianofancientGreece,wroteextensively.Mostofhiswritingtakestheformofdialogues,inwhichseveralcharactersargueatopicbyaskingquestionsofeachother.ThisformallowsPlatotoraisevariouspoint

16、sofviewandletthereaderdecidewhichisvalid.Thesubjectsofdialoguesrangefromphilosophy,logic,rhetorictomathematics.The Scope and Content of Literaturel DialoguesbyPlatoUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationPlatowasapupilofSocrates,whoappearsasacharacterinmanyofthedialogues.Following

17、thedeathofSocrates,Platotravelledwidelyinsearchoflearning.AftertwelveyearshereturnedtoAthensandfoundedhisAcademy,whichisoftendescribedasthefirstEuropeanuniversity.ThesubjectsofferedintheAcademyincludedastronomy,biology,mathematics,politicaltheory,andphilosophy.AmongPlatospupilswasAristotle.The Scope

18、 and Content of Literaturel MeditationsbyMarcusAureliusUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationMeditationsisaseriesofpersonalwritingsbyRomanEmperorMarcusAurelius(121-180).Itconsistsofreflectionsjotteddownbytheemperoratoddmoments,whilehewasoncampaign.Theentriesappeartobeinnoparticu

19、larorderandmaysimplybeintheoriginalorderofcomposition.Theyrecordthepassingthoughts,themaxims,themusingsonlifeanddeath,andStoicphilosophy.AccordingtoMeditations,oneshouldavoidindulgenceinsensoryaffections,andthisskillcanfreeamanfromthepainsandpleasuresofthematerialworld,andtheonlywayamancanbeharmedby

20、othersistoallowhisreactiontooverpowerhim.Thestyleofthewritingsisstraightforwardandplain,buttheMeditationsisregardedbymanyas“unendinglymovingandinspiring”.l Natural History and Antiquities of SelbourneUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationGilbertWhite(1720-1793)wasanEnglishnatura

21、list,ornithologist,andapioneerofthestudyofbirdsandanimalsintheirnaturalhabitats,ratherthanasspecimens.Thismethodofobservationenabledhimtoidentifyandrecordmanypreviouslyunknownspecies.In1789,hepublishedhisNatural History and Antiquities of Selborne asonevolume.ItwasacompilationofletterstozoologistTho

22、masPennantandbarristerDainesBarrington,twoleadingfiguresoftheRoyalSociety.Intheletters,Whitediscussedhisobservationsandtheoriesaboutthelocalfaunaandflorainacharmingandimmediateway.Hepicturedhimselfaswellaswhathesaw.ThebookisoneofthemostpublishedintheEnglishlanguageandithasneverbeenoutofprint.l Orato

23、ryoftheAmericanIndianUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationAmericanIndianswerehistoricallyanoralpeople.Forexample,manytoldtheirhistoriesbyoraltradition.Achiefofatribereliedonpersuasionratherthanforcetoleadhispeople.Utilizingnaturalmetaphors,Indianspeecheswerewellcalculatedtoimpr

24、esstheirtargetaudiences.The Scope and Content of LiteratureThe Scope and Content of Literaturel CicerosinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglishprosestyleUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationCicerohadaclosestudyoftherhythmsthatwerelikelytoappealtoanaudience.Hewastherealcreatorofthe“pe

25、riodicsentence”style,inwhichthesentencestendtobeperiodicandphraseisbalancedagainstphrase,withsubordinateclauseswovenintoacomplexsentence.Forexample,For the queen,the lover,pleading always at the hearts door,patiently waits.ThenormalorderofthesentenceisAlwayspleadingattheheartsdoor,theloverwaitspatie

26、ntlyforthequeen.Theperiodicstyleismoreexoticandarguablymorepoetic.The Scope and Content of LiteraturelTheGettysburgAddressUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationOnNovember19,1863,atthededicationofamilitarycemeteryatGettysburg,Pennsylvania,duringtheAmericanCivilWar,PresidentAbraha

27、mLincolndeliversoneofthemostmemorablespeechesinAmericanhistorytheGettysburgAddressfewerthan300words,deliveredover2-3minutes.The Scope and Content of LiteraturelCollectiveunconsciousUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary information“Collectiveunconscious”isatermofanalyticalpsychologyintroduc

28、edbyCarlJung(1875-1961),aSwisspsychiatristandthefounderofanalyticalpsychology.Itrepresentsaformoftheunconsciouscommontohumanbeingsasawholeandrelatedtotheinheritedstructureofthebrain.Itinfluencesallofourexperiences,behaviorsandemotions,butweonlyknowaboutitindirectly,bylookingattheeffects.Forexample,l

29、oveatfirstsight,thefeelingthatyouhavebeensomewherebefore,theimmediaterecognitionofcertainsymbols,thecreativeexperiencessharedbyartists,andthestrikingsimilaritiesofdreams,fairytalesandmythologiesallovertheworld,couldallbeunderstoodastheeffectsofthecollectiveunconscious.l The Dream of the Red ChamberU

30、nit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationl The Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThe Dream of the Red Chamber(红楼梦),orThe Story of the Stone(石头记),isthegreatestmasterpieceofChineseclassicalnovelsoftheMingandQingdynasties.Theworkiscompri

31、sedof120chapters,thefirst80ofwhichwerewrittenbyCaoXueqin.(GaoEadded40additionalchapterstocompletethenovel.ThenoveldetailsthedeclineofthewealthyandaristocraticJiaclan.RevolvingaroundJiaBaoyuandthetragiclovebetweenhimandLinDaiyu,itportraystheruinoflove,youthandlife,andexposestherootofthetragedythefeud

32、alsystem.l The Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASupplementary informationThenovelisremarkableforitscreationofcharacterswithdistinctivepersonality,greatculturalrichness,andpreciseobservationofthelifeandsocietyofthe18th-centuryChina.Itssuccessalsoliesinitswrittenvernacularlang

33、uage(ratherthanclassicalChinese),whichhasproducedaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChinesenovels.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ1:Literatureisagreatmediumtoreflectthehumancondition,culturalandhistoricalvalues,andtoexpressfeelingsand

34、thoughts.Someofthemostcommonthemesinliteratureare:therelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandNaturetheindividualinsociety(e.g.mansstruggleagainstsocietalpressure)humannaturehumanrelationship(e.g.love,hatred,etc.)personalgrowth(e.g.overcomingadversity)deathMajorformsofhumanexpressionincludelanguage,literatu

35、re,music,visualart,cinema,drama,history,andphilosophy.Cavepaintingsareperhapsoneoftheoldestformsofhumanexpression.Theycouldeitherrecordwhathadbeencaughtonhuntingtripsorexpresswhatthehunterswouldliketocatchinthefuture.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keyS

36、uggestedanswertoQ2:(Suggestedanswertothefirstquestion:Howdoyouunderstandtheselines?)Artisticmeritreferstothejudgmentoftheperceivedqualityorvalueofculturalproductsasworksofart.Apieceofwritingisconsideredashavingartisticmeritifithashighqualityandsomeaestheticvalue.However,itishardtodefinetheexactnatur

37、eofartisticmeritbecausethepreferredstandardsmayvaryacrosstimeandplace.Agreatwriterissomeonewhocanattainartisticmeritalmosteffortlesslyandnaturally.(Youmayagreeordisagreewiththeauthor,butyouneedtogiveyourreasons.)lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySugges

38、tedanswertoQ3:Totestwhetheradvertisingcopywriting,apurelycommercialfiction,orcinemaandtelevisionscriptisanacceptedformofliteraryexpression,oneneedstojudgewhetherthatparticularformcanbringlong-lastingsatisfactionandconveytheverytruthofhumanbeingsandtheworld.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art

39、of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ4:Itcannotbedeniedthatchangesaretakingplacecontinuously,inpeopleslife,ideology,science,technology,environment,etc.However,therearecertainuniversalandconstantissuesthattranscendrace,gender,creedandculture,andtheyarerecurringthemesinliterature.F

40、orexample,love,hatred,fear,family,honor,deceitandpeace.Thesamepatternsgoonandon.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswertoQ5:Integrationofpersonalityreferstopositivechangesinonespersonality,forexample,becomingemotionallymature,gettingadjustedt

41、otheenvironment,beingabletocopewithinnerconflict,etc.Disintegrationofpersonalityreferstounfavorablepersonalitychanges.Thismayoccurwhensomeonefacesaseriesofcrises:jobloss,marriagefailure,healthproblem,etc.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer keySuggestedanswe

42、rtoQ6:OnenotableexampleistheimageofDaiyuburyingtheflowers(inChapter27).Oneday,DaiyuisoverwhelmedbymelancholyafteraquarrelwithBaoyu.Herinnersadnessisreflectedbyherbehavior.Shegoestoahillside,buriessomefallenpetalsthere,weepsatthedeadpetalsandevencreatesalongpoemforthefadingflowers.InChapter108,whenBa

43、oyuthinksofDaiyu,tearswellupinhiseyes,andheslipsawaytotheGarden.Thedescriptionofthebleakgardenandmiserablesceneshowshissorrowoverthedecliningfamily.Thepoemscreatedbythecharactersinthenovelarealsoperfectreflectionsoftheirpersonality.Forexample,thefollowingpoemcomposedbyDaiyu(inChapter37)impliesherown

44、personality-unconventional,emotional,pronetomelancholicspells.lTask2/PointsfordiscussionP8Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText ASuggested answer key半卷湘帘半掩门，半卷湘帘半掩门，碾冰为土玉为盆。碾冰为土玉为盆。偷来梨蕊三分白，偷来梨蕊三分白，借得梅花一缕魂。借得梅花一缕魂。月窟仙人缝缟袂，月窟仙人缝缟袂，秋闺怨女拭啼痕。秋闺怨女拭啼痕。娇羞默默同谁诉，娇羞默默同谁诉，倦倚西风夜已昏。倦倚西风夜已昏。Besidethehalf-raisedblind,th

45、ehalf-closeddoor,crushediceforearthandwhitejadeforpot.Threepartsofwhitenessfromthepear-treestolen,Onepartfromplumforscent(whichpearhasnot).Moon-maidensstitchedthemwithwhitesilkenthread,andvirginstearsthenew-madeflowersdidspot，whichnow,likebashfulmaidsthatnowordsay,leanlanguidonthebreezeatcloseofday.

46、（translatedbyDavidHawkes）SuggestedanswertoQ6:anexamplefromThe Dream of the Red ChamberUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureTextBIntroducingCreativeWritingClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkeyIntroducing Creative WritinglWhatisthegirldoing?Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BClassroom ac

47、tivitieslHowisthepicturerelatedtothemainideaofTextB?Introducing Creative WritinglReadaloudthefamousquotesbyHemingway,MooreandFranceinTextB,andworkinpairstoshareyourunderstandingUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BClassroom activitieslDiscussthequestionsinTask2/CriticalreadingandthinkingP15lGivea2-minu

48、tepresentationonyourfindingsinResearchingP15Introducing Creative WritinglErnestHemingway(1899-1961)andhisIcebergTheoryUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationIntroducing Creative Writingbeganhiswritingcareerasajournalistdeletingirrelevantandsuperfluousmattercreatingasurfacestoryin

49、whichhemerelyhintedatorevenskippedthepointofthestoryasobjectiveandhonestaspossibleshortsimplesentences,largelyofnounsandverbs.simpledialogues&simpleuseofdialoguesunderstatementconveyinggreatironyUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationlErnestHemingwayandhisIcebergTheoryIntroducing

50、 Creative WritingIfawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswriting truly enough,will have a feeling of those things asstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Awriterwhoo

51、mitsthingsbecausehedoesnotknowthemonlymakeshollowplacesinhiswriting.byErnestHemingway(inDeath in the Afternoon)Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationlErnestHemingwayandhisIcebergTheoryIntroducing Creative WritingMarianneMoore(1887-1972)wasanAmericanModernistpoetandwriter.Amonghe

52、rmanyhonorsweretheBollingenprize,theNationalBookAward,andthePulitzerPrize.Heruseoflanguagewasalwayscondensedandprecise,capableofsuggestingavarietyofideasandassociationswithinasingle,compactimage.“PickingandChoosing”isapoemaboutcriticism.AccordingtoMarianneMoore,“Agenuineachievementincriticismisanach

53、ievementincreation.”Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationlMarianneMooreandher“PickingandChoosing”Introducing Creative WritingAtthebeginningofthepoem,Mooretellscriticsthetemptationstoovercome:Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSupplementary informationLiteratureisaphaseoflife:ifo

54、neisafraidofit,thesituationisirremediable;ifoneapproachesitfamiliarly,whatonesaysofitisworthless.Wordsareconstructivewhentheyaretrue;theopaqueallusionthesimulatedflightupwardaccomplishesnothing.lMarianneMooreandher“PickingandChoosing”Introducing Creative WritinglAnatoleFranceUnit 1 The Art of Litera

55、tureText BSupplementary informationAnatoleFrance(1844-1924)isoftenregardedasthegreatestFrenchwriterofthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.HewaselectedtotheFrenchAcademyin1896andwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1921,inrecognitionofhisliteraryachievements.Hisworksareremarkableforthefocusonsocialjusti

56、ceandforthewitty,satiricalwritingstyle.Hisbest-rememberedwork:Lle des Pingouins(1908,tr.Penguin Island,1909)(whichsatirizeshumannaturebydepictingthetransformationofpenguinsintohumans)Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSuggested answer keyThink of an empty page as open spac

57、e.-Asthefirstsentenceofthetext,itinitiatesusintotheworldofwriting(onanemptypage).Italsoilluminatesthecentralideaofthetext-Awritershouldregardanemptypageasanopenspacewhereeverythingisendlesslypossible.Think of that open space as an empty page.-Thisisthelastsentenceofthetext.Theauthorintentionallyecho

58、esthefirstsentence,withasubtlechangeofwordorder,i.e.,moving“openspace”aheadof“emptypage”.Theforwardingof“openspace”enablesthesentencetobecloselytiedtotheprevioussentence,whichisaboutstartingajourney:I hope that you have already begun the journey.If so,then everything is possible,at this point endles

59、sly possible.SuggestedanswertoQ1:Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSuggested answer keyAccordingtoTextB,awritercreatesafour-dimensionalfabric(spaceandtime).Andthereaderistheco-creator,wholivesinapsychologicalfifthdimensionwhilereading.Writingandreadingarecollaborativeacts

60、,wherereadersparticipateinthecreationandmaybeaffectedfortherestoftheirlives.Andthiscollaborationrequirestrustbetweenthereaderandthewriter.SuggestedanswertoQ2:Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSuggested answer keyApersonmaypossesssomeinbornqualitiesasagoodwriter.Buttobeagr

61、eatwriter,he/sheneedstoworkhardtobuildthosequalities,nurturethemandmakethemstronger.Forexample,thewritershouldlearntobecomeagreatshaperoflanguage,agreatreaderand,mostofall,agreatperson.SuggestedanswertoQ3:Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText BSuggested answer keySometimesthew

62、ritingprocessgoessmoothly,butsometimesitcouldbestumblingandevenhelpless.Therefore,awritershouldlearntostudyhisownweaknessesandflawsandbecommittedtowritingregardlessofobstacles.SuggestedanswertoQ4:Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureTextCTypesofLiterature:theGenresClassroomactivitiesSuggestedanswerkeyTypes o

63、f Literature:the GenreslWorkinsmallgroupstoshareyouranswerstothetaskinTextC.P17Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText CClassroom activitieslMypersonalfavoriteworks(foryourinformation)Types of Literature:the GenresUnit 1 The Art of LiteratureText CClassroom activities lDiscussthefollowingquestion:TextAandT

64、extCadoptverydifferentapproacheswhendealingwiththesameissueformsofliterature.Whatisthedifference?Types of Literature:the GenresSuggestedanswer:Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText CClassroom activities TextC:typicalclassificationofliterature TextA:thescopeofliterature&adetailedhistoricalanalysisTask/Typ

65、esofLiterature:theGenresP17Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureText CSuggested answer keyGenresMyfavoriteworksProsefictionNovelDavid Copperfield(byCharlesDickens)Shortstory“TheLegacy”(byVirginiaWoolf)MythCreatingmythconcerningthefoundingofChineseculture,e.g.aboutPanguseparatingtheworldintoHeavenandEarth,orN

66、vwamendingtheskyParableParablesfromChineseclassicalliterature,e.g.“Oldmanmovesamountain”RomancePride and Prejudice(byJaneAusten)EpicWar and Peace(byLeoTolstoy)Poetry“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”(byWilliamWordsworth)DramaA Midsummer Nights Dream(byWilliamShakespeare)Unit 1 The Art of LiteratureAcademicLanguageandDiscourseSpecializedvocabularySignpostlanguageFormalEnglishSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkeySpecialized VocabularylDoTask1/Languagebuilding-upandcheckyouranswers.P9Unit 1 The Art of